Ratification of the UN Anti-Corruption Convention: Legal and Political Implications in Indonesia and its Context within Southeast Asian International Law Discourse
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 31, 2024
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper scrutinizes Indonesia's ratification of the UN Anti-Corruption Convention, examining its legal and political implications within Southeast Asia's international law discourse. Analyzing treaty provisions alongside Indonesia's legal framework, it assesses challenges and opportunities in combating corruption. The study emphasizes several key findings. Firstly, domestically, ratification showcases Indonesia's commitment to combat corruption, addressing a long-standing governance and economic development issue. Aligning with international standards signals intent to fortify anti-corruption efforts, bolster transparency, and augment accountability mechanisms. This aligns with fostering good governance practices vital for sustainable development and attracting foreign investment. Secondly, ratification holds political significance, affirming the government's dedication to tackling corruption, potentially enhancing its legitimacy. However, effective implementation may face hurdles due to entrenched political interests and bureaucratic challenges. In the Southeast Asian context, Indonesia's ratification serves as a model for regional cooperation against corruption. As a major economy and populous nation, Indonesia's commitment sets a precedent for collective action. It underscores the importance of regional collaboration in combating corruption, opening avenues for dialogue, collaboration, and capacity-building initiatives. This offers prospects for strengthening anti-corruption frameworks and mechanisms both nationally and regionally. In conclusion, Indonesia's ratification of the UN Anti-Corruption Convention signifies a pivotal step in combating corruption domestically and regionally. While it showcases political will and potential for regional cooperation, effective implementation remains contingent on overcoming internal challenges and fostering collaboration across Southeast Asia. This study illuminates the complex interplay between national and international efforts to combat corruption, contributing to a deeper understanding of the regional dynamics at play.
Article Details
How to Cite
Nuraini, Apriliana Rahma, and Edward Niel. 2024. “Ratification of the UN Anti-Corruption Convention: Legal and Political Implications in Indonesia and Its Context Within Southeast Asian International Law Discourse”. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 3 (1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v3i1.78888.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdurrasyid, Priyatna. "National Legal Instruments for the Ratification of International Treaties" in BPHN National Law Magazine, No. 1 of 1991, (Jakarta: BPHN, 1991).
Adler, Emanuel. "Seizing the middle ground: Constructivism in world politics." European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 319-363.
Agusman, Iur Damos Dumoli. Treaties Under Indonesian Law: A Comparative Study. (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2015).
Anechiarico, Frank, and James B. Jacobs. The pursuit of absolute integrity: How corruption control makes government ineffective. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
Argandoña, Antonio. "The United Nations convention against corruption and its impact on international companies." Journal of Business Ethics 74 (2007): 481-496.
Arifin, Ridwan, Siti Faridah, and Mohammad Naefi. "Misdemeanor of Corruption within the Scope of International Law and the Legal Consequences." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, no. 2 (2019): 299-314.
Arifin, Ridwan. "Analisis Hukum Internasional dalam Perampasan Aset di Negara Kawasan Asia Tenggara Berdasarkan United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) dan ASEAN Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (AMLAT)." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Gadjah Mada 3, no. 1 (2016): 37-55.
Arifin, Ridwan. "Combating Corruption under ASEAN cooperation: the emerging issues." Political and Security Issues in ASEAN 25 (2014): 35-36.
Brillantes, Alex B., and Maricel T. Fernandez. "Toward a reform framework for good governance: Focus on anti-corruption." Philippine Journal of Public Administration 54, no. 1-2 (2010): 87-127.
Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. (London: Oxford University Press, 1973).
Bull, Hedley. "The twenty years' crisis thirty years on." International Journal 24, no. 4 (1969): 625-638.
Bull, Martin J., and Newell , James (eds). Corruption in Contemporary Politics. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Burchill, Scott, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jacqui True, Jack Donnelly. Theories in International Relations. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
Butt, Simon. "Anti-corruption reform in Indonesia: an obituary?." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 47, no. 3 (2011): 381-394.
Butt, Simon. "The Position of International Law Within the Indonesian Legal System." Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014): 1-28.
Carr, “Twenty Years Crisis”, in Christian Reus-Smit, The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Crawford, Neta C. "Homo politicus and argument (nearly) all the way down: Persuasion in politics." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 1 (2009): 103-124.
Cunliffe, Philip. The New Twenty Years' Crisis: A Critique of International Relations, 1999-2019. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2020).
Djurić, Mihailo. "Homo politicus." Praxis: Yugoslav Essays in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences. (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1979), pp. 101-119.
Ganie-Rochman, Meuthia, and Rochman Achwan. "Corruption in Indonesia’s emerging democracy." Journal of Developing Societies 32, no. 2 (2016): 159-177.
Génaux, Maryvonne. "Social sciences and the evolving concept of corruption." Crime, Law and Social Change 42 (2004): 13-24.
Gie, Kwik Kian. Pemberantasan Korupsi untuk Meraih Kemandirian, Kemakmuran, Kesejahteraan dan Keadilan (Jakarta: Texbook, 2003).
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Eric A. Posner. The limits of International Law. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Higgins, Rosalyn. Problems and process: international law and how we use it. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Huda, Ni'matul, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, and Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana. "The urgency of the constitutional preview of law on the ratification of international treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia." Heliyon 7, no. 9 (2021).
Hussmann, Karen, and Hannes Hechler. "Anti-corruption policy making in practice: Implications for implementing UNCAC." U4 Brief 2008, no. 1 (2008).
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "Internasional Law as a Political Instrument (A Case Study of Indonesia)." Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 13, no. 2. (2013): 1-26.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "Kewajiban Negara dalam Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional: Memastikan Keselarasan dengan Konstitusi dan Mentransformasikan ke Hukum Nasional." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 1 (2019): 1-32.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "The Obligation to Ensure the Conformity of International Treaties with the Constitution." Indonesian Journal of International Law 8, no. 3 (2011): 434-446.
Karman, Yonky. “Indonesia Darurat Korupsi”, KOMPAS, October 2, 2017.
Kennedy, David. "International law and the nineteenth century: History of an illusion." Nordic Journal of International Law 65, no. 3 (1996): 385-420.
Klitgaard, Robert. "Managing the fight against corruption: A case study." Public Administration and Development 4, no. 1 (1984): 77-98.
Klitgaard, Robert. "Subverting corruption." Finance & Development 37, no. 2 (2000).
Klitgaard, Robert. Controlling corruption. (Calfornia: Univ of California Press, 1988).
Klotz, Audie. Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995).
Kratochwil, Friedrich V. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Condition of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar. Pengantar Hukum Internasional (Bandung: Bina Cipta, 1981).
Lindsey, Tim, and Helen Pausacker. "Crime and punishment in Indonesia." Crime and Punishment in Indonesia. (London: Routledge, 2020), pp. 1-17.
Mukartono, Ali, and Muhammad Rustamaji. "The Development of Corruption in Indonesia (is Corruption a Culture of Indonesia?)." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Nabila, Suci. "Social Loss Corruption Cases in Indonesia: How Should the Corruptors Punished?." Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 4, no. 1 (2019): 65-82.
Najid, Nurul Afzan, et al. "Anti-Corruption Initiatives: Experience of Several Southeast Asia Countries." Gading Journal for Social Sciences 23, no. 2 (2020): 9-24.
Pertiwi, Kanti, and Susan Ainsworth. "“Democracy is the cure?”: Evolving constructions of corruption in Indonesia 1994–2014." Journal of Business Ethics 173, no. 3 (2021): 507-523.
Poole-Robb, Stuart, and Alan Bailey. Risky business: Corruption, fraud, terrorism and other threats to global business. (London: Kogan Page, 2002).
Prahassacitta, Vidya. "The Concept of Extraordinary Crime in Indonesia Legal System: Is the Concept an Effective Criminal Policy?." Humaniora 7, no. 4 (2016): 513-521.
Prodjodikoro, Wirjono. Asas-Asas Hukum Publik Internasional. (Jakarta: Pembimbing Masa, 1967).
Reus-Smit, Christian. "Politics and international legal obligation." European Journal of International Relations 9, no. 4 (2003): 591-625.
Reus-Smit, Christian. The Moral Purpose of The State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations (Princeton University Press, 1999).
Reus-Smit, Christian. The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Riry, Welly Angela. "Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional Sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Politik Hukum Nasional." Jurnal Syntax Transformation 2, no. 2 (2021): 244-250.
Risse, Thomas. "“Let's argue!”: communicative action in world politics." International organization 54, no. 1 (2000): 1-39.
Roisah, Kholis, et al. "Dynamics and Practices of the Implementation of International Treaties in Indonesian Laws." Res Militaris 12, no. 2 (2022): 2797-2806.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "Corruption: greed, culture and the state." Yale Law Journal Online 120 (2010): 125-140.
Satria, Unggul, Hadin Muhjad Muhammad, and Fikri Hadin Ahmad. "Conflicts Of Interest, Private Sector Corruption And Eradication Strategies In Indonesia: UNCAC Review." Psychology and Education 58, no. 5 (2021): 774-784.
Schütte, Sofie Arjon. "Against the odds: Anti‐corruption reform in Indonesia." Public Administration and Development 32, no. 1 (2012): 38-48.
Schütte, Sofie Arjon. "The fight against corruption in Indonesia." Südostasien Aktuell: Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 26, no. 4 (2007): 57-66.
Seregig, I. Ketut. "Motives of Criminal Acts of Corruption in Indonesia." Yustisia 7, no. 2 (2018): 228-246.
Starke, J. G. "The Concept of Opposability in International Law." The Australian Year Book of International Law Online 4, no. 1 (1971): 1-4.
Starke, J. G. Introduction to International Law. (London: Butterworth Legal, 1984).
Transparency International Indonesia, “Corruption Perception Index 2023”, Online, available at https://ti.or.id/corruption-perceptions-index-2023/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CCPI%20Indonesia%20tahun%202023%20berada,dari%20180%20negara%20yang%20disurvei.
Umam, Ahmad Khoirul. "Understanding the influence of vested interests on politics of anti-corruption in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Political Science 29, no. 3 (2021): 255-273.
Ume, Yosua Yohanes Robot Simbawa. "Implikasi Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional terhadap Hukum Nasional." Lex et Societatis 8, no. 1 (2020): 24-32.
UNODC. “UNCAC Signature and Ratification Status”, online at https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ratification-status.html
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder. "Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?." Journal of Development Economics 65, no. 2 (2001): 307-331.
Weilert, A. Katarina. "United nations convention against corruption (UNCAC)–after ten years of being in force." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (2016): 216-240.
Wendt, Alexander E. "The agent-structure problem in international relations theory." International organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 335-370.
Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Wibowo, Richo Andi. "When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Indonesian experience." Crime, Law and Social Change 70, no. 3 (2018): 383-396.
Widyastuty, Sylvana Agnetha Wulan, Rina Shahriyani Shahrullah, and Elza Syarief. "Pengembalian Aset Tindak Pidana Korupsi Berdasarkan United Nation Convention Against Corruption Di Kawasan ASEAN." Legal Spirit 6, no. 2 (2022): 165-176.
Yuherawan, Deni Setya Bagus. "Obstruction of Justice in Corruption Cases." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 225-256.
Zaloznaya, Marina. "The social psychology of corruption: Why it does not exist and why it should." Sociology Compass 8, no. 2 (2014): 187-202.
Adler, Emanuel. "Seizing the middle ground: Constructivism in world politics." European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 319-363.
Agusman, Iur Damos Dumoli. Treaties Under Indonesian Law: A Comparative Study. (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2015).
Anechiarico, Frank, and James B. Jacobs. The pursuit of absolute integrity: How corruption control makes government ineffective. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
Argandoña, Antonio. "The United Nations convention against corruption and its impact on international companies." Journal of Business Ethics 74 (2007): 481-496.
Arifin, Ridwan, Siti Faridah, and Mohammad Naefi. "Misdemeanor of Corruption within the Scope of International Law and the Legal Consequences." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, no. 2 (2019): 299-314.
Arifin, Ridwan. "Analisis Hukum Internasional dalam Perampasan Aset di Negara Kawasan Asia Tenggara Berdasarkan United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) dan ASEAN Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (AMLAT)." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Gadjah Mada 3, no. 1 (2016): 37-55.
Arifin, Ridwan. "Combating Corruption under ASEAN cooperation: the emerging issues." Political and Security Issues in ASEAN 25 (2014): 35-36.
Brillantes, Alex B., and Maricel T. Fernandez. "Toward a reform framework for good governance: Focus on anti-corruption." Philippine Journal of Public Administration 54, no. 1-2 (2010): 87-127.
Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. (London: Oxford University Press, 1973).
Bull, Hedley. "The twenty years' crisis thirty years on." International Journal 24, no. 4 (1969): 625-638.
Bull, Martin J., and Newell , James (eds). Corruption in Contemporary Politics. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Burchill, Scott, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jacqui True, Jack Donnelly. Theories in International Relations. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
Butt, Simon. "Anti-corruption reform in Indonesia: an obituary?." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 47, no. 3 (2011): 381-394.
Butt, Simon. "The Position of International Law Within the Indonesian Legal System." Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014): 1-28.
Carr, “Twenty Years Crisis”, in Christian Reus-Smit, The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Crawford, Neta C. "Homo politicus and argument (nearly) all the way down: Persuasion in politics." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 1 (2009): 103-124.
Cunliffe, Philip. The New Twenty Years' Crisis: A Critique of International Relations, 1999-2019. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2020).
Djurić, Mihailo. "Homo politicus." Praxis: Yugoslav Essays in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences. (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1979), pp. 101-119.
Ganie-Rochman, Meuthia, and Rochman Achwan. "Corruption in Indonesia’s emerging democracy." Journal of Developing Societies 32, no. 2 (2016): 159-177.
Génaux, Maryvonne. "Social sciences and the evolving concept of corruption." Crime, Law and Social Change 42 (2004): 13-24.
Gie, Kwik Kian. Pemberantasan Korupsi untuk Meraih Kemandirian, Kemakmuran, Kesejahteraan dan Keadilan (Jakarta: Texbook, 2003).
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Eric A. Posner. The limits of International Law. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Higgins, Rosalyn. Problems and process: international law and how we use it. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Huda, Ni'matul, Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto, and Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana. "The urgency of the constitutional preview of law on the ratification of international treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia." Heliyon 7, no. 9 (2021).
Hussmann, Karen, and Hannes Hechler. "Anti-corruption policy making in practice: Implications for implementing UNCAC." U4 Brief 2008, no. 1 (2008).
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "Internasional Law as a Political Instrument (A Case Study of Indonesia)." Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 13, no. 2. (2013): 1-26.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "Kewajiban Negara dalam Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional: Memastikan Keselarasan dengan Konstitusi dan Mentransformasikan ke Hukum Nasional." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 1 (2019): 1-32.
Juwana, Hikmahanto. "The Obligation to Ensure the Conformity of International Treaties with the Constitution." Indonesian Journal of International Law 8, no. 3 (2011): 434-446.
Karman, Yonky. “Indonesia Darurat Korupsi”, KOMPAS, October 2, 2017.
Kennedy, David. "International law and the nineteenth century: History of an illusion." Nordic Journal of International Law 65, no. 3 (1996): 385-420.
Klitgaard, Robert. "Managing the fight against corruption: A case study." Public Administration and Development 4, no. 1 (1984): 77-98.
Klitgaard, Robert. "Subverting corruption." Finance & Development 37, no. 2 (2000).
Klitgaard, Robert. Controlling corruption. (Calfornia: Univ of California Press, 1988).
Klotz, Audie. Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995).
Kratochwil, Friedrich V. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Condition of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar. Pengantar Hukum Internasional (Bandung: Bina Cipta, 1981).
Lindsey, Tim, and Helen Pausacker. "Crime and punishment in Indonesia." Crime and Punishment in Indonesia. (London: Routledge, 2020), pp. 1-17.
Mukartono, Ali, and Muhammad Rustamaji. "The Development of Corruption in Indonesia (is Corruption a Culture of Indonesia?)." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Nabila, Suci. "Social Loss Corruption Cases in Indonesia: How Should the Corruptors Punished?." Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 4, no. 1 (2019): 65-82.
Najid, Nurul Afzan, et al. "Anti-Corruption Initiatives: Experience of Several Southeast Asia Countries." Gading Journal for Social Sciences 23, no. 2 (2020): 9-24.
Pertiwi, Kanti, and Susan Ainsworth. "“Democracy is the cure?”: Evolving constructions of corruption in Indonesia 1994–2014." Journal of Business Ethics 173, no. 3 (2021): 507-523.
Poole-Robb, Stuart, and Alan Bailey. Risky business: Corruption, fraud, terrorism and other threats to global business. (London: Kogan Page, 2002).
Prahassacitta, Vidya. "The Concept of Extraordinary Crime in Indonesia Legal System: Is the Concept an Effective Criminal Policy?." Humaniora 7, no. 4 (2016): 513-521.
Prodjodikoro, Wirjono. Asas-Asas Hukum Publik Internasional. (Jakarta: Pembimbing Masa, 1967).
Reus-Smit, Christian. "Politics and international legal obligation." European Journal of International Relations 9, no. 4 (2003): 591-625.
Reus-Smit, Christian. The Moral Purpose of The State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations (Princeton University Press, 1999).
Reus-Smit, Christian. The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Riry, Welly Angela. "Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional Sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Politik Hukum Nasional." Jurnal Syntax Transformation 2, no. 2 (2021): 244-250.
Risse, Thomas. "“Let's argue!”: communicative action in world politics." International organization 54, no. 1 (2000): 1-39.
Roisah, Kholis, et al. "Dynamics and Practices of the Implementation of International Treaties in Indonesian Laws." Res Militaris 12, no. 2 (2022): 2797-2806.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "Corruption: greed, culture and the state." Yale Law Journal Online 120 (2010): 125-140.
Satria, Unggul, Hadin Muhjad Muhammad, and Fikri Hadin Ahmad. "Conflicts Of Interest, Private Sector Corruption And Eradication Strategies In Indonesia: UNCAC Review." Psychology and Education 58, no. 5 (2021): 774-784.
Schütte, Sofie Arjon. "Against the odds: Anti‐corruption reform in Indonesia." Public Administration and Development 32, no. 1 (2012): 38-48.
Schütte, Sofie Arjon. "The fight against corruption in Indonesia." Südostasien Aktuell: Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 26, no. 4 (2007): 57-66.
Seregig, I. Ketut. "Motives of Criminal Acts of Corruption in Indonesia." Yustisia 7, no. 2 (2018): 228-246.
Starke, J. G. "The Concept of Opposability in International Law." The Australian Year Book of International Law Online 4, no. 1 (1971): 1-4.
Starke, J. G. Introduction to International Law. (London: Butterworth Legal, 1984).
Transparency International Indonesia, “Corruption Perception Index 2023”, Online, available at https://ti.or.id/corruption-perceptions-index-2023/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CCPI%20Indonesia%20tahun%202023%20berada,dari%20180%20negara%20yang%20disurvei.
Umam, Ahmad Khoirul. "Understanding the influence of vested interests on politics of anti-corruption in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Political Science 29, no. 3 (2021): 255-273.
Ume, Yosua Yohanes Robot Simbawa. "Implikasi Proses Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional terhadap Hukum Nasional." Lex et Societatis 8, no. 1 (2020): 24-32.
UNODC. “UNCAC Signature and Ratification Status”, online at https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ratification-status.html
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder. "Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?." Journal of Development Economics 65, no. 2 (2001): 307-331.
Weilert, A. Katarina. "United nations convention against corruption (UNCAC)–after ten years of being in force." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (2016): 216-240.
Wendt, Alexander E. "The agent-structure problem in international relations theory." International organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 335-370.
Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Wibowo, Richo Andi. "When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Indonesian experience." Crime, Law and Social Change 70, no. 3 (2018): 383-396.
Widyastuty, Sylvana Agnetha Wulan, Rina Shahriyani Shahrullah, and Elza Syarief. "Pengembalian Aset Tindak Pidana Korupsi Berdasarkan United Nation Convention Against Corruption Di Kawasan ASEAN." Legal Spirit 6, no. 2 (2022): 165-176.
Yuherawan, Deni Setya Bagus. "Obstruction of Justice in Corruption Cases." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 225-256.
Zaloznaya, Marina. "The social psychology of corruption: Why it does not exist and why it should." Sociology Compass 8, no. 2 (2014): 187-202.