The Use of Attitudinal Domain in The English Version of Wedding Procession Natoni at South Central Timor

____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ This research investigated the attitudinal domain in the English version of wedding procession Natoni. The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English by Martin and White (2005) book was used as a foundation in this research. The data which consisted of photos documentation were analyzed by the researcher. The unit of analysis of this research was words or phrases in the English version of wedding procession Natoni. There were several procedures for analyzing data including reading, identifying, categorizing, and analyzing. In order to validate the findings, the data, and analysis of this research had been examined and judged by researchers. Two of them were from Universitas Negeri Semarang who previously conducted the Appraisal system research and a lecture of UKAW Kupang as an expert who has previously conducted some research related to appraisal system. The findings revealed that the appreciation was the highest appraising used in the wedding process. The use of appreciation in appraising subsystem made a man and woman able to give advice to each other in a successful wedding procession which can be seen through words


INTRODUCTION
Language can be used to express the writer or speaker's opinion to other people, things and situations. There exist opinion-related meanings in language as resources of evaluation or appraisal in language. According to Martin and White (2005, p. 35), appraisal is composed of three interacting domains namely attitude domain (feelings, emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things), engagement domain (sourcing attitudes and the play of voices around opinions in discourse), and graduation domain (grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred). Attitude, engagement, and graduation as the appraisal resources are applied to "negotiate our relationship with others by our own positive or negative attitudes" (Wan, 2008). As one kind of appraisal resources, attitude plays an important role in the expression of interpersonal meanings of language.
Attitude refers to a way someone behaves to each other or in a particular situation, especially when this shows how people feel. In Appraisal framework, attitude refers to values by which speakers pass judgments and associate emotional or affectual responses with participants and processes (White, 2001). Attitude, alongside with engagement and graduation, constitutes the appraisal framework in language. Appraisal framework is an approach to explore, describe and explain the ways a language is used to evaluate, adopt stances, construct textual personas and manage interpersonal positioning and relationships.
Thus, it explores how speakers/writers pass judgment on other speakers/writers, their utterances, material objects, happenings and states of affairs, and thereby form alliances with those who share these views and distance themselves from those who do not. Then, it explores how attitudes, judgments and emotive responses are explicitly presented in texts and how they may be more indirectly implied, presupposed or assumed. In addition, it explores how expressions of such attitudes and judgments are, in many instances, carefully managed so as to take into account the ever-present possibility of challenge or contradiction from those who hold differing views. Speakers/writers used the resources of attitude to negotiate social relationships, by telling their listeners/readers how they feel about things and people. In other words, by attitudes people can negotiate social relationships through speech include ritual speech.
A number of studies related to appraising speech have been conducted, such as Ghasani (2017), Mardiana (2018) in students" speech. Ghasani (2017) explained the appraisal and the speech structure on the students" speeches in speech contest of ESA WEEK Competition. The findings mapped out the high use of appreciation of attitude, entertain of engagement, and focus of graduation applied. The use of appreciation appraising items makes students" speeches more appreciative than personal and emotional. Similarly, Mardiana (2018) investigated the appraisal system manifested in students" debate competition, the students" realization of using appraisal, and the contribution of appraising items to debate structure. The findings mapped out the higher use of appreciation in attitude, disclaim in engagement, and force in graduation applied.
Ding Ailan (2007), Indria (2015), Rohmawati (2016) in Obama"s speech. Ding Ailan (2007) conducted research of attitudinal resources in Obama's victory speech from the perspective of appraisal theory. The result of this research was in Obama"s victory speech, most of the attitudinal meanings are positive which communicates messages of hope, optimism. Indria (2015) was interested to analyze the Appraisal on the 2013 inaugural address delivered by President Barack Obama. The study showed that President Barack Obama used all of the types of Attitude elements in his 2013 inaugural address, which are, affect, judgment, and appreciation. The most dominant type of attitude is judgment, the second is appreciation, and the least is affect. Furthermore Rohmawati (2016) described and analyzed Obama"s attitudes towards phenomenon happened in America and the world realized in the speech using the Appraisal System Analysis. The speech analysis was done by breaking down the speech into several clauses and analyzing them to find out the appraisal devices and the types of Attitudes used. There were 323 clauses consist of 51 affects, 155 Judgments, and 117 Appreciations. Su (2016) in Chinese leaders" speech, and Sutomo (2016) in Jokowi"s speech. Su (2016) conducted research about Chinese leaders" speech which was delivered at the National University of Singapore on November 7 th , 2015. It found that there are more positive resources in Mr. Xi"s speech in order to construct a harmonious relationship with his listeners. On the other hand, Sutomo (2016) attempted to construe the appraisal system of Jokowi"s speech at the APEC CEO in Beijing China. The analysis focused on engagement, attitude, and graduation systems of the speech. The results revealed that the most dominant Appraisal device was the attitude system, and Jokowi positioned himself at the same level as the participants of the APEC conference who were mostly the top leaders in their countries.
However, based on the studies reviewed above showed that there were many appraising speeches have been conducted in various contexts. However, studies of appraising ritual speech have not been done before so it is needed to be conducted. Ritual speech is a spoken activity which is undertaken primarily for symbolic purposes (Mbete, 2008). Its implementation is based on religion or traditions of a particular community. In this study, the researcher analyzed the ritual speech from Timor ethnic which is called Natoni. Natoni is a cultural practice or performance that is done with word or sentences in the language of dawan or uab meto (Mother tongue of a group ethnic from South Central Timor regency). Natoni performed in various events including in wedding procession.
Natoni is used in the wedding procession at South-Central Timor society to send a message, and giving advice between man and woman reciprocally to make the wedding event successful. To achieve a successful event, the speakers should convey their feeling with a good attitude. Giving a good attitude is important to negotiate social relationships. By understanding aspects of the attitudinal domain of appraisal theory, the people would know the appropriate words or phrases in giving advice to make good relationship with others.

METHOD
This study aimed to explain attitudinal domain manifested in the English version of wedding procession Natoni and to explain the implications of the findings on English Language Teaching. The study was qualitative research with discourse analysis research. Bavelas, Kenwood, and Phillips (2002) defined discourse analysis as the systematic study of naturally occurring (not hypothetical communication in the broadest sense, at the level of meaning (rather than as physical acts or features). It studies beyond the sentence boundaries that investigate everyday conversation, the written discourse of all types, narrative, and other kinds of written or spoken text (Celce-Murcia & Olshtain, 2007, p.4). The object of this research was the English version of wedding procession Natoni. While the unit analysis of this research was words or phrases that used in the procession. The researcher collected the data by photos documentation. Several procedures for analyzing data including reading, identifying, categorizing, and analyzing.
In order to avoid a bias, the researcher used triangulation as a tool to test the validity of the study (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison 2007, p. 142). Denzin (1970) as cited in Cohen (2007) divided triangulation into six, namely: time triangulation, space triangulation, combined levels of triangulation, theoretical triangulation, investigator triangulation, and methodological triangulation. In this study, the researcher used investigator triangulation. The data and the analysis of this study had been examined and judged by two researcher from Universitas Negeri Semarang who previously conducted the Appraisal. In addition, a lecture of UKAW Kupang as an expert who has previously conducted some researches related to appraisal system.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This section followed the statement of the research objectives. The attitudinal, affect, judgment, appreciation" manifested in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text. The summary of the result on the text of the English version of wedding procession Natoni as follows.

The Use of 'Affect' in the English Version of Wedding Procession Natoni Text.
Affect: un/happiness Words or phrases belonged to affect (un/happiness) used in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text was: "joy, shake hands, rejoice, thank you, praise, shake hands, big hugs, broken, misunderstanding". Two examples of affect (un/happiness) as follows: T W+ :With the joy 1 we will hear what is your goal and purpose. T M+ :Shake hands 1 , please. We hope, we can sit in front of you. Affect: in/security The affect (in/security) was found in the text namely "declare, delivered, together, deliver, reveal, accordance, inform". Two examples of affect (in/security) as follows: T M+ :We've talked and it's time we Declare 1 our….. T M+ :As we have already delivered 1 that our prince…. Affect: dis/satisfaction The words belonged to affect (dis/satisfaction) were: "pleased, invite, gifts (five times)". Those words used in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text. T W+ :We are pleased 1 that.. T M+ :We invite 1 you for getting together.

The Use of 'judgment' in the English Version of Wedding Procession Natoni Text.
Judgment: social esteem Normality T W+ : We"re proud. 2 T M+ : in the initial agreement. 2 T M+ : from main family 2 (father, mother, sisters, and brothers) about the gifts. Capacity T W+ :We are ready. 2 T W+ : Let us agree. 2 T M+ : We are ready 2 to listen. Tenacity T W+ : We cannot reject 2 , we ….that we can adaptable 2 with others. Judgment: social sanction Veracity T W+ : For kindness 2 . We inform truthfully 2 that….. 2 T M+ : Therefore we do not want to avoid 2 our custom. Propriety T W+ :With humility 2 , we open up for conversation. T W+ :We respect 2 your will. T M+ :We ask humbly 2 that woman families could accept it. T M+ :Her father who take care and bring up 2 so that….. T M+ :Her brothers, sisters, grandma, grandpa, forefathers for caring 2 .

The Use of 'appreciation' in the English Version of Wedding Procession Natoni Text.
Words and phrases belonged to judgment (social sanction) in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text was: "excited (twice), appreciate, fixated, special bond, gladly, sweetest orange, good eyes, sweetest orange, welcome, beautiful girl, good intention, appreciation (twice), perfect, great wisdom". Reaction T W+ :We are excited 3 because we would like… T M+ :We appreciate 3 ….. Composition T W+ :The woman"s families are complete 3 T M+ :We see your big family 3 Examples above represented the words or phrases used in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text. The speakers have used words "permission and complete (twice)" and phrases "great hope, highly approve, holy marriage (twice), great agreement (twice), and big family (three times)". Valuation T W+ : Our intention 3 today is to tell you that… T M+ : Our important 3 goal and purpose..
The words belonged to "valuation" above covered words or phrases manifested in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text. The speakers were used words: "important, intend, intention (five times)" and phrases "real witnesses (three times), struggled maternity".
The analysis has shown that affect type showing behavior or attitude involves happy or sad toward man and woman side. This finding is related to Martin and White"s (2005, p. 42) statement who said that affect is concerned with registering positive and negative feelings. The affect type in which the use of un/happiness was the most used followed by dis/satisfaction and in/security. It seemed that affect values were rated high if compared to judgment values. Resources of 4 un/happiness, dis/satisfaction and in/security seems to be used since the man and woman stated their attitude by expressing what they feel (happy/sad) with positive and negative attitude, how they secure in giving intention, state their confidence and deals with both of the families" feeling to achieve the communicative purpose.
The type of judgment -social esteem, more normality related to the question "how special" was occurred dominantly in the text rather than capacity and tenacity. In this way connected with Ngongo (2017) who said that the students" theses writing were more personal and emotional. The text showed that the man and woman"s families stated their attitude that the event was important to the speaker of each side tried to use appropriate words/phrases in every step of the procession. Just a few social sanction judgment which has been found in the samples. The veracity "how honest" was seen in the text.

= Appreciation
Social sanction or moral judgment concerned with moral regulation or whether the behavior of someone or a group is seen as ethical or truthful.
Finally, a positive appreciation was presented in the text of wedding procession. That is to say, the use of the attitudinal meaning in appreciation is determined by the appraised. Referring to appreciation itself that covers reaction related to the questions: impact "did it grab me?", quality "Did I like it?", composition under the questions: balance "did it hang together?" complexity "was it hard to follow" and valuation related to the question: "was it worthwhile?". The highest portion found in the text was reaction: quality 'did I like it?' with six words and seven phrases belonged to it. In this case, the text of English version of wedding procession Natoni is related to the nature of the topic in which varies in the recent social phenomena happened in the society. The use of appreciation in appraising items made their speech in the wedding procession event more appreciative rather than personal and emotional as said by Ghasani and Sofwan (2017, p. 153). This point made the wedding procession successful and also achieved the communicative purpose which is to give advice.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This section provides a conclusion and suggestions for speakers" of Natoni, English teacher, and future researcher.

Conclusion
The investigation revealed that in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text, the affect sub-system used in the text which the speaker of man and woman expressing their feelings. Parvin (2015) stated that affect is concerned with the manifestation of the emotions brought alive to the speaker or the writer, which can be positive or negative, depends on the speaker intention. Moreover, the judgment subsystem also manifested in the English version of the wedding procession Natoni. There were social-esteem and socialsanction as attitude toward the behavior, with those kinds of judgment, the meaning construing attitudes to people and the way they behave as in Martin and White (2005: 52). The judgment sub-system took the least proportion in the English version of the wedding procession Natoni.
Furthermore, the investigation maps out that in the English version of the wedding procession Natoni have predominantly used appreciation subsystem rather than affect and judgment ones within the attitude system. It is related to the nature of the topic in which varies in the recent social phenomena happened in the society. Appreciation in appraising items is used for giving intention, information or notice about what someone should do in the wedding procession to make the event successful. In giving advice, the speakers should be able to use the appropriate words or phrases so there is no misunderstanding. It could be seen that the speakers of man and woman side in the English version of wedding procession Natoni were chose the appropriate words/phrases so the important event can be held well and successful.

Suggestions
In this present research, the findings were limited on the attitudinal domain used in the English version of wedding procession Natoni text. The suggestion can be made for the speakers of Natoni, English teachers, future researcher. There are some suggestions according to the conclusions presents as follows: For the speakers of Natoni, they need to be good in giving attitude with others, learn the way to create a good attitude in using the appropriate words or phrases that is suited to the context within every step of the procession. The speakers should be able to pay more attention to their utterances in order to deliver good advice to avoid misunderstanding and also can minimalize fine custom.
For the English teachers, this study showed the importance of attitude which helps personal interaction with others. In this case, the teachers need to give students lots of practice in analyzing their speaking especially to give advice. Therefore, students" can develop a better understanding of their speaking skills through speech. For the future researchers, this study was not covered all text of Natoni in the English version and this study only revealed the attitudinal aspect. Since not all aspects of appraisal are used in this research, better comprehend studies are needed to conduct by the future researcher.