Intersection between Administrative Law and Private Law on Environmental Law Litigation in Indonesia Legal System
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Jan 31, 2023
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Abstract
This paper delves into the complex interplay between administrative and private law in environmental litigation within Indonesia's legal framework. Indonesia, rich in natural resources, faces pressing environmental challenges due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Consequently, disputes often arise over environmental conservation, resource extraction, and pollution control, necessitating legal action to uphold environmental integrity. Administrative law governs governmental bodies responsible for environmental regulation, dictating procedures for permits, inspections, and sanctions. Conversely, private law regulates relationships between individuals and entities, encompassing tort liability, contractual obligations, and property rights. In environmental litigation, these legal domains intersect as plaintiffs seek remedies for harm caused by both public and private actors. The paper examines significant cases where administrative law intersects with private law doctrines, analyzing how administrative decisions may lead to civil claims under negligence, nuisance, or strict liability theories. It also explores the role of public interest litigation and citizen enforcement mechanisms in ensuring government accountability for environmental stewardship. Additionally, it evaluates the challenges and opportunities in navigating the convergence of administrative and private law, including issues of standing, jurisdiction, evidence, and remedies. Emphasizing judicial interpretation and legal harmonization, the paper underscores the symbiotic relationship between these legal realms in Indonesia's environmental litigation landscape. By shedding light on this intersection, it contributes to understanding environmental governance and access to justice while offering insights into global environmental law reconciling public and private interests.
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Julianto, R., & Arifin, R. (2023). Intersection between Administrative Law and Private Law on Environmental Law Litigation in Indonesia Legal System. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 69-104. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v2i1.65862
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References
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López‐Gamero, María D., et al. "Sustainable development and intangibles: building sustainable intellectual capital." Business Strategy and the Environment 20.1 (2011): 18-37.
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Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Melnick, Don. Environment and human well-being: a practical strategy. Earthscan, 2005.
Muchtar, Syamsuddin, and Ahsan Yunus. "Environmental law enforcement in forestry crime: A disjunction between ideality and reality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 343. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Naibaho, Nathalina. "Rethinking the ultimum remedium principle to support justice and strong law enforcement institutions in environmental crimes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 716. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Natarajan, Usha, and Kishan Khoday. "Locating nature: Making and unmaking international law." Leiden Journal of International Law 27.3 (2014): 573-593.
Nicholson, David. "Environmental Litigation in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 6.1 (2001): 47-78.
O'Shaughnessy, Eric, et al. "Empowered communities: The rise of community choice aggregation in the United States." Energy Policy 132 (2019): 1110-1119.
Parsaulian, Baginda. "Analisis kebijakan dalam upaya penegakan hukum lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Jurnal Reformasi Administrasi: Jurnal Ilmiah untuk Mewujudkan Masyarakat Madani 7.1 (2020): 56-62.
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Phelps, Jacob, et al. "Environmental liability litigation could remedy biodiversity loss." Conservation Letters 14.6 (2021): e12821.
Praja, Chrisna Bagus Edhita, et al. "Strict Liability Sebagai Instrumen Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan." Varia Justicia 12.1 (2016): 42-62.
Purwadi, Ari, Cita Yustisia Serfiyani, and Suhandi Suhandi. "The Government's Lawsuit Rights on the Environment Disputes in Indonesia." International Conference on Science, Technology & Environment (ICoSTE). 2019.
Rahmah, Aulya Noor, Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, and Nurul Kamriani. "The impact of job creation act against the participatory principle in environmental law." International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources 1.1 (2021): 22-28.
Rezeki, Septya Sri. "Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Terhadap Penerapan Prinsip Strict Liability dalam Kasus Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup." Al-Jinayah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 1.1 (2015): 224-235.
Riswanti, Ade Risha, N. A. Martana, and I. Nyoman Satyayudha Dananjaya. "Tanggung Jawab Mutlak (Strict Liability) dalam Penegakan Hukum Perdata Lingkungan di Indonesia." Kertha Wicara: Journal Ilmu Hukum 1.3 (2013): 1-5.
Rodríguez-Garavito, César, and David R. Boyd. "A Rights Turn in Biodiversity Litigation?." Transnational Environmental Law 12.3 (2023): 498-536.
Rohmy, Atikah Mardhiya, H. Setiyono, and Supriyadi Supriyadi. "Corporate Criminal Sanction in Omnibus Law for Forest Destruction in Indonesia: Review of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation." Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 21.1 (2021).
Romdoni, Muhamad, Santy Fitnawaty WN, and Rizki Nurdiansyah. "Impact of Political Policy on the Implementation of Law Enforcement." Mediation: Journal of Law (2022): 67-74.
Sembiring, Raynaldo, Isna Fatimah, and Grita Anindarini Widyaningsih. "Indonesia’s omnibus bill on job creation: a setback for environmental law?." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 4.1 (2020): 97-109.
Sembiring, Zefanya Albrena, and Audi Gusti Baihaqie. "Litigasi perubahan iklim privat di Indonesia: Prospek dan permasalahannya." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 7.1 (2020): 118-140.
Shavell, Steven. "The optimal structure of law enforcement." The Journal of Law and Economics 36.1, Part 2 (1993): 255-287.
Smith, Richard John. "A social worker's report from the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+ 20)." Social work 58.4 (2013): 369-372.
Smith, Zachary A., and Peter Jacques. The environmental policy paradox. Routledge, 2022.
Spier, Jaap. "‘The “Strongest” Climate Ruling Yet’: The Dutch Supreme Court’s Urgenda Judgment." Netherlands International Law Review 67.2 (2020): 319-391.
Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard. "Environmental reviews and case studies: From a brown to a green economy: How should green industries be promoted?." Environmental Practice 15.1 (2013): 72-78.
Swimmer, Eugene. "Measurement of the effectiveness of urban law enforcement: a simultaneous approach." Southern Economic Journal (1974): 618-630.
Syaprillah, Aditia. "Penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan melalui instrumen pengawasan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 1.1 (2016): 99-113.
Teguh, Pri Pambudi, and Ismail Rumadan. "Execution of environmental civil court decisions in Indonesia." South Florida Journal of Development 3.3 (2022): 3286-3301.
Wibisana, Andri G. "The many faces of strict liability in Indonesia's wildfire litigation." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28.2 (2019): 185-196.
Yang, Qing, et al. "Three dimensions of biodiversity: New perspectives and methods." Ecological Indicators 130 (2021): 108099.
Zoelva, Hamdan. "The Threat of Judicial Mafia in Indonesia in Discrediting the Principle of the Rule of Law." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10.5 (2021): 839-844.
Zulaeha, Mulyani. "Mengatasi kabut asap melalui mekanisme citizen lawsuit." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 3.1 (2016): 87-106.
Afriansyah, Arie, Anbar Jayadi, and Angela Vania. "Fighting the Giants: Efforts in Holding Corporation Responsible for Environmental Damages in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Law Review 4.3 (2019): 325-338.
Al Amruzi, M. Fahmi. "Upaya penegakan hukum lingkungan melalui penerapan asas strict liability." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 40.4 (2011): 454-460.
Al Fikri, Muhammad Ainurrasyid. "Implementation of strict liability by companies in cases of environmental damage in Indonesia: an overview of state administrative law in Indonesia." Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 5.2 (2022): 41-52.
Alisjahbana, Armida Salsiah, and Arief Anshory Yusuf. "Assessing Indonesia's sustainable development: long-run trend, impact of the crisis, and adjustment during the recovery period." ASEAN Economic Bulletin 21.3 (2004): 290-307.
Andriansyah, Andriansyah, Endang Sulastri, and Evi Satispi. "The role of government policies in environmental management." Research Horizon 1.3 (2021): 86-93.
Arsil, F., and Qurrata Ayuni. "Understanding Natural Resources Clause in Indonesia Constitution." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 940. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Arsyiprameswari, Natasya, et al. "Environmental Law and Mining Law in the Framework of State Administration Law." Unnes Law Journal 7.2 (2021): 347-370.
Bayley, David H. "Law enforcement and the rule of law: Is there a tradeoff?." Criminology & Public Policy 2.1 (2002): 133-154.
Brenton, Tony. The greening of Machiavelli: the evolution of international environmental politics. Routledge, 2019.
Brown, Ed, et al. "Green growth or ecological commodification: debating the green economy in the global south." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 96.3 (2014): 245-259.
Burgers, Laura, and Tim Staal. Climate action as positive human rights obligation: The appeals judgment in Urgenda v The Netherlands. TMC Asser Press, 2019.
Chasek, Pamela, and David Downie. Global environmental politics. Routledge, 2020.
de Graaf, Kars J., and Jan H. Jans. "The Urgenda decision: Netherlands liable for role in causing dangerous global climate change." Journal of Environmental Law 27.3 (2015): 517-527.
Dekiawati, Erla Sari. "Law Enforcement of Illegal Logging in Indonesia: Problems and Challenges in Present and the Future." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1.1 (2022): 47-68.
Dewi, Dahlia Kusuma, Alvi Syahrin, and M. Hamdan. "The Functionalization of the Ultimum Remedium Principle Towards the Implementation of Criminal Actions Environmental License in the Perspective of Environmental Criminal Law in Indonesia." 1st UMGESHIC International Seminar on Health, Social Science and Humanities (UMGESHIC-ISHSSH 2020). Atlantis Press, 2021.
Ehrlich, Isaac. "The deterrent effect of criminal law enforcement." The Journal of Legal Studies 1.2 (1972): 259-276.
Eisma-Osorio, Rose-Liza, Elizabeth A. Kirk, and Jessica Steinberg Albin, eds. The impact of environmental law: stories of the world we want. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
Fahruddin, Muhammad. "Penegakan hukum lingkungan di indonesia dalam perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup." Veritas 5.2 (2019): 81-98.
Fajrini, Rika, Rebecca M. Nichols, and Jacob Phelps. "Poacher pays? Judges' liability decisions in a mock trial about environmental harm caused by illegal wildlife trade." Biological Conservation 266 (2022): 109445.
Firdaus, A., and Jelly Leviza. "Environmental criminal responsibility for mining corporation through the ultimum remedium principle." International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Fitriana, Ermania Chobelia, and Nabilla Farah Quraisyta. "Juridical Review of Citizen Lawsuit in its Application in Indonesia." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 3.2 (2022): 420-426.
Hardiman, Dindin M. "Asas Ultimum Remidium Dalam Penegakan Hukum Administrasi Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 4.2 (2017): 257-271.
Higgins, Karen L. Economic growth and sustainability: Systems thinking for a complex world. Academic Press, 2014.
Imamulhadi, Mr. "Perkembangan Prinsip Strict Liability dan Precautionary dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup di Pengadilan." Mimbar Hukum-Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 25.3 (2013): 416-432.
Jansen, David. "Relations among security and law enforcement institutions in Indonesia." Contemporary Southeast Asia: a journal of international and strategic affairs 30.3 (2008): 429-454.
Laily, Farah Nur. "Penegakan hukum lingkungan sebagai upaya mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan hidup di indonesia." Wacana Paramarta: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 21.2 (2022): 17-26.
López‐Gamero, María D., et al. "Sustainable development and intangibles: building sustainable intellectual capital." Business Strategy and the Environment 20.1 (2011): 18-37.
Maddock, Rowland. "Environmental politics and policies in the Asia-Pacific." Governance in the Asia-Pacific. Routledge, 2005, pp. 223-249.
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Melnick, Don. Environment and human well-being: a practical strategy. Earthscan, 2005.
Muchtar, Syamsuddin, and Ahsan Yunus. "Environmental law enforcement in forestry crime: A disjunction between ideality and reality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 343. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Naibaho, Nathalina. "Rethinking the ultimum remedium principle to support justice and strong law enforcement institutions in environmental crimes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 716. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Natarajan, Usha, and Kishan Khoday. "Locating nature: Making and unmaking international law." Leiden Journal of International Law 27.3 (2014): 573-593.
Nicholson, David. "Environmental Litigation in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 6.1 (2001): 47-78.
O'Shaughnessy, Eric, et al. "Empowered communities: The rise of community choice aggregation in the United States." Energy Policy 132 (2019): 1110-1119.
Parsaulian, Baginda. "Analisis kebijakan dalam upaya penegakan hukum lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Jurnal Reformasi Administrasi: Jurnal Ilmiah untuk Mewujudkan Masyarakat Madani 7.1 (2020): 56-62.
Patunru, Arianto A. "The political economy of environmental policy in Indonesia." The Environments of the Poor in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific (2013): 203.
Phelps, Jacob, et al. "Environmental liability litigation could remedy biodiversity loss." Conservation Letters 14.6 (2021): e12821.
Praja, Chrisna Bagus Edhita, et al. "Strict Liability Sebagai Instrumen Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan." Varia Justicia 12.1 (2016): 42-62.
Purwadi, Ari, Cita Yustisia Serfiyani, and Suhandi Suhandi. "The Government's Lawsuit Rights on the Environment Disputes in Indonesia." International Conference on Science, Technology & Environment (ICoSTE). 2019.
Rahmah, Aulya Noor, Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, and Nurul Kamriani. "The impact of job creation act against the participatory principle in environmental law." International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources 1.1 (2021): 22-28.
Rezeki, Septya Sri. "Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Terhadap Penerapan Prinsip Strict Liability dalam Kasus Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup." Al-Jinayah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 1.1 (2015): 224-235.
Riswanti, Ade Risha, N. A. Martana, and I. Nyoman Satyayudha Dananjaya. "Tanggung Jawab Mutlak (Strict Liability) dalam Penegakan Hukum Perdata Lingkungan di Indonesia." Kertha Wicara: Journal Ilmu Hukum 1.3 (2013): 1-5.
Rodríguez-Garavito, César, and David R. Boyd. "A Rights Turn in Biodiversity Litigation?." Transnational Environmental Law 12.3 (2023): 498-536.
Rohmy, Atikah Mardhiya, H. Setiyono, and Supriyadi Supriyadi. "Corporate Criminal Sanction in Omnibus Law for Forest Destruction in Indonesia: Review of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation." Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 21.1 (2021).
Romdoni, Muhamad, Santy Fitnawaty WN, and Rizki Nurdiansyah. "Impact of Political Policy on the Implementation of Law Enforcement." Mediation: Journal of Law (2022): 67-74.
Sembiring, Raynaldo, Isna Fatimah, and Grita Anindarini Widyaningsih. "Indonesia’s omnibus bill on job creation: a setback for environmental law?." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 4.1 (2020): 97-109.
Sembiring, Zefanya Albrena, and Audi Gusti Baihaqie. "Litigasi perubahan iklim privat di Indonesia: Prospek dan permasalahannya." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 7.1 (2020): 118-140.
Shavell, Steven. "The optimal structure of law enforcement." The Journal of Law and Economics 36.1, Part 2 (1993): 255-287.
Smith, Richard John. "A social worker's report from the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+ 20)." Social work 58.4 (2013): 369-372.
Smith, Zachary A., and Peter Jacques. The environmental policy paradox. Routledge, 2022.
Spier, Jaap. "‘The “Strongest” Climate Ruling Yet’: The Dutch Supreme Court’s Urgenda Judgment." Netherlands International Law Review 67.2 (2020): 319-391.
Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard. "Environmental reviews and case studies: From a brown to a green economy: How should green industries be promoted?." Environmental Practice 15.1 (2013): 72-78.
Swimmer, Eugene. "Measurement of the effectiveness of urban law enforcement: a simultaneous approach." Southern Economic Journal (1974): 618-630.
Syaprillah, Aditia. "Penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan melalui instrumen pengawasan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 1.1 (2016): 99-113.
Teguh, Pri Pambudi, and Ismail Rumadan. "Execution of environmental civil court decisions in Indonesia." South Florida Journal of Development 3.3 (2022): 3286-3301.
Wibisana, Andri G. "The many faces of strict liability in Indonesia's wildfire litigation." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28.2 (2019): 185-196.
Yang, Qing, et al. "Three dimensions of biodiversity: New perspectives and methods." Ecological Indicators 130 (2021): 108099.
Zoelva, Hamdan. "The Threat of Judicial Mafia in Indonesia in Discrediting the Principle of the Rule of Law." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10.5 (2021): 839-844.
Zulaeha, Mulyani. "Mengatasi kabut asap melalui mekanisme citizen lawsuit." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 3.1 (2016): 87-106.