Liberalization of the Health Sector and Fulfillment of the Right to Health: How does international law respond to this condition?
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Jan 31, 2023
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Abstract
The liberalization of the health sector has become a contentious issue, raising questions about its impact on the fulfillment of the right to health. This paper explores the dynamics between health sector liberalization and the realization of the right to health within the framework of international law. It examines the principles and obligations enshrined in international human rights instruments, trade agreements, and other relevant legal frameworks concerning health and trade. Through a comprehensive review of case studies and legal analyses, the paper evaluates how international law addresses the challenges posed by health sector liberalization and seeks to safeguard the right to health. Additionally, it considers the role of international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), in balancing trade liberalization objectives with public health imperatives. The analysis highlights the tensions and synergies between economic interests and health rights, offering insights into potential strategies for reconciling these competing priorities. By elucidating the evolving landscape of international legal responses, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on achieving equitable access to healthcare while promoting global economic integration.
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Saraswati, Dhanny, and Zaeda Zulfa. 2023. “Liberalization of the Health Sector and Fulfillment of the Right to Health: How Does International Law Respond to This Condition?”. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 2 (1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v2i1.58372.
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References
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Imadasari, Rheza. "Penyelesaian Klaim Asuransi Jiwa Menurut Klaim Ex-Gratia." Unnes Law Journal 2.2 (2013): 73-78.
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Klein, Naomi. This changes everything: Capitalism vs. the climate. Simon and Schuster, 2015.
Koren, Gideon, and Naomi Klein. "Bias against negative studies in newspaper reports of medical research." Jama 266.13 (1991): 1824-1826.
Leary, Virginia A. "The right to health in international human rights law." Health and Human Rights (1994): 24-56.
Lestari, Tri Rini Puji. "Pelayanan Rumah Sakit bagi Masyarakat Miskin (Studi Kasus di Enam Wilayah Indonesia)." Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) 5.1 (2010): 9-16.
Lestari, Tri Rini Puji. "Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Di Puskesmas Melalui Pendekatan Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia Kesehatan." Kajian 23.3 (2020): 157-174.
Mackintosh, Maureen, and Meri Koivusalo, eds. Commercialization of health care: global and local dynamics and policy responses. Springer, 2005.
McNamara, Courtney. "Trade liberalization, social policies and health: an empirical case study." Globalization and Health 11 (2015): 1-19.
Mesran, Mesran, et al. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat (Jamkesmas) Menerapkan Metode MOORA." Jurnal Media Informatika Budidarma 2.2 (2018).
Missoni, Eduardo. "Understanding the impact of global trade liberalization on health systems pursuing universal health coverage." Value in Health 16.1 (2013): S14-S18.
Mohammad Mosadeghrad, Ali. "Healthcare service quality: towards a broad definition." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 26.3 (2013): 203-219.
Mulyawan, Budi. "Kualitas Pelayanan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (Studi Tentang Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap Peserta Jamkesmas Pada Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu)." Jurnal Aspirasi 5.2 (2015): 1-14.
Mustajab, Mustajab. Analisis Yuridis Hubungan Hukum Antara Dokter Dan Pasien Dalam Peyanan Kesehatan. Diss. Tadulako University, 2013.
Rahman, Khairul. "Pemberdayaan Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa." WEDANA: Jurnal Kajian Pemerintahan, Politik dan Birokrasi 2.2 (2016): 189-199.
Ramadhani, Fauziah. "Liberalization of Health Services in Indonesia in The Context of Justice." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 2.1 (2022): 87-104.
Rohman, Taufik, Dewi Laelatul Badriah, and Mamlukah Mamlukah. "Hubungan Antara Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Dengan Kepuasan Pasien Bpjs Rawat Jalan Di Puskesmas Haurgeulis Kabupaten Indramayu 2022." Journal of Nursing Practice and Education 3.01 (2022): 69-78.
Rosser, Andrew. "Realising free health care for the poor in Indonesia: The politics of illegal fees." Journal of Contemporary Asia 42.2 (2012): 255-275.
Shrestha, Ranjan. "Health Insurance for the poor, healthcare use and health outcomes in Indonesia." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 57.1 (2021): 85-110.
Smith, George P. "Human Rights and Bioethics: Formulating a Universal Right to Health, Health Care or Health Protection?." Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 38.5 (2005): 1295-1321.
Sofaer, Shoshanna, and Kirsten Firminger. "Patient perceptions of the quality of health services." Annu. Rev. Public Health 26 (2005): 513-559.
Sumarto, Mulyadi. "Welfare regime change in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia." Social Policy & Administration 51.6 (2017): 940-959.
Suryanto, Tulus, et al. "The influence of liberalization on innovation, performance, and competition level of insurance industry in Indonesia." Sustainability 12.24 (2020): 10620.
Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, et al. "Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage." The Lancet 377.9768 (2011): 863-873.
Thabrany, Hasbullah. Jaminan kesehatan nasional. Rajawali Pers, 2014.
Timmermans, Karin. "Developing countries and trade in health services: which way is forward?." International Journal of Health Services 34.3 (2004): 453-466.
Toebes, Brigit. "The right to health as a human right in international law." Refugee Survey Quarterly 20.3 (2001).
Utomo, Budi, Purwa K. Sucahya, and Fita R. Utami. "Priorities and realities: addressing the rich-poor gaps in health status and service access in Indonesia." International Journal for Equity in Health 10 (2011): 1-14.
Vinensa, Elga Ria, Ietje Nazarudin, and Triyani Maryati. "Analisis Perhitungan Unit Cost Pada Tindakan Tonsilektomi dengan Metode Activity Based Costing (Studi Kasus di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta)." JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit) 3.2 (2014).
Wacziarg, Romain, and Karen Horn Welch. "Trade liberalization and growth: New evidence." The World Bank Economic Review 22.2 (2008): 187-231.
Wenang, Supriyatiningsih, et al. "Availability and accessibility of primary care for the Remote, Rural, and Poor Population of Indonesia." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2021): 721886.
Woodward, David. "The GATS and trade in health services: implications for health care in developing countries." Review of International Political Economy 12.3 (2005): 511-534.
Yang, Yilin, et al. "A review of IoT-enabled mobile healthcare: technologies, challenges, and future trends." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9.12 (2022): 9478-9502.
Alawiyah, Putri, and Dian Safriantini. "Importance Performance Analysis Kualitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Klien Rawat Jalan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional." Jurnal Kesehatan 11.1 (2020): 51-60.
Alfiah, Dian, Rosyidah Rosyidah, and Surahma Asti Mulasari. "Analisis penerapan tarif paket pelayanan esensial (PPE) jamkesmas pada pelayanan operasi Caesarea kelas III di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah unit I Yogyakarta tahun 2009." Kes Mas: Jurnal Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Ahmad Daulan 5.2 (2011): 24941.
Almgren, Gunnar. Health care politics, policy, and services: a social justice analysis. Springer publishing company, 2017.
Aris Styadi, Aris, and D. W. Dewie Brima Atika. "Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat Pada Pelayanan Jamkesmas di Rumah Sakit (Studi Pada Rumah Sakit Umum Abdoel Moeloek Bandar Lampung)." Administratio: Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik dan Pembangunan 5.2 (2014): 168-180.
Armstrong, Mark, and David E. M. Sappington. "Regulation, competition, and liberalization." Journal of economic literature 44.2 (2006): 325-366.
Backman, Gunilla, et al. "Health systems and the right to health: an assessment of 194 countries." The Lancet 372.9655 (2008): 2047-2085.
Barthos, Megawati, and Agustinus Luturmas. "Positive Legal Aspects of Indonesia in Health Services Based on the Perspective of Law Number 17 of 2023 Concerning Health." Proceedings of the 3rd Multidisciplinary International Conference, MIC 2023, 28 October 2023, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2023.
Bauman, Zygmunt. The individualized society. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
Bettcher, Douglas W., Derek Yach, and G. Emmanuel Guindon. "Global trade and health: key linkages and future challenges." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78.4 (2000): 521.
Bloche, M. Gregg, and Elizabeth R. Jungman. "Health Policy and the WTO." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31.4 (2003): 529-545.
Boni, Arthur A. "The business of commercialization and innovation." Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 24.1 (2018).
Braveman, P. "Social conditions, health equity, and human rights." Health and Human Rights 12.2 (2010): 31-48.
Campbell, Stephen M., Martin O. Roland, and Stephen A. Buetow. "Defining quality of care." Social Science & Medicine 51.11 (2000): 1611-1625.
Chapman, Audrey R. "Globalization, human rights, and the social determinants of health." Bioethics 23.2 (2009): 97-111.
Chapman, Audrey R., and Salil D. Benegal. "Globalization and the Right to Health." The State of Economic and Social Human Rights: A Global Overview (2013): 61.
De Maio, Fernando. "Paul Farmer: Structural violence and the embodiment of inequality." The Palgrave handbook of social theory in health, illness and medicine. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 675-690.
Donnelly, Mary. Healthcare decision-making and the law: autonomy, capacity and the limits of liberalism. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Galston, William A. "Two concepts of liberalism." Ethics 105.3 (1995): 516-534.
Giarelli, Guido. "The changing role of the state in a neo-liberal healthcare policy arena." National Health Services of Western Europe. Routledge, 2023. 213-241.
Heriyono, Heriyono. "Pengaruh Pendelegasian Wewenang dan Birokrasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai RSUD (Survey Pada Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon, Kota Cirebon, Kabupaten Indramayu, dan Kabupaten Kuningan)." Exchall: Economic Challenge 3.1 (2021): 17-39.
Husada, Richard, and Raymond R. Tjandrawinata. "The healthcare System and the pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia." The New Political Economy of Pharmaceuticals: Production, Innovation and TRIPS in the Global South (2013): 134-151.
Imadasari, Rheza. "Penyelesaian Klaim Asuransi Jiwa Menurut Klaim Ex-Gratia." Unnes Law Journal 2.2 (2013): 73-78.
Irwin, Alec, and Elena Scali. "Action on the social determinants of health: a historical perspective." Global Public Health 2.3 (2007): 235-256.
Jacobis, Rolando. "Faktor-Faktor Kualitas Pelayanan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap Peserta Jamkesmas Di BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. RD Kandou Manado." Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi 1.4 (2013).
Kaye, Katherine, and Michael K. Novell. "Health practices and indices of a poor urban population in Indonesia part I: Patterns of health service utilization." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7.3 (1994): 178-182.
Kim, Jim Yong, Paul Farmer, and Michael E. Porter. "Redefining global health-care delivery." The Lancet 382.9897 (2013): 1060-1069.
Klein, Naomi. This changes everything: Capitalism vs. the climate. Simon and Schuster, 2015.
Koren, Gideon, and Naomi Klein. "Bias against negative studies in newspaper reports of medical research." Jama 266.13 (1991): 1824-1826.
Leary, Virginia A. "The right to health in international human rights law." Health and Human Rights (1994): 24-56.
Lestari, Tri Rini Puji. "Pelayanan Rumah Sakit bagi Masyarakat Miskin (Studi Kasus di Enam Wilayah Indonesia)." Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) 5.1 (2010): 9-16.
Lestari, Tri Rini Puji. "Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Di Puskesmas Melalui Pendekatan Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia Kesehatan." Kajian 23.3 (2020): 157-174.
Mackintosh, Maureen, and Meri Koivusalo, eds. Commercialization of health care: global and local dynamics and policy responses. Springer, 2005.
McNamara, Courtney. "Trade liberalization, social policies and health: an empirical case study." Globalization and Health 11 (2015): 1-19.
Mesran, Mesran, et al. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat (Jamkesmas) Menerapkan Metode MOORA." Jurnal Media Informatika Budidarma 2.2 (2018).
Missoni, Eduardo. "Understanding the impact of global trade liberalization on health systems pursuing universal health coverage." Value in Health 16.1 (2013): S14-S18.
Mohammad Mosadeghrad, Ali. "Healthcare service quality: towards a broad definition." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 26.3 (2013): 203-219.
Mulyawan, Budi. "Kualitas Pelayanan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (Studi Tentang Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap Peserta Jamkesmas Pada Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu)." Jurnal Aspirasi 5.2 (2015): 1-14.
Mustajab, Mustajab. Analisis Yuridis Hubungan Hukum Antara Dokter Dan Pasien Dalam Peyanan Kesehatan. Diss. Tadulako University, 2013.
Rahman, Khairul. "Pemberdayaan Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa." WEDANA: Jurnal Kajian Pemerintahan, Politik dan Birokrasi 2.2 (2016): 189-199.
Ramadhani, Fauziah. "Liberalization of Health Services in Indonesia in The Context of Justice." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 2.1 (2022): 87-104.
Rohman, Taufik, Dewi Laelatul Badriah, and Mamlukah Mamlukah. "Hubungan Antara Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Dengan Kepuasan Pasien Bpjs Rawat Jalan Di Puskesmas Haurgeulis Kabupaten Indramayu 2022." Journal of Nursing Practice and Education 3.01 (2022): 69-78.
Rosser, Andrew. "Realising free health care for the poor in Indonesia: The politics of illegal fees." Journal of Contemporary Asia 42.2 (2012): 255-275.
Shrestha, Ranjan. "Health Insurance for the poor, healthcare use and health outcomes in Indonesia." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 57.1 (2021): 85-110.
Smith, George P. "Human Rights and Bioethics: Formulating a Universal Right to Health, Health Care or Health Protection?." Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 38.5 (2005): 1295-1321.
Sofaer, Shoshanna, and Kirsten Firminger. "Patient perceptions of the quality of health services." Annu. Rev. Public Health 26 (2005): 513-559.
Sumarto, Mulyadi. "Welfare regime change in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia." Social Policy & Administration 51.6 (2017): 940-959.
Suryanto, Tulus, et al. "The influence of liberalization on innovation, performance, and competition level of insurance industry in Indonesia." Sustainability 12.24 (2020): 10620.
Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, et al. "Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage." The Lancet 377.9768 (2011): 863-873.
Thabrany, Hasbullah. Jaminan kesehatan nasional. Rajawali Pers, 2014.
Timmermans, Karin. "Developing countries and trade in health services: which way is forward?." International Journal of Health Services 34.3 (2004): 453-466.
Toebes, Brigit. "The right to health as a human right in international law." Refugee Survey Quarterly 20.3 (2001).
Utomo, Budi, Purwa K. Sucahya, and Fita R. Utami. "Priorities and realities: addressing the rich-poor gaps in health status and service access in Indonesia." International Journal for Equity in Health 10 (2011): 1-14.
Vinensa, Elga Ria, Ietje Nazarudin, and Triyani Maryati. "Analisis Perhitungan Unit Cost Pada Tindakan Tonsilektomi dengan Metode Activity Based Costing (Studi Kasus di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta)." JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit) 3.2 (2014).
Wacziarg, Romain, and Karen Horn Welch. "Trade liberalization and growth: New evidence." The World Bank Economic Review 22.2 (2008): 187-231.
Wenang, Supriyatiningsih, et al. "Availability and accessibility of primary care for the Remote, Rural, and Poor Population of Indonesia." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2021): 721886.
Woodward, David. "The GATS and trade in health services: implications for health care in developing countries." Review of International Political Economy 12.3 (2005): 511-534.
Yang, Yilin, et al. "A review of IoT-enabled mobile healthcare: technologies, challenges, and future trends." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9.12 (2022): 9478-9502.