Indonesian Legal Compliance with International Human Rights Law on Female Genital Mutilation
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Jul 31, 2023
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal framework in Indonesia concerning Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in light of its obligations under international human rights law. FGM persists in Indonesia despite legal prohibitions and international condemnation. Through an analysis of Indonesian laws, international human rights instruments, and relevant case studies, this study explores the extent to which Indonesian legislation aligns with international standards on FGM. Despite ratifying several human rights treaties, Indonesia lacks comprehensive legislation explicitly criminalizing all forms of FGM, leading to inconsistent enforcement and protection gaps for girls and women. Moreover, cultural and religious justifications often hinder effective legal action against FGM practitioners. This paper underscores the urgent need for Indonesia to strengthen its legal framework, ensure effective enforcement, and promote awareness of human rights principles to eliminate FGM fully. By addressing these gaps, Indonesia can uphold its international human rights obligations and safeguard the rights and dignity of girls and women.
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Fitriani, N., & Trisnawati, E. (2023). Indonesian Legal Compliance with International Human Rights Law on Female Genital Mutilation. Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society, 2(2), 189-226. https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v2i2.69252
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References
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———. Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
———. “Female Genital Mutilation.” World Health Organization, 2023.
———. “Health Risks of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).” World Health Organization, 2023.
———. WHO Guidelines on the Management of Health Complications from Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva: WHO Press, 2020.
Abbas, Afifi Fauzi, and Mona Eliza. “Sunat Perempuan Dalam Perspektif Fikih.” FUADUNA: Jurnal Kajian Kegamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan 2, no. 1 (2018): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v2i1.2022.
Al-Awa, Mohamed Selim. “FGM In the Context of Islam.” UNFPA Egypt, 2022.
Babulal, Veena. “Female Circumcision Part of Malaysian Culture, Says DPM.” New Straits Times, 2018.
Bagir, Zainal Abidin, Asfinawati, Suhadi, and Renata Arianingtyas. Membatasi Tanpa Melanggar: Hak Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan. Jakarta: Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies, 2019.
Basher, Salmah Lao. “The Stages of Female Circumcision Practice among Meranaos Living in the Rural and Marginalized Areas in Lanao.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2016).
Brown, Jonathan A.C. “Hadith.” Oxford Bibliographies, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0030.
Buggio, Laura, Federica Facchin, Laura Chiappa, Giussy Barbara, Massimiliano Brambilla, and Paolo Vercellini. “Psychosexual Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation and the Impact of Reconstructive Surgery: A Narrative Review, National Library of Medicine.” National Library of Medicine 3, no. 1 (2019): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2018.0036.
Conteh, Foday Moriba. “14 Years Old Theresa Tarawallie Died of FGM.” News Magazine, 2023.
Dawson, Angela, Abdul Rashid, Rashidah Shuib, Kolitha Wickramage, Meiwita Budiharsana, Irwan Martua Hidayana, and Gabriele Marranci. “Addressing Female Genital Mutilation in The Asia Pacific: The Neglected Sustainable Development Target.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 1 (2020): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12956.
El-Damanhoury, I. “The Jewish and Christian View on Female Genital Mutilation.” African Journal of Urology 19, no. 3 (2013): 127–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2013.01.004.
EqualityNow. “FGM: A Global Picture.” Equality Now, 2020.
Esposito, John L. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001.
Farouk, Menna A. “Egypt Arrests Father, Nurse for Female Genital Mutilation of 15-Year-Old.” REUTERS, 2021.
Haworth, Abigail. “The Day I Saw 248 Girls Suffering Genital Mutilation.” The Guardian, 2012.
Hermanto, Agus. “Khitan Perempuan Antara Tradisi Dan Syari’ah.” Kalam 10, no. 1 (2016): 257–94. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v10i1.343.
Hurn, Amy, and Caroline Pinder. THE LAW AND FGM AN OVERVIEW OF 28 AFRICAN COUNTRIES. Afrika: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2018.
Idris, Rizky Akbar, Muhammad Pramadiathalla, and Tania Daniela. “Female Genital Mutilation as Violence Against Women: A Narrative of Promoting Abandonment.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Society 2, no. 2 (2021): 121–44. https://doi.org/10.19184/ijls.v2i2.24565.
Islami, Moch Zihad, and Yulia Rosdiana Putri. “Nilai-Nilai Filosofis Dalam Upacara Adat Mongubingo Pada Masyarakat Suku Gorontalo.” Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 8, no. 2 (2020): 186–97. https://doi.org/10.34050/jib.v8i2.10983.
Jabbar, Ghassan Abdul. “The ‘Six Books’ of Hadith.” SSRN, 2018.
Kemenag. “PBNU: Sunat Pada Perempuan Tidak Boleh Dilarang.” Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2006.
KemenPPPA. “Praktik Berbahaya, Perempuan Tidak Membutuhkan Sunat.” Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, 2020.
———. “Upaya-Upaya Pencegahan Praktik Sunat Perempuan Menjadi Tanggung Jawab Bersama.” Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, 2020.
Merli, C. Self-Determination and Women’s Rights in Muslim Societies. Durham: Brandeis University Press, 2012.
Mnason, Megan. “Let’s Face Facts: FGM Has Something to Do with Religion.” National Secular Society, 2019.
Mulia, Musdah. “Sunat Perempuan Dalam Perspektif Islam.” Jurnal Perempuan, 2014.
Nazari, Tasneem. “Female Circumcision In Malaysia Explained.” The Rakyat Post, 2020.
Noble, Easy. Peeling Sexuality. Jakarta: Opus Press, 2015.
Pratiwi, Yulita Dwi. “Transplantation of Regulation of The Prohibition FGM Through a Comparison Study of Indonesian Law with Egypt.” Jurnal HAM 13, no. 1 (2022): 45–64. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.45-64.
Putranti, Basilica. “To Islamize, Becoming a Real Woman, or Commercialized Practices? Questioning Female Genital Cutting in Indonesia.” Finish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration 3, no. 2 (2008): 26.
Rights, United Nations Human. “Female Genital Mutilation: Over 3 Million Women and Girls Are at Risk.” United Nations Human Rights, 2012.
Saputro, Lucke Kharimah Pamungkas, and Najamuddin Khairur Rijal. “THE URGENCY TO RE-EVALUATE FEMALEGENITAL MUTILATION PRACTICEAMONG MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN INDONESIA.” Sangkep: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Dan Keagamaan 5, no. 2 (2022): 126–36. https://doi.org/10.20414/sangkep.v2i2.
Sharma, Sanjeev C, Nicholas Raison, Shamim Khan, Majid Shabbir, Prokar Dasgupta, and Kamran Ahmed. “Male Circumcision for the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquisition: A Meta-Analysis.” BJU International 121, no. 4 (2017): 515–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14102.
Staff, Reuters. “Egypt Mufti Says Female Circumcision Forbidden.” REUTERS, 2007.
Sucahyo, Nurhadi. “Indonesia Butuh Komitmen Kuat Hapus Praktik Sunat Perempuan.” Voaindonesia, 2021.
Susilastuti, Dewi H, Eddy Kiswanto, Novi Widyaningrum, and Sri Purwatiningsih. Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting: Standing between the Tradition and Modernity. Yogyakarta: Center for Population and Policy Studies Gadjah Mada University, 2017.
Sutari, Tiara. “Sunat Perempuan Di Antara Mereka Yang Menginginkan Dan Enggan.” CNNIndonesia, 2023.
Swararahima. “Islam Does Not Introduce Female Circumcision.” Swara Rahima, 2020.
theAsianparent. “Female Genital Mutilation in SIngapore: What Do You Know About It?” theAsianparent, 2018.
UNAIDS. Male Circumcision: Global Trends and Determinants of Prevalence, Safety and Acceptability. Switzerland: WHO Press, 2007.
UNFPA. “Bending the Curve: FGM Trends We Aim to Change.” United Nations Population Fund, 2018.
Unicef. “Country Profiles Indonesia FGM.” Unicef Data, 2023.
Unwomen. “In Focus: Sustainable Development Goal 5.” UN WOMEN, 2022.
WHO. “Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement.” World Health Organization, 2008.
———. Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
———. “Female Genital Mutilation.” World Health Organization, 2023.
———. “Health Risks of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).” World Health Organization, 2023.
———. WHO Guidelines on the Management of Health Complications from Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva: WHO Press, 2020.