Relationship Between Parenting Self Efficacy and Parenting Stress on Parents to Support Early Children Playing at Home
Abstract
This research was motivated by the challenges of parents in taking care of their children when facing the coronavirus pandemic happening globally. This makes conditions change in various sectors. The implementation of “Work from Home†and “School from Home†is a government policy to break the chain of the coronavirus. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between parenting self-efficacy and parenting stress on parents to support early children playing at home. The research design was quantitative simple correlation. The population in this research were parents having young children in Bandar Lampung City. The sample of this research was selected by simple random sampling technique. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between parenting self-efficacy and parenting stress on parents in accompanying early childhood playing at home. So, if the parenting self-efficacy of parents is high, it can reduce the parenting stress when accompanying children to play at home. Based on these findings, this study suggests (1) further research should be done on a larger subject, (2) further research can compare between parents inservice and preservice training parenting, (3) Researchers can look for other factors as stressors for parents in parenting early childhood at home.
References
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Abidin, R. R. (1997). Parenting stress index: a measure of the parent child system. In Zalaquett, C. and Woods, R., editors, Evaluating stress: a book of resources (pp. 277–291). Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press Inc.
Abidin, R.R. (1986). Parenting stress index. Charlottesville, VA. Pediatric Psychology Press.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. EngleWood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental psychology, 25(5), 729.
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463-472.
Bloomfield & Kendall, (2012). Testing a parenting programme evaluation tool as a pre and post course measure of parenting self-efficacy. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire.
Brooks, J. (2008). The process of parenting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bugental, D. B., & Cortez, V. L. (1988). Physiological reactivity to responsive and unresponsive children as moderated by perceived control. Child Development, 59(1), 686-693.
Cervone, D & Lawrence A. Pervin. (2012). Kepribadian: Teori dan Penelitian. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental review, 18(1), 47-85.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting selfâ€efficacy among mothers of schoolâ€age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Family Relations, 49(1), 13-24.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2003). Maternal selfâ€efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 24(2), 126-148.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2005). Parenting self-efficacy, competence in parenting, and possible links to young children’s social and academic outcomes. Contemporary Perspectives on Families, Communities, and Schools for Young Children. Greenwich, Connecticut: Inform-ation Age Publishing, 83-106.
Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S. S., Meadows, S. O., & Brooksâ€Gunn, J. (2009). Family structure transitions and maternal parenting stress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 558-574.
Deaterâ€Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 5(3), 314-332.
Deater-Deckard, K., & Scarr, S. (1996). Parenting stress among dual-earner mothers and fathers: Are there gender differences?. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 45-59.
Donovan, W. L., & Leavitt, L. A. (1985). Simulating conditions of learned helplessness: The effects of interventions and attributions. Child development, 56(1), 594-603.
Gerstein, E. D., Crnic, K., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2009). Resilience and the course of daily parenting stress in families of young children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(12), 981-997.
Gross, D., & Tucker, S. (1994). Parenting confidence during toddlerhood. A comparison of mothers and fathers. The Nurse Practitioner, 19(10), 25-29.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341-363.
Kendall, S., & Bloomfield, L. (2005). Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting selfâ€efficacy. Journal of advanced nursing, 51(2), 174-181.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lee, M. Y., Chen, Y. C., Wang, H. S., & Chen, D. R. (2007). Parenting stress and related factors in parents of children with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Nursing Research, 15(3), 165-174.
Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 313-328.
Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 313-328.
Östberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of clinical child psychology, 29(4), 615-625.
Pugh, G.A. (2004). Parenting styles, maternal efficacy, and impact of a childhood disability on the family in mothers of children with disabilities. Thesis. Georgia: University of Georgia.
Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 26(3), 177-190.
Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 46(5), 932–946.
Sevigny, P. R., & Loutzenhiser, L. (2010). Predictors of parenting selfâ€efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlers. Child: care, health and development, 36(2), 179-189.
Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal selfâ€efficacy. Child development, 62(5), 918-929.
Willinger, U., Schaunig, I., Jantscher, S., Schmoeger, M., Loader, B., Kummer, C., & Peer, E. (2011). Mothers' estimates of their preschool children and parenting stress. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 53(2), 228-240.
Abidin, R. R. (1997). Parenting stress index: a measure of the parent child system. In Zalaquett, C. and Woods, R., editors, Evaluating stress: a book of resources (pp. 277–291). Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press Inc.
Abidin, R.R. (1986). Parenting stress index. Charlottesville, VA. Pediatric Psychology Press.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. EngleWood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental psychology, 25(5), 729.
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463-472.
Bloomfield & Kendall, (2012). Testing a parenting programme evaluation tool as a pre and post course measure of parenting self-efficacy. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire.
Brooks, J. (2008). The process of parenting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bugental, D. B., & Cortez, V. L. (1988). Physiological reactivity to responsive and unresponsive children as moderated by perceived control. Child Development, 59(1), 686-693.
Cervone, D & Lawrence A. Pervin. (2012). Kepribadian: Teori dan Penelitian. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental review, 18(1), 47-85.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting selfâ€efficacy among mothers of schoolâ€age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Family Relations, 49(1), 13-24.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2003). Maternal selfâ€efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 24(2), 126-148.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2005). Parenting self-efficacy, competence in parenting, and possible links to young children’s social and academic outcomes. Contemporary Perspectives on Families, Communities, and Schools for Young Children. Greenwich, Connecticut: Inform-ation Age Publishing, 83-106.
Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S. S., Meadows, S. O., & Brooksâ€Gunn, J. (2009). Family structure transitions and maternal parenting stress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 558-574.
Deaterâ€Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 5(3), 314-332.
Deater-Deckard, K., & Scarr, S. (1996). Parenting stress among dual-earner mothers and fathers: Are there gender differences?. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 45-59.
Donovan, W. L., & Leavitt, L. A. (1985). Simulating conditions of learned helplessness: The effects of interventions and attributions. Child development, 56(1), 594-603.
Gerstein, E. D., Crnic, K., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2009). Resilience and the course of daily parenting stress in families of young children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(12), 981-997.
Gross, D., & Tucker, S. (1994). Parenting confidence during toddlerhood. A comparison of mothers and fathers. The Nurse Practitioner, 19(10), 25-29.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341-363.
Kendall, S., & Bloomfield, L. (2005). Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting selfâ€efficacy. Journal of advanced nursing, 51(2), 174-181.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lee, M. Y., Chen, Y. C., Wang, H. S., & Chen, D. R. (2007). Parenting stress and related factors in parents of children with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Nursing Research, 15(3), 165-174.
Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 313-328.
Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 313-328.
Östberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of clinical child psychology, 29(4), 615-625.
Pugh, G.A. (2004). Parenting styles, maternal efficacy, and impact of a childhood disability on the family in mothers of children with disabilities. Thesis. Georgia: University of Georgia.
Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 26(3), 177-190.
Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 46(5), 932–946.
Sevigny, P. R., & Loutzenhiser, L. (2010). Predictors of parenting selfâ€efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlers. Child: care, health and development, 36(2), 179-189.
Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal selfâ€efficacy. Child development, 62(5), 918-929.
Willinger, U., Schaunig, I., Jantscher, S., Schmoeger, M., Loader, B., Kummer, C., & Peer, E. (2011). Mothers' estimates of their preschool children and parenting stress. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 53(2), 228-240.
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