Juvenile Justice in Comparative Perspective: A Study of Indonesian State Law and Islamic Law
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Dec 31, 2024
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Abstract
This study examines juvenile justice systems through a comparative analysis between Indonesian State Law and Islamic Law, focusing on the treatment and legal protection of juvenile offenders. The Indonesian legal framework, which follows a secular approach, offers specific regulations for juvenile justice under the Juvenile Justice System Law (No. 11 of 2012). This law emphasizes rehabilitation and diversion, ensuring that juvenile offenders are treated differently from adults, with a focus on reintegration into society. In contrast, Islamic law, rooted in the principles of Sharia, offers a distinct approach to juvenile justice. While Islamic law does not have a unified legal code for juvenile offenders, its application emphasizes the protection of minors from harsh punishments and prioritizes their rehabilitation. Islamic legal scholars agree on the importance of age and maturity in determining the level of responsibility for a juvenile’s actions. The concept of "ta'zir" (discretionary punishment) plays a significant role in ensuring that juvenile offenders are treated with fairness, aiming at their moral and social reform. This comparative study highlights the similarities and differences between the two legal systems in addressing juvenile crime, considering the broader cultural and legal contexts that shape juvenile justice policies in Indonesia and Islamic law. The paper explores how these legal frameworks balance punishment with rehabilitation and the role of community involvement in reforming juvenile offenders. The study contributes to understanding the potential for cross-jurisdictional insights in improving juvenile justice practices, emphasizing the need for a more unified and human-centric approach in dealing with young offenders.
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Hadiputra, A., Maskur, M. A., Arifin, R., Amrullah, I., & Maajid, H. (2024). Juvenile Justice in Comparative Perspective: A Study of Indonesian State Law and Islamic Law. Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society, 3(2), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v3i2.79011
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References
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Angkasa, Angkasa, et al. "Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 8.1 (2023): 93-128.
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Anwar, Syaiful, and Mardella Galih. "Juvenile, Prisons, and Justice: How Do Correctional Agencies Provide Legal Assistance for Children in Conflict with The Law?." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3.2 (2021): 197-208.
Beazley, Harriot. "The construction and protection of individual and collective identities by street children and youth in Indonesia." Children, Youth and Environments 13.1 (2003): 105-133.
Bishop, Donna M. "The role of race and ethnicity in juvenile justice processing." Our children, their children: Confronting racial and ethnic differences in American juvenile justice (2005): 23-82.
Buehler, Michael, and Dani Muhtada. "Democratization and the diffusion of shari’a law: Comparative insights from Indonesia." South East Asia Research 24.2 (2016): 261-282.
Butt, Simon. "Religious conservatism, Islamic criminal law and the judiciary in Indonesia: a tale of three courts." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 50.3 (2018): 402-434.
Chapman, Audrey R. "A" violations approach" for monitoring the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights." Human Rights Quarterly 18.1 (1996): 23-66.
Davies, Sharyn Graham, and Jazz Robson. "Juvenile (in) justice: children in conflict with the law in Indonesia." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 17.1 (2016): 119-147.
Erdianti, Ratri Novita, and Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. "Fostering as an Alternative Sanction for Juveniles in the Perspective of Child Protection in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4.1 (2019): 119-128.
Erdianti, Ratri Novita, Wasis Wasis, and Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. "Child Friendly Villages as an Effort to Prevent a Child as Victims and as Perpetrator Crimes." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia 5.2 (2022): 284-300.
Fathurokhmandan, Ferry, and Ahmad Fauzi. "Islamic Criminal Law as a Bridge of Contention Between Public and Individual Interest Within Restorative Justice." Jurnal Media Hukum 22.1 (2015): 21.
Fikrie, Muhammad Ridho Iksanul, and Indah Sri Utari. "Legal Protection for Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Semarang: Analysis of Decision No. 431/Pid. Sus/2023/PN. Smg." Law Research Review Quarterly 10.1 (2024).
Gianelli, Alessandra. "The Place of Rehabilitation of the Offender among the Purposes of Penalties according to International Law." International Law and the Protection of Humanity. Brill Nijhoff, 2017. 397-412.
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Ilmi, Jamiatul, M. Rahmat Hidayat, and Ika Maslyna. "The Diversion Completion Based on Law Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System from the Perspective of Islamic Law." ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3.3 (2023): 327-334.
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Karimullah, Suud Sarim. "From Tradition to Mainstream: Understanding the Integration of Islamic Law in Various Global Settings." Justicia Islamica 20.2 (2023): 214-240.
Keith, Linda Camp. "The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does it make a difference in human rights behavior?." Journal of Peace Research 36.1 (1999): 95-118.
Krisberg, Barry. Juvenile justice: Redeeming our children. Sage, 2005.
Krisnalita, Louisa Yesami. "Diversi Pada Tindak Pidana Yang Dilakukan Oleh Anak." Binamulia Hukum 8.1 (2019): 93-106.
Lundy, Laura. "‘Voice’is not enough: conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child." British Educational Research Journal 33.6 (2007): 927-942.
Marhaenjati, Bayu, “Police Charge South Jakarta Man With Sexual Assault of 15 Boys”, Jakarta Globe, October 27, 2015. Available at https://jakartaglobe.id/context/police-charge-south-jakarta-man-sexual-assault-15-boys
Mayasari, Dian Ety. "Perlindungan hak anak kategori juvenile delinquency." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 20.3 (2018): 385-400.
Mulyani, Leni Widi, and Desiree David. "Civil Society’s Inclusivity in Providing Accsess to Justice Through the Witness and Victims’ Community-Based Program." Jurnal Litigasi 24.1 (2023): 110-129.
Musofiana, Ida, Aji Sudarmaji, and Ira Alia Maerani. "Aspects of legal protection for children from cybercrime." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 7.3 (2020).
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Nguyễn, Khắc Hải, and Dandurand Yvon. "The social re-integration of offenders." VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies 29.3 (2013).
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Pradityo, Randy. "Restorative Justice dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 5.3 (2016): 319-330.
Prasetyo, Teguh. "Penerapan Diversi Terhadap Tindak Pidana Anak Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.1 (2015): 1-14.
Pratama, Jerry. "Restorative Justice in Resolving Criminal Cases of Child Abuse from an Islamic Legal Perspective." Al Hurriyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8.2 (2023): 124-133.
Purwanti, Ani. "Protection and rehabilitation for women victims of violence according to Indonesian law (Study on Central Java Government's handling through KPK2BGA)." Diponegoro Law Review 2.2 (2017): 312-325.
Putri, Nadiyah Meyliana, et al. "Juvenile Delinquency in Semarang City: Aspects of Protection and Law Enforcement in Socio-Legal Approach." Unnes Law Journal 8.2 (2022): 263-278.
Putry, Sasty Deli, and Ahkhmad Rifa’i. "Teknik Komunikasi Pendamping Pembina Anak di LPKS ABH Anak Bangsa." Jurnal Literasiologi 10.2 (2023).
Qafisheh, Mutaz M. "Restorative Justice in the Islamic Penal Law: A Contribution to the Global System." International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 7.1 (2012).
Rahmatullah, Asep, and Segaf Baharun. "Ta'zir (Punishment) at Islamic Boarding Schools; Between Tradition, Conception, and Shadows of Human Rights Violations." Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 34.2 (2023): 267-280.
Rasdi, Rasdi, et al. "Reformulation of the Criminal Justice System for Children in Conflict Based on Pancasila Justice." Lex Scientia Law Review 6.2 (2022): 479-518.
Rizanizarli, Rizanizarli, et al. "The Application of Restorative Justice for Children as Criminal Offenders in the Perspective of National Law and Qanun Jināyat." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan hukum Islam 7.1 (2023): 21-39.
Robinson, J. A. "The right of child victims of armed conflict to reintegration and recovery." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15.1 (2012).
Rochaeti, Nur. "Implementasi Keadilan Restoratif Dan Pluralisme Hukum Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 44.2 (2015): 150-160.
Şener, Mustafa Burak. "A review of the meaning and importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi 7.3 (2021): 15-25.
Sepud, I. Made. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Anak Melalui Diversi Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. Diss. Brawijaya University, 2020.
Setiawan, Sarno, et al. "Community empowerment on establishment of friendly-village for women and children." Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 1.1 (2019): 5-22.
Siregar, Iskandarsyah, and Aziz Rahimy. "A Normative Analysis of Juvenile Sentencing Laws in Indonesia: Reconciling Justice, Rehabilitation, and Victim Redress." Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics 3.3 (2023): 160-169.
Smith, David J. "The effectiveness of the juvenile justice system." Criminal Justice 5.2 (2005): 181-195.
Sodiqin, Ali. "Legal, Moral, and Spiritual Dialectics in the Islamic Restorative Justice System." Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21.2 (2021).
Steinberg, Laurence. "Adolescent development and juvenile justice." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5.1 (2009): 459-485.
Syafiuddin, M. Nur, et al. "Understanding Child Support in the Pattern of Child Protection based on the Principle of Child Protection." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8.1 (2021): 92-99.
Thoriiq, Alif Jabaaral. Analisis Yuridis Peran Balai Pemasyarakatan (BAPAS) Terhadap Anak Yang Ditempatkan di Lembaga Penyelenggara Kesejahteraan Sosial (LPKS) (Studi di BAPAS Kelas I Medan). Diss. Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2018.
Tibaka, Leli, and Rosdian Rosdian. "The Protection of human rights in Indonesian constitutional law after the amendment of the 1945 constitution of the republic of Indonesia." FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11.3 (2017): 266-288.
Triwati, Ani, and Doddy Kridasaksana. "Pijakan Perlunya Diversi Bagi Anak Dalam Pengulangan Tindak Pidana." Jurnal USM Law Review 4.2 (2021): 828-843.
Wangi, Yosefin Dika Tyas. "Policy of Development for Juvenile Delinquency in the Perspective of Indonesian Criminal Justice System Reform (Study on Institute for Special Development Children LPKA Kutoarjo, Central Java, Indonesia)." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 2.2 (2017): 85-100.
Wieringa, Saskia E. "Gender harmony and the happy family: Islam, gender and sexuality in post-Reformasi Indonesia." South East Asia Research 23.1 (2015): 27-44.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, et al. "Child sexual abuse in Indonesia: A systematic review of literature, law and policy." Child Abuse & Neglect 95 (2019): 104034.
Witasari, Aryani, and Muhammad Sholikul Arif. "Implementasi Diversi Guna Mewujudkan Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Jurnal Hukum 35.2 (2019): 165-184.
Yuliartini, Ni Putu Rai. "Legal Protection for Victims of Criminal Violations (Case Study of Violence Against Children in Buleleng District)." Veteran Law Review 2.2 (2019): 30-41.
Absar, Absar Aftab. "Restorative justice in Islam with special reference to the concept of Diyya." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 3.1 (2020): 38-56.
Adriany, Vina, Hani Yulindrasari, and Marek Tesar. "Satu Desa, Satu PAUD–One village, one centre: Unpacking the meaning of children’s participation within ECE policy and provision in Indonesia." The Routledge International Handbook of Young Children's Rights. Routledge, 2019. 66-76.
Aji, Wikan Sinatrio. "The Implementation of Diversion and Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4.1 (2019): 73-88.
Alfar, Muhammad, et al. "Maladministrasi Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Anak Yang Berhadapan Dengan Hukum." JURNAL RECHTENS 12.2 (2023): 257-272.
Alotaibi, Hajed A. "Inconsistency in Ta’zir Punishments in Islamic Juveniles’ System." Asian Social Science 14.4 (2018): 70.
Angkasa, Angkasa, et al. "Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 8.1 (2023): 93-128.
Anindia, Islamia Ayu. "Perlindungan hukum terhadap perdagangan anak dengan modus pernikahan dalam perspektif viktimologis." Jurnal Litigasi 19.1 (2018).
Anwar, Syaiful, and Mardella Galih. "Juvenile, Prisons, and Justice: How Do Correctional Agencies Provide Legal Assistance for Children in Conflict with The Law?." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3.2 (2021): 197-208.
Beazley, Harriot. "The construction and protection of individual and collective identities by street children and youth in Indonesia." Children, Youth and Environments 13.1 (2003): 105-133.
Bishop, Donna M. "The role of race and ethnicity in juvenile justice processing." Our children, their children: Confronting racial and ethnic differences in American juvenile justice (2005): 23-82.
Buehler, Michael, and Dani Muhtada. "Democratization and the diffusion of shari’a law: Comparative insights from Indonesia." South East Asia Research 24.2 (2016): 261-282.
Butt, Simon. "Religious conservatism, Islamic criminal law and the judiciary in Indonesia: a tale of three courts." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 50.3 (2018): 402-434.
Chapman, Audrey R. "A" violations approach" for monitoring the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights." Human Rights Quarterly 18.1 (1996): 23-66.
Davies, Sharyn Graham, and Jazz Robson. "Juvenile (in) justice: children in conflict with the law in Indonesia." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 17.1 (2016): 119-147.
Erdianti, Ratri Novita, and Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. "Fostering as an Alternative Sanction for Juveniles in the Perspective of Child Protection in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4.1 (2019): 119-128.
Erdianti, Ratri Novita, Wasis Wasis, and Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. "Child Friendly Villages as an Effort to Prevent a Child as Victims and as Perpetrator Crimes." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia 5.2 (2022): 284-300.
Fathurokhmandan, Ferry, and Ahmad Fauzi. "Islamic Criminal Law as a Bridge of Contention Between Public and Individual Interest Within Restorative Justice." Jurnal Media Hukum 22.1 (2015): 21.
Fikrie, Muhammad Ridho Iksanul, and Indah Sri Utari. "Legal Protection for Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Semarang: Analysis of Decision No. 431/Pid. Sus/2023/PN. Smg." Law Research Review Quarterly 10.1 (2024).
Gianelli, Alessandra. "The Place of Rehabilitation of the Offender among the Purposes of Penalties according to International Law." International Law and the Protection of Humanity. Brill Nijhoff, 2017. 397-412.
Hascall, Susan C. "Restorative Justice in Islam: Should Qisas Be Considered a Form of Restorative Justice?." Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law 4.1 (2011).
Hasibuan, Lidya Rahmadani, et al. "Restorative Justice Sebagai Pembaharuan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Berdasarkan UU No. 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." USU Law Journal 3.3 (2015): 64-71.
Ilmi, Jamiatul, M. Rahmat Hidayat, and Ika Maslyna. "The Diversion Completion Based on Law Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System from the Perspective of Islamic Law." ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3.3 (2023): 327-334.
Iman, Candra Hayatul. "Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Perlindungan Anak dalam Pembaruan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2.3 (2013): 358-378.
Islam, Mohammad Saiful. "Criminal Accountability and Juvenile Offenders: A Study under Islamic Principles, International Law and the Children Act, 2013." International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences 3.2 (2015).
Karimullah, Suud Sarim. "From Tradition to Mainstream: Understanding the Integration of Islamic Law in Various Global Settings." Justicia Islamica 20.2 (2023): 214-240.
Keith, Linda Camp. "The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does it make a difference in human rights behavior?." Journal of Peace Research 36.1 (1999): 95-118.
Krisberg, Barry. Juvenile justice: Redeeming our children. Sage, 2005.
Krisnalita, Louisa Yesami. "Diversi Pada Tindak Pidana Yang Dilakukan Oleh Anak." Binamulia Hukum 8.1 (2019): 93-106.
Lundy, Laura. "‘Voice’is not enough: conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child." British Educational Research Journal 33.6 (2007): 927-942.
Marhaenjati, Bayu, “Police Charge South Jakarta Man With Sexual Assault of 15 Boys”, Jakarta Globe, October 27, 2015. Available at https://jakartaglobe.id/context/police-charge-south-jakarta-man-sexual-assault-15-boys
Mayasari, Dian Ety. "Perlindungan hak anak kategori juvenile delinquency." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 20.3 (2018): 385-400.
Mulyani, Leni Widi, and Desiree David. "Civil Society’s Inclusivity in Providing Accsess to Justice Through the Witness and Victims’ Community-Based Program." Jurnal Litigasi 24.1 (2023): 110-129.
Musofiana, Ida, Aji Sudarmaji, and Ira Alia Maerani. "Aspects of legal protection for children from cybercrime." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 7.3 (2020).
National Research Council. Reforming juvenile justice: A developmental approach. National Academies Press, 2013.
Nguyễn, Khắc Hải, and Dandurand Yvon. "The social re-integration of offenders." VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies 29.3 (2013).
Polri, “Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Police Captured Perpetrators of Theft and Rape”, Online, May 19, 2021. Available at https://inp.polri.go.id/artikel/greater-jakarta-metropolitan-police-captured-perpetrators-of-theft-and-rape-2.
Pradityo, Randy. "Restorative Justice dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 5.3 (2016): 319-330.
Prasetyo, Teguh. "Penerapan Diversi Terhadap Tindak Pidana Anak Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.1 (2015): 1-14.
Pratama, Jerry. "Restorative Justice in Resolving Criminal Cases of Child Abuse from an Islamic Legal Perspective." Al Hurriyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8.2 (2023): 124-133.
Purwanti, Ani. "Protection and rehabilitation for women victims of violence according to Indonesian law (Study on Central Java Government's handling through KPK2BGA)." Diponegoro Law Review 2.2 (2017): 312-325.
Putri, Nadiyah Meyliana, et al. "Juvenile Delinquency in Semarang City: Aspects of Protection and Law Enforcement in Socio-Legal Approach." Unnes Law Journal 8.2 (2022): 263-278.
Putry, Sasty Deli, and Ahkhmad Rifa’i. "Teknik Komunikasi Pendamping Pembina Anak di LPKS ABH Anak Bangsa." Jurnal Literasiologi 10.2 (2023).
Qafisheh, Mutaz M. "Restorative Justice in the Islamic Penal Law: A Contribution to the Global System." International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 7.1 (2012).
Rahmatullah, Asep, and Segaf Baharun. "Ta'zir (Punishment) at Islamic Boarding Schools; Between Tradition, Conception, and Shadows of Human Rights Violations." Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 34.2 (2023): 267-280.
Rasdi, Rasdi, et al. "Reformulation of the Criminal Justice System for Children in Conflict Based on Pancasila Justice." Lex Scientia Law Review 6.2 (2022): 479-518.
Rizanizarli, Rizanizarli, et al. "The Application of Restorative Justice for Children as Criminal Offenders in the Perspective of National Law and Qanun Jināyat." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan hukum Islam 7.1 (2023): 21-39.
Robinson, J. A. "The right of child victims of armed conflict to reintegration and recovery." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15.1 (2012).
Rochaeti, Nur. "Implementasi Keadilan Restoratif Dan Pluralisme Hukum Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 44.2 (2015): 150-160.
Şener, Mustafa Burak. "A review of the meaning and importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi 7.3 (2021): 15-25.
Sepud, I. Made. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Anak Melalui Diversi Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. Diss. Brawijaya University, 2020.
Setiawan, Sarno, et al. "Community empowerment on establishment of friendly-village for women and children." Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 1.1 (2019): 5-22.
Siregar, Iskandarsyah, and Aziz Rahimy. "A Normative Analysis of Juvenile Sentencing Laws in Indonesia: Reconciling Justice, Rehabilitation, and Victim Redress." Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics 3.3 (2023): 160-169.
Smith, David J. "The effectiveness of the juvenile justice system." Criminal Justice 5.2 (2005): 181-195.
Sodiqin, Ali. "Legal, Moral, and Spiritual Dialectics in the Islamic Restorative Justice System." Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21.2 (2021).
Steinberg, Laurence. "Adolescent development and juvenile justice." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5.1 (2009): 459-485.
Syafiuddin, M. Nur, et al. "Understanding Child Support in the Pattern of Child Protection based on the Principle of Child Protection." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8.1 (2021): 92-99.
Thoriiq, Alif Jabaaral. Analisis Yuridis Peran Balai Pemasyarakatan (BAPAS) Terhadap Anak Yang Ditempatkan di Lembaga Penyelenggara Kesejahteraan Sosial (LPKS) (Studi di BAPAS Kelas I Medan). Diss. Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2018.
Tibaka, Leli, and Rosdian Rosdian. "The Protection of human rights in Indonesian constitutional law after the amendment of the 1945 constitution of the republic of Indonesia." FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11.3 (2017): 266-288.
Triwati, Ani, and Doddy Kridasaksana. "Pijakan Perlunya Diversi Bagi Anak Dalam Pengulangan Tindak Pidana." Jurnal USM Law Review 4.2 (2021): 828-843.
Wangi, Yosefin Dika Tyas. "Policy of Development for Juvenile Delinquency in the Perspective of Indonesian Criminal Justice System Reform (Study on Institute for Special Development Children LPKA Kutoarjo, Central Java, Indonesia)." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 2.2 (2017): 85-100.
Wieringa, Saskia E. "Gender harmony and the happy family: Islam, gender and sexuality in post-Reformasi Indonesia." South East Asia Research 23.1 (2015): 27-44.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, et al. "Child sexual abuse in Indonesia: A systematic review of literature, law and policy." Child Abuse & Neglect 95 (2019): 104034.
Witasari, Aryani, and Muhammad Sholikul Arif. "Implementasi Diversi Guna Mewujudkan Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak." Jurnal Hukum 35.2 (2019): 165-184.
Yuliartini, Ni Putu Rai. "Legal Protection for Victims of Criminal Violations (Case Study of Violence Against Children in Buleleng District)." Veteran Law Review 2.2 (2019): 30-41.