Legal Framework for Addressing Sea Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Montara Oil Spill in East Timor
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
This study delves into the legal framework pertinent to addressing sea environmental pollution, with a specific focus on the Montara Oil Spill incident in East Timor. The Montara Oil Spill presents a compelling case study, highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with responding to marine environmental disasters. By examining international conventions, regional agreements, and domestic laws, this research seeks to evaluate the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in managing sea pollution incidents effectively. Furthermore, it aims to assess the efficacy of regulatory mechanisms in holding accountable those responsible for environmental harm and ensuring appropriate compensation for affected parties. Through a comprehensive analysis of legal doctrines, relevant case law, and policy considerations, this study aims to offer valuable insights into enhancing the legal framework for mitigating and preventing sea environmental pollution. By synthesizing findings from diverse sources, including international treaties, national legislation, and jurisprudential trends, this research endeavors to identify areas for improvement in regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Additionally, it seeks to explore opportunities for strengthening international cooperation and collaboration in safeguarding marine ecosystems and addressing transboundary pollution issues. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on environmental law and policy by shedding light on the legal dimensions of sea pollution management. By critically examining the Montara Oil Spill case and drawing lessons from it, this research seeks to inform future regulatory developments and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting environmental sustainability and protecting the world's oceans.
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Mahendra, Brian Maulana, Pao Thai Lien, and Champo Khan Myat. 2024. “Legal Framework for Addressing Sea Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Montara Oil Spill in East Timor”. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 3 (1), 69-106. https://doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v3i1.78887.
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References
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Bagaskara, Jody Febryan, Natasha Nancy, and Kenny Czar Ivanov. "International Environment Policy: Dispute of Indonesia’s Timor Sea due to The Montara Oil Spill (Australia)." Journal of Global Environmental Dynamics 2, no. 2 (2021): 11-13.
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Bianchi, Andrea, Daniel Peat, and Matthew Windsor, eds. Interpretation in International law. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2015).
Biehler, Gernot. "Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution." Procedures in International Law (2008): 295-307.
Bogdanich, Igor, and Robert Merriam Allens Arthur Robinson. "The Montara oil spill report." Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal 30, no. 1 (2011): 1-4.
Boyd, Claude E., and Claude E. Boyd. "Water quality protection." Water Quality: An Introduction (2020): 379-409.
Bulandari, Desty, and Bayu Asih Yulianto. "Tackling Offshore Oil Spills to Achieve Maritime Security in Indonesia." International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS) 1, no. 1 (2022): 25-35.
Charney, Jonathan I. "Compromissory clauses and the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 4 (1987): 855-887.
Chasanah, Anissaa Nuril, Ridwan Arifin, and Ngboawaji Daniel Nte. "Indonesia-China International Dispute on the Natuna Island Case: Various International Law Discourses and Practices in Regional Countries." International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 2, no. 1 (2022).
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Derraik, José GB. "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, no. 9 (2002): 842-852.
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Fleming, L. E., et al. "Oceans and human health: emerging public health risks in the marine environment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 53, no. 10-12 (2006): 545-560.
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Franck, Susan D. "The Role of International Arbitrators." ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 12, no. 2 (2006): 499-521.
Frid, Christopher LJ, and Bryony A. Caswell. Marine Pollution. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
GAI. "Sic Utere Tuo ut Alienum Non Laedas." Michigan Law Review (1907): 673-675.
Gaillard, Emmanuel. "The representations of international arbitration." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 1, no. 2 (2010): 271-281.
Goltsman, Maria, et al. "Mediation, arbitration and negotiation." Journal of Economic Theory 144, no. 4 (2009): 1397-1420.
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Hunter, Tina. "The Montara oil spill and the National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan: disaster planning or just a disaster?." Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal 24, no. 2 (2010): 46-58.
Islam, Md Shahidul, and Masaru Tanaka. "Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis." Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, no. 7-8 (2004): 624-649.
Koskenniemi, Martti. "Peaceful settlement of environmental disputes." Nordic Journal of International Law 60, no. 2 (1991): 73-92.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. The Development of International Law by the International Court. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Lendon, Tobby. “Indonesia: Montara Oil Spill”, Australian Embassy Indonesia, November 2, 2009. Online https://indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jakt/mr09_086.html
Lumentah, Marco Bastian, et al. "Offshore Oil Spill as Liable Marine Pollution by International Law of the Sea: Case Study on Montara Oil Spill by The PTTEP Over Timor Sea." Ilmu Hukum Prima (IHP) 6, no. 1 (2023): 111-119.
Lyons, Youna. " Transboundary Pollution from Offshore Activities: A Study of the Montara Offshore Oil Spill." International Conference Transboundary Pollution: Evolving Issues of International Law and Policy, Center for Inteernational Law, National University of Singapore, 2014.
Lyons, Youna. "Transboundary pollution from offshore activities: a study of the Montara offshore oil spill." Transboundary Pollution. (London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015), pp. 162-189.
Maier, Raina M., and Terry J. Gentry. "Microorganisms and organic pollutants." Environmental Microbiology. (Massachusetts: Academic Press, 2015), pp. 377-413.
Meinarni, Ni Putu Suci. "Upaya Hukum dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pencemaran Lingkungan Laut dalam Kasus Tumpahan Minyak Montara di Laut Timor." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana 5, no. 4 (2016): 833-870.
Merrills, J. G. International Dispute Settlement. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Novotny, Vladimir. Water quality: prevention, identification and management of diffuse pollution. (New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold Publishers, 1994).
Nugraha, Adrian. "Legal Analysis of Current Indonesia's Marine Protected Areas Development." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 14-28.
Ola, Temitope Peter. "United Nations’ Provisions for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes." Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales 14, no. 2 (2021): 84-95.
Pankratz, Thomas M. Special Edition-Environmental Engineering Dictionary and Directory. (Florida: CRC Press, 2000).
Park, William W. "Arbitrators and accuracy." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 1, no. 1 (2010): 25-53.
Permatasari, Adinda Destaloka Putri. "Comparison of Arbitration Dispute Resolution in Business Between Indonesia and United States of America." Journal of Private and Commercial Law 6, no. 2 (2022): 183-200.
Prăvălie, Remus. "Nuclear weapons tests and environmental consequences: a global perspective." Ambio 43, no. 6 (2014): 729-744.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani, Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, and Aniek Periani. "Dispute settlements of oil spills in the sea towards sea environment pollution." First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Republic of Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2006, concerning to the Emergency Management of Oil Spills at Sea.
Richard, R. Y. A. N., and Ellen Parry. "The Montara class action decision and implications for corporate accountability for Australian companies." Business and Human Rights Journal 6, no. 3 (2021): 599-606.
Sella, Christ, and Januari Nasya Ayu Taduri. "The Comparison Between Indonesia and the Netherlands Regarding Commercial Dispute Arbitration." Journal of Private and Commercial Law 7, no. 1 (2023).
Sherman, Edward F., Shane Bosma, and Josh Underwood. "Specific oil spill incidents." Managing the Risk of Offshore Oil and Gas Accidents. (London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019), pp. 408-446.
Shigeta, Shigeta. "Setting environmental standards for the conservation of marine living resources through the practice of international judiciary: An examination from the perspectives of arbitration v. judicial settlement and Compromis application v. unilateral application." Non-State Actors and International Law 2, no. 2 (2002): 141-156.
Silviani, Ninne Zahara. "Legal Analysis of Compensation Claim in Australia-Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Zone Belongs to UNCLOS 1982: Case Study: PTTEP Australasia-Montara Offshore Explosion." Journal of Judicial Review 20, no. 2 (2018): 202-216.
Sinaga, Ridwan Stanley, and Ika Riswanti Putranti. "State of Play Civil Society Organization in Montara Incident in 2009." Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 5, no. 2 (2021): 165-176.
Spadi, Fabio. "Navigation in marine protected areas: National and international law." Ocean Development & International Law 31, no. 3 (2000): 285-302.
Spies, R. B., M. Mukhtasor, and K. A. Burns. "The montara oil spill: a 2009 well blowout in the Timor Sea." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73 (2017): 55-62.
Subramanya, T. R., and Shuvro Prosun Sarker. "Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non-Laedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment." Kathmandu School of Law Review 5, no. 2 (2017): 1-13.
Sunyowati, Dina, et al. "Indonesia-Timor Leste Maritime Boundaries on Exclusive Economic Zone: Equitable Principle." Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 347-372.
Tegon, Andreas Akuinando, Dhey Wego Tadeus, and Victor Eben Sabuna. "Penyelesaian Sengketa dan Pertanggung Jawabaan Negara Australia dan Perusahaan PTT Exploration and Production terhadap Pencemaraan Laut Timor Akibat Kebocoraan Minyak Montara Australia Berdasarkaan Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Laut 1982." Jurnal Hukum Bisnis 12, no. 6 (2023): 1-8.
Thrush, Simon F., and Paul K. Dayton. "What can ecology contribute to ecosystem-based management?." Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010): 419-441.
Thushari, Gajahin Gamage Nadeeka, and Jayan Duminda Mahesh Senevirathna. "Plastic pollution in the marine environment." Heliyon 6, no. 8 (2020).
Towadi, Mellisa, and Julius T. Mandjo. "Tomini Gulf Maritime Axis in International Law Review." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (2021): 389-410.
Vukas, Budislav. The Law of the Sea. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004).
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2022): 105-132.
Young, Jock W., et al. A Review of the Fisheries Potentially Affected by the Montara Oil Spill off Northwest Australia and Potential Toxicological Effects. (Tasmania: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, 2011).
Alharbi, Omar ML, Rafat A. Khattab, and Imran Ali. "Health and environmental effects of persistent organic pollutants." Journal of Molecular Liquids 263 (2018): 442-453.
Amri, Ahmad Almaududy. "Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks." PhD Thesis, (Wolonggong: University of Wollongong, 2016).
Andreevska, Elena. "The Un as a dispute settlement system: The Role of the Security Council." Journal of Political Administrative and Local Studies 1, no. 1 (2018): 19-32.
Ashenfelter, Orley. "Arbitrator behavior." The American Economic Review 77, no. 2 (1987): 342-346.
Bagaskara, Jody Febryan, Natasha Nancy, and Kenny Czar Ivanov. "International Environment Policy: Dispute of Indonesia’s Timor Sea due to The Montara Oil Spill (Australia)." Journal of Global Environmental Dynamics 2, no. 2 (2021): 11-13.
Beiras, Ricardo. Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018).
Bianchi, Andrea, Daniel Peat, and Matthew Windsor, eds. Interpretation in International law. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2015).
Biehler, Gernot. "Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution." Procedures in International Law (2008): 295-307.
Bogdanich, Igor, and Robert Merriam Allens Arthur Robinson. "The Montara oil spill report." Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal 30, no. 1 (2011): 1-4.
Boyd, Claude E., and Claude E. Boyd. "Water quality protection." Water Quality: An Introduction (2020): 379-409.
Bulandari, Desty, and Bayu Asih Yulianto. "Tackling Offshore Oil Spills to Achieve Maritime Security in Indonesia." International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS) 1, no. 1 (2022): 25-35.
Charney, Jonathan I. "Compromissory clauses and the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 4 (1987): 855-887.
Chasanah, Anissaa Nuril, Ridwan Arifin, and Ngboawaji Daniel Nte. "Indonesia-China International Dispute on the Natuna Island Case: Various International Law Discourses and Practices in Regional Countries." International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 2, no. 1 (2022).
Corvalan, Carlos, Simon Hales, and Anthony J. McMichael. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Health Synthesis. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005).
Cristabel, Aldeenea. "Arbitrator's Dilemma: Troubles With the Same Person as Both Mediator and Arbitrator in Indonesia." Juris Gentium Law Review 7, no. 1 (2020): 67-80.
De, Anil Kumar. Environment and Ecology (India: New Age International, India, 2009).
Derraik, José GB. "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, no. 9 (2002): 842-852.
Devi, Pooja, Pardeep Singh, and Sushil Kumar Kansal, eds. Inorganic pollutants in water. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020).
Fleming, L. E., et al. "Oceans and human health: emerging public health risks in the marine environment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 53, no. 10-12 (2006): 545-560.
Forrest, Craig. "State cooperation in combating transboundary marine pollution in South East Asia." Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal 30, no. 1 (2016): 78-89.
Franck, Susan D. "The Role of International Arbitrators." ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 12, no. 2 (2006): 499-521.
Frid, Christopher LJ, and Bryony A. Caswell. Marine Pollution. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
GAI. "Sic Utere Tuo ut Alienum Non Laedas." Michigan Law Review (1907): 673-675.
Gaillard, Emmanuel. "The representations of international arbitration." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 1, no. 2 (2010): 271-281.
Goltsman, Maria, et al. "Mediation, arbitration and negotiation." Journal of Economic Theory 144, no. 4 (2009): 1397-1420.
Gullett, Warwick. "Marine Contingency Planning in Australia." Marine Pollution Contingency Planning. (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017), pp. 13-40.
Handl, Günther. "Marine environmental damage: the compensability of ecosystem service loss in international law." The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 34, no. 4 (2019): 602-641.
Harrison, James. Saving the Oceans Through Law: The International Legal Framework for the Protection of the Marine Environment. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Henry, Tim. “A Thai oil firm, Indonesian seaweed farmers and Australian regulators. What happened after the Montara oil spill?”, Mongabay Series: Indonesian Fisheries, Southeast Asian infrastructure, February 14 (2017). Online at https://news.mongabay.com/2017/02/a-thai-oil-firm-indonesian-seaweed-farmers-and-australian-regulators-what-happened-after-the-montara-oil-spill/
Hunter, Tina. "The Montara oil spill and the National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan: disaster planning or just a disaster?." Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal 24, no. 2 (2010): 46-58.
Islam, Md Shahidul, and Masaru Tanaka. "Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis." Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, no. 7-8 (2004): 624-649.
Koskenniemi, Martti. "Peaceful settlement of environmental disputes." Nordic Journal of International Law 60, no. 2 (1991): 73-92.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. The Development of International Law by the International Court. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Lendon, Tobby. “Indonesia: Montara Oil Spill”, Australian Embassy Indonesia, November 2, 2009. Online https://indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jakt/mr09_086.html
Lumentah, Marco Bastian, et al. "Offshore Oil Spill as Liable Marine Pollution by International Law of the Sea: Case Study on Montara Oil Spill by The PTTEP Over Timor Sea." Ilmu Hukum Prima (IHP) 6, no. 1 (2023): 111-119.
Lyons, Youna. " Transboundary Pollution from Offshore Activities: A Study of the Montara Offshore Oil Spill." International Conference Transboundary Pollution: Evolving Issues of International Law and Policy, Center for Inteernational Law, National University of Singapore, 2014.
Lyons, Youna. "Transboundary pollution from offshore activities: a study of the Montara offshore oil spill." Transboundary Pollution. (London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015), pp. 162-189.
Maier, Raina M., and Terry J. Gentry. "Microorganisms and organic pollutants." Environmental Microbiology. (Massachusetts: Academic Press, 2015), pp. 377-413.
Meinarni, Ni Putu Suci. "Upaya Hukum dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pencemaran Lingkungan Laut dalam Kasus Tumpahan Minyak Montara di Laut Timor." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana 5, no. 4 (2016): 833-870.
Merrills, J. G. International Dispute Settlement. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Novotny, Vladimir. Water quality: prevention, identification and management of diffuse pollution. (New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold Publishers, 1994).
Nugraha, Adrian. "Legal Analysis of Current Indonesia's Marine Protected Areas Development." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 14-28.
Ola, Temitope Peter. "United Nations’ Provisions for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes." Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales 14, no. 2 (2021): 84-95.
Pankratz, Thomas M. Special Edition-Environmental Engineering Dictionary and Directory. (Florida: CRC Press, 2000).
Park, William W. "Arbitrators and accuracy." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 1, no. 1 (2010): 25-53.
Permatasari, Adinda Destaloka Putri. "Comparison of Arbitration Dispute Resolution in Business Between Indonesia and United States of America." Journal of Private and Commercial Law 6, no. 2 (2022): 183-200.
Prăvălie, Remus. "Nuclear weapons tests and environmental consequences: a global perspective." Ambio 43, no. 6 (2014): 729-744.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani, Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, and Aniek Periani. "Dispute settlements of oil spills in the sea towards sea environment pollution." First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Republic of Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2006, concerning to the Emergency Management of Oil Spills at Sea.
Richard, R. Y. A. N., and Ellen Parry. "The Montara class action decision and implications for corporate accountability for Australian companies." Business and Human Rights Journal 6, no. 3 (2021): 599-606.
Sella, Christ, and Januari Nasya Ayu Taduri. "The Comparison Between Indonesia and the Netherlands Regarding Commercial Dispute Arbitration." Journal of Private and Commercial Law 7, no. 1 (2023).
Sherman, Edward F., Shane Bosma, and Josh Underwood. "Specific oil spill incidents." Managing the Risk of Offshore Oil and Gas Accidents. (London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019), pp. 408-446.
Shigeta, Shigeta. "Setting environmental standards for the conservation of marine living resources through the practice of international judiciary: An examination from the perspectives of arbitration v. judicial settlement and Compromis application v. unilateral application." Non-State Actors and International Law 2, no. 2 (2002): 141-156.
Silviani, Ninne Zahara. "Legal Analysis of Compensation Claim in Australia-Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Zone Belongs to UNCLOS 1982: Case Study: PTTEP Australasia-Montara Offshore Explosion." Journal of Judicial Review 20, no. 2 (2018): 202-216.
Sinaga, Ridwan Stanley, and Ika Riswanti Putranti. "State of Play Civil Society Organization in Montara Incident in 2009." Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 5, no. 2 (2021): 165-176.
Spadi, Fabio. "Navigation in marine protected areas: National and international law." Ocean Development & International Law 31, no. 3 (2000): 285-302.
Spies, R. B., M. Mukhtasor, and K. A. Burns. "The montara oil spill: a 2009 well blowout in the Timor Sea." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73 (2017): 55-62.
Subramanya, T. R., and Shuvro Prosun Sarker. "Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non-Laedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment." Kathmandu School of Law Review 5, no. 2 (2017): 1-13.
Sunyowati, Dina, et al. "Indonesia-Timor Leste Maritime Boundaries on Exclusive Economic Zone: Equitable Principle." Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 347-372.
Tegon, Andreas Akuinando, Dhey Wego Tadeus, and Victor Eben Sabuna. "Penyelesaian Sengketa dan Pertanggung Jawabaan Negara Australia dan Perusahaan PTT Exploration and Production terhadap Pencemaraan Laut Timor Akibat Kebocoraan Minyak Montara Australia Berdasarkaan Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Laut 1982." Jurnal Hukum Bisnis 12, no. 6 (2023): 1-8.
Thrush, Simon F., and Paul K. Dayton. "What can ecology contribute to ecosystem-based management?." Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010): 419-441.
Thushari, Gajahin Gamage Nadeeka, and Jayan Duminda Mahesh Senevirathna. "Plastic pollution in the marine environment." Heliyon 6, no. 8 (2020).
Towadi, Mellisa, and Julius T. Mandjo. "Tomini Gulf Maritime Axis in International Law Review." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (2021): 389-410.
Vukas, Budislav. The Law of the Sea. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004).
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2022): 105-132.
Young, Jock W., et al. A Review of the Fisheries Potentially Affected by the Montara Oil Spill off Northwest Australia and Potential Toxicological Effects. (Tasmania: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, 2011).