The Ideological Construction of The 2015 Paris Attacks in The Jakarta

____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The terrorist attacks makes the global phenomenon in the world as the radical action by terrorist group. Therefore, this study wants to find out the ideological constuction of the 2015 Paris attacks in the Jakarta Post. The writer analyzed the data by using Critical Discourse Analysis which is proposed by van Dijk. This theory known as socio-cognitive approach which analyzes the object of the study into three levels: text, socio-cognitive, and societal analysis. The expected of the study, the writer applies the qualitative method to observe the study. The finding of this study revealed that The Jakarta Post emphasizes the bomber in Paris is claimed by Islamic group or ISIS. The writer found that ISIS in Paris attacks is depicted as violent group. Therefore, the people around the world cares about this case. From the findings, it was true that the power or dominant group can influence the text to spread the ideology to the


INTRODUCTION
Some radical actions happened in the world because of the terrorist group like in Paris in the year of 2015. It is the important problems because of the death of some people in this tragedy. Then, the writer chooses to observe the Paris attacks 2015 in The Jakarta Post newspapers. Starting on the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks occurred in Paris, the capital of France, and its northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 21:20 pm, three suicide bombers struck near the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, followed by suicide bombings and mass shootings at cafés, restaurants, and a concert hall in Paris. The attackers killed 130 people, including 89 at the Bataclan theatre, where they took hostages before engaging in a stand-off with police. There were 368 people who were wounded, 80-99 seriously so. Seven of the attackers also died, while authorities continued to search for accomplices.
In the condition when the terrorist problem occurs, for example the terrorist problem in Paris 2015, media search an important thing about news to report continuously and accurately to the society because the mass media can influence the thought of people. Moreover, media discourse is the representative of ideology. The ideology becomes a part of the text because a style of language can show the ideology of the texts. Van Djik (1995, p. 28) argues that ideologies require production and reproduction through public text and talk, which in our modern times are largely generated or mediated by the mass media. It appears that the media has a purpose in presenting the news with the deal to share their ideology to the readers. The authentic product of social interaction is text. Thornburry (2005) argued that a text is something meaningful, making sense, and obviously in spoken and written language that can be seen as a product of social cultural context. Then, Thornbury (2005: 6) states that text has various macro functions such as to deliver a message, show feeling, exhibit regulation, interact, and play some roles as well. In addition, Bloor and Bloor (2004: 5) also define text as any stretch of language, regardless of length that is spoken or written for purposes of communication by real people in actual circumstances. It means that language is the major element of text production especially news reports. The content of media is a written language such as words, numbers, pictures, and graphics. According to Reah (2004, p. 71), word choice is a powerful tool for establishing an ideological stance. Moreover, the language in media is not only as the tool to interpret the message, but also to determine the public interpretation.
The writer applies Critical Discourse analysis (CDA) in analyzing this phenomenon. CDA is a kind of social discourse analysis that studies the language phenomenon about the sentence combination, coherence, speech act, and the topic change that happens in our social interaction and communication (van Djik, 1997). CDA focuses on the relation of power, domination, control, and discrimination which is manifested through language (Wodak 1995, cited in Blommaert, 2005. Moreover, CDA also see that the language as important factor, how the language is used to identify the imbalance of dominance in the society (Eriyanto, 2001,p. 7).
The aim of CDA is to know the hidden meaning of the text because the text in CDA is not only seen as the collection of words but also as the purposeful text. It is because the journalist has a big power on attracting the readers" attentions. It is caused by the difference of ideology and mission brought by each journalist. No wonder, sometimes similar topics are found but the meanings employed are different among each other. Then, it will influence the reader"s point of view of that article. Therefore, the journalist must employ the news values in producing the news article.
In terms of news values, Boyd (1994, in Swinyard, 2012  Therefore, the point of his analysis combines those three dimensions in unity of analysis (Eriyanto, 2001, p. 224). The three dimensions of discourse can be more understood from the figure below: The next, there are some studies of ideological construction as embedded in media discourse and text and how language is used to maintain ideology. A study made by Rahmatika (2008) looked at the discourse strategies used in Buletin Da"wah Al Islam by HTI. She found that there are some strategies used by Al-Islam journalist in reporting the caliphate issue and correlation with the ideological concept from van Djik. Another study made by Nugroho (2009) identified at Word-Choice of Headline News on Muslim Issues Used in the Jakarta Post. He found that the lexicon used to clash the discourse is the lexicon used to show the hidden ideology and create critical reader, while the lexicon used to marginalize is the lexicon to blame or to corner the enemy. Then, the study by Almeida (2011) discussed about Palestinian and Israeli Voices in Five Years of U.S. Newspaper. He found that the discourse is characterized by terms denoting violence, conflict, and negative emotion. The next study comes from Warsono (2007) entitled a Critical Discourse Analysis to Unmark the Ideological Stance Behind "Al-Qaeda in the Asia Pacific: Origin, Capability, and Threat". This study on CDA reveals the terrorism ideology embedded in the text. This study analyzed the article published in newspaper. Therefore, the differences of previous study with writer"s study are the issue and the approach. Then, the writer tries to analyze this present study with a different issue and approach. In this study, the writer focuses on online news in The Jakarta

Social context
Social cognition text Post news related the 2015 Paris attacks. Axel (2003) states that online news informs the reader with "reliable" information in all topical fields it cover. It means that the readers can get information through internet and find the message of the text news.
The importance of this study is to construct the ideology of news report issue of the 2015 Paris attacks in the Jakarta Post. Ideological construction is A system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgments about world which is created by the media or people (Croteau, & Hoynes, 2003, p. 159-160). Here, the writer tries to reveal the ideology of the 2015 Paris attacks in The Jakarta Post because it might have different styles in presenting the news which influences the ideological construction of the news.
The significance of this study are: Theoretically, the result of this study can be used as a reference for the other researcher when they are conducting simliar studies about CDA in media especially news cases in the newspapers. Practically, it is contribute to the readers especially the teachers in understanding the writers" intention. It also can provide information for the readers so they can be more aware of what they read. Pedagogically, this study is hopefully significant to provide available input for education system and to dedicate the findings to teachers and students who are conducting teaching and learning process.

METHOD
CDA is to know the hidden meaning of the text because the text in news report about Paris attacks in not only seen as the collection of words but the text always has a purpose. In this study, the writer focuses on the Socio-cognitive Approach by van Djik to reveal the ideological contruction on 2015 Paris attacks in the Jakarta Post. This study focuses on the text of the news articles. There are some assumptions related to this study. First, the writer assumed that the socio cognitive approach as part of CDA that helping the reader to understand effectively meaning of the news article. It is because socio cognitive approach involves looking sentence of the text and refers to the ideology of the text. Second, the writer assumed that the socio cognitive approach have the positive impact in creating understanding about the ideological concept from van Djik. In analyzing the data of this study, the writer applied the qualitative method rather than quantitative method because the writer"s data used newspaper. The object to be investigated focused on Paris attacks on 14, 15, 16, 18, 20 November 2015 of the Jakarta Post. As the data analyst, the writer observe the ideological construction of Paris attacks 2015 in the Jakarta Post. In collecting the data, the writer tries to observe in the web on www.thejakartapost.com. Then, the writer began by reading all the news reports in these webs. Then, the writer tries to classify the news reports that talked about bomb cases in Paris 2015. The next is identifying the news reports based on the text, social cognition, and social context analysis. For the next step, the writer focuses on interpreting the news. The last, the writer concludes the news reports. In this study, the writer used triangulation as a tool to test the validity of the data in order to avoid bias. Triangulation is divided into six, namely time triangulation, space triangulation, combined levels of triangulation, theoretical triangulation, investigator triangulation, theoretical triangulation, and methodological triangulation (Denzin, 1970cited in Cohen, 2007. The writer takes Investigator triangulation to test the validity in this study. The writer engaged expert to validate the data in order to decreasing bias in gathering and analyzing the data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter explains and discusses the results of the analysis in associating about Paris attacks in 2015. The study presents the finding about the ideological construction of the 2015 Paris attacks in the Jakarta Post newspaper.

The Idoelogical Construction Of The 2015 Paris Attacks In The Jakarta Post Newspaper
This part explains how the Jakarta Post newspaper in online news construct about the ideology of the 2015 Paris attacks. The analysis is done by employing socio-cognitive approach proposed by van Dijk. The elements that are analyzed focus on textual analysis. In the textual analysis, the writer analyzed Macrostructure (topic), Superstructure (title, lead, and comments), and Microstructure (semantics, syntactic element, stylistic, and rhetoric).

Macrostructure analysis
Macrostructure is used to find out the topic of the text. Topic is a general idea which is created by news writer to inform people. Topic shows the dominant concept and the most important thing of the text. Topic shows how news writer describes event with their ideology. Topic is usually supported by detail which displays a series of fact so that they are coherent.
In this study, the topic of the first news article entitled Paris Police raid bulding in raid on attacks planner is raid on attacks planner by Paris police. After After analyzing the news article, the writer found that the topic of the news article can be seen in the firts until fourth line of the first paragraph. Since the first paragraph is also as the lead to guide the readers and part of the introduction to introduce the readers to know the issue, this topic can be found from this paragraph. Moreover, the writer determined the topic of this news also after reading the whole story and observed the details.
Next, the second news report entitled world leaders pressed for response to Paris attacks. The writer found the topic is the response of world leaders to fight the extremist group after Paris attacks. In this news articles, the writer found that the topic of the news article can be found in these sentences are presented below: It can be seen from the sentences above that the journalist gives the detail explanation about the plan to fight against the extremist group because of the attack on the civilized world. Therefore, the journalist emphasize the topic in these sentences.
The third news report entitled Indonesia condemns Paris atacks, calls for international action. The topic of the news report of this news article is Indonesia calls for international action to respond Paris attacks.It can be seen from the first paragraph of this article as follows: -President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo has expressed his most sincere condolences to the people of France following coordinated terrorist attacks on the country's capital, Paris, on Friday, which left more than 120 people dead.
The news writer had positive statement toward Indonesia calls for international action after paris attacks. The news writer supported the way to call for international action to respond paris attacks.
Later, the fourth news article entitled IS group claims Paris attacks, says France at "top"of list. The topic of the fourth news article is France especially Paris as at "top" of list in attacks by IS group. Then, the writer found the topic of the news comes from the first sentence as follows:

Superstucture analysis
The superstructure represents the way of how the text is arranged, so it can have a coherent meaning. The scheme shows what parts of the text are arranged and organized to create a unity of meaning. The story is the content of the whole news. Superstructure can be found by finding title and lead, situation or process of the event and comment from other people.
In the first news article, it can be seen that Paris police conducted raid on attacks planner to save the good condition after the Paris attacks. It is because the attacks planner must be responsibility of the bomb cases. Then the lead of the first article "Resident are evacuated by the police in Saint Denis, north of Paris, Frence, Wednesday". From the lead, it can show that Paris police is very enthusiasm to protect the society from the crime. Moreover, the attacks planners are evacuated to stop the bomb happen in Paris.In these situations, the news writer wanted to show that Paris police tried to arrest the entire extremist group behind the bomb cases. The news writer tried to conclude that police have identified of subject of their manhunt as Salah Abdeslam whom French police accidentally permitted to cross into Belgium on Saturday. One of his brothers, Brahim, blew himself up in Paris. Therefore, the news writer seemed to show the hardness work of Paris police in raid on attacks planner.The last element which is analyzed in Superstructure is comments. The comments in the first news article as follows: -They said one man was also killed and two people arrested in the standoff, which began in the early hours of the morning and was continuing more than four hours later. The news writer wrote these first comments from the Paris police. The word "they" in the first comment is police. These comments above describe the power of Paris police in hunting the fugitives. It is because the news writer tries to give the overview to the readers that the police"s operation happened with unexpectedly violent resistance. Besides that the news writer shows up the powerful of Paris police.
Then, the news writer found the superstructure of the fifth news article entitled Bali beefs up security, local awareness after Paris attacks. From the title, it can be seen that Bali is build up the security to ensure the safety of local and foreigners in the country. The lead of the fifth news is as follows: National Police deputy Chief Comr. Gen. Budi Gunawan (center) meets with traditional Balinese security guards known as pecalang during an event in Denpasar on Thursday. Budi was in Bali to oversee preparations for the forthcoming simultaneous regional elections, which will be held next month. The police will deploy more than 13,000 personnel to ensure the security of the elections.
Lead is the introduction of the news report which has a purpose to give the general portrait about issue. The purpose is to make the readers feel familiar with the content of the article. As the consequence, the reader will be expected to have sentimental value to the text and believe that it is reliable to be followed.
The lead above tells there is a regional elections which will be held next month. National Police deputy Chief Comr. Gen. Budi Gunawan (center) meets with traditional Balinese security guards to ensure the security of the elections. The lead and the title brought the same issue that Bali increases security after Paris attacks to save the people around there during regional elections. The news writer wrote this title and lead to show the readers that the big effect after bombing in Paris makes other countries to be more vigilant against any potential threats. Here means IS group as the radical group threats around the world especially Bali has suffered two large-scale terrorist attacks in the past.
The next is about situations. These comments describes in Bali must take an active role in securing the resort island to prepare regional elections. And, in Bali need to be more vigilant against any potential threats from IS group. The writer uses these comments to show the negative side of IS group threats. Therefore, the security is one of the most crucial way to keep the local and foreigners in the country after Paris atacks. Here, implicitly the news writer presents the negative side of IS group that they can threaten to every place in the world.

Microstucture Analysis
The microstructure level of the text consists of semantic, syntax, stylistic, and rhetoric elements. In semantic element, the linguistic features which were observed include the background, the details, and the presupposition. In the syntax element, the writer attempted to see the pattern in sentence formation, pronoun, and also coherence in the text. In the stylistic element, the writer observed the linguistic features such as a lexicon. Then, in the rhetoric elements, the writer searched the graphic of the news. a. Semantics Semantics deals with the meaning of the text in the news articles. Semantics can be found by analyzing the background, detail, meaning, and presupposition in the news article. These elements which written by news writer will influence the reader ideology.
In the background, the writer observe the reason why the event happens. By giving background in the news article, the news writer seems give their own ideology to the reader sothat the ideology is accepted by the society (van Dijk in Eriyanto, 2001). From the article, the writer identified that the background of the article is as follows: -Anothe police official said a woman wearing an explosive suicide vest blew herself up, and a man was also killed.
-Police say they are hunting for two fugitives suspected of taking part as any accomplices. That would bring the number of attackers to at least nine.
Therefore, the news writer use the bakground to support their idea that Paris police action as the best idea to arrest the criminal. It is also seemed that Paris police is very powerful institutions.
Then, in the detail is related to how news writer control the information before the news writer wrote the news. News writer will present much information that gives those advantages or good image. On the other hand, news writer will present few or wipe out information that gives them disadvantages. The details of the first news article are as follows: -Another witness, Amne Guizani, said he heard the sound of grenades and automic gunfire.
-"they were shooting for an hour. Nonstop. There were grenades.
-Police vans and fire trucks rushed to the scene north Paris.
These details describe how the Paris police raid on attacks planner related bomb cases is the big attack happened. The police are struggle to against the attackers to defend and secure Paris after bombing situation.It means that the detail supported news writer"s idea that the raid that seemed very dangerous situation. It is show that the negative side of the Islamic states or ISIS.
From the maeaning is about element of Microstructure which to observe the information from news writer whether implicitly or explicitly explained. The news writer wrote the information which is gives them advantages will described explicitly and clearly. This sentence is the meaning that found in this article "The official, who was not authorized to be publicly named according to police rules but is informed routinely about the operation, said scores of police stormed the building and were met with unexpectedly violent resistance". In these sentences, it gives the real situation of Paris after the bombing cases happened. The news writer informs which Paris police conducted raid with the violent resistance by the attackers. The news writer only uses the explicit meaning to show that Paris police raid are considered as the unexpectedly violent resistance by attackers. In conclusion, the news writer seemed use meanings which are explicit to show their idea that the Paris police raid are considered as the unexpectedly violent resistance but ended with arrest the attackers. b. Syntax Syntax is used to find sentence structure, coherence, and pronoun.Sentence structure is categorized as syntax aspect which is used to think logically and causally-which is about the structure of subject and verb. Sentence structure is divided into four: active sentence, passive sentence, deductive, and inductive (van Dijk in Eriyanto, 2001). The writer found the passive sentence"They said one man was also killed and two people arrested in the standoff, which began in the early hours of the morning and was continuing more than four hours later".In this case, the use of passive sentence is to present the object of the sentences. The news writer tries to give information that in the raid action, the police kill the criminal but the person was killed still unknown.
Then, the coherence is the relation of clauses or sentence in the text. Coherence can be found in conjunctions which relate facts. Coherence is divided into three, namely conditional coherence, differential coherence, and denial coherence (van Dijk in Eriyanto, 2001). The writer found the conditional coherence in this sentence "A woman wearing an explosive suicid vest blew herself up as heavily armed police tried to storm a suburban Paris apartmentwhere the suspected mastermind of last week's attacks was believed to be holed up, police said Wednesday".In this sentence, the news writer uses conditional coherence to combine the information relates the woman wearing an explosive suicide vest blew and the suspected mastermind of last week"s attacks. The news writer relates these facts to show that they connected each other. c. Stylistic Stylistics can be found in Lexicon. Lexicon indicates how the news writer chooses the word (diction). The writer found the dictions from some sentences are: From the sentences above it can be seen that the news writer use the word "explosion", "gunfire", "grenade blasts", and "fire truks" in order to show the dangerous situation in raid attacks planner between the Paris police and the attackers. In conclusion, the news writer use diction to present that the condition is very harmful but in fact ended successfully because the police have identified one subject of their manhunt, Salah Abdeslam. He claimed as the member of ISIS.

d. Rhetoric
Rhetoric element is used to know how the emphasis is put in the news, which in this case can be seen from the graphics. Graphics are used to understand the emphasis or focus from the letters type (bold, italic, underline, bigger font), the picture, the table, and the diagram (Eriyanto, 2001). From this news article, the writer found the picture as present below: The news writer provides a picture which is relates effect of Paris attacks in Bali. This picture describes that National Police deputy chief Comr. Gen. Budi Gunawan (center) meets with traditional Balinese security guards to oversee preparation for the forthcoming simultaneous regional elections. They seemed smile and say hello each others. From the picture, the news writer seems to show that the relation between the police and security guards to save locals and foreigners in Bali Island. It it seems to show the power of Police and traditional Balinese security guards to against the radical group after Paris attacks. It is because there was a bombing in Bali claimed by ISIS in the year 2002. It means that Indonesia must be vigilant after Paris attacks. Therefore, the journalist show this picture to emphasize the dangerous situations after Paris attacks.
Moreover, we can also see that there is bold word used by the news writer. The use of bold word by the news writer seems to be used to attract the reader to be more concern on that bold word. Here is the bold word which was found in the article:The word: Gearing up The use of the bold word is to explain more about Bali beef up security after Paris attacks. The news writer uses the type of the letters to bring the readers in understanding more about the content of the news. Then, the news writer uses italic type of the letters to emphasize the important part of the news article. It can be seen from this sentence: National Police deputy Chief Comr. Gen. Budi Gunawan (center) meets with traditional Balinese security guards known as pecalang during an event in Denpasar on Thursday.
Making rhetoric in the news article makes the readers focus on the words which have the bold or italic type letters. The word "pecalang" here means that there is security guard in maintaining Bali Island after Paris attacks. So, the readers focus on the words and interest with news article. Therefore, the news writer uses rhetoric to show that the good relation between police and security guard to increase the security after Paris attacks.
To sum up the explations above, the writer uses socio cognitive approach can diclose the ideological construction in the news report about paris attacks in the years 2015 in the Jakarta Post. Based on this study, the writer found the journalist can influence the text to spread the message to the readers. The jakarta Post news report emphasizes that Paris attacks is under the dangerous situations and blame to the Islamic States as violent people so this terrorist must be arrested.

CONCLUSION
News writer or news reporter has certain ideology. According to Min (1997) found that the media has certain ideology. Any news report about the world is come from a particular ideological position because news writer or news reporter has certain ideology. It means that the news reports produce meanings that construct ideological representations of the social world to people.Therefore, the media construct ideological representations of the world and their representations can shape people"s ideology toward the world. Ideology of media can influence people"s ideology through language use and discourse (van Dijk, 2000). Much discourse which is produced in society express certain ideology based on opinions. In The Jakarta Post might has different strategies to present their news reports. Therefore, the writer actually searching what the ideological construction of news reports of the 2015 Paris attacks in The Jakarta Post. In analyzing the discourse we cannot only concentrate on the text, but also from how the text is produced because text consists no specific meaning. The meaning is given by the person who writes the text, so it is possible contains any ideologies that construct the person"s belief and knowledge (Eriyanto, 2001). From the findings, it was true that the power or dominant group can influence the text to spread the ideology to the readers. The finding of this study is The Jakarta Post news report emphasizes that the bomber in Paris is an Islamic group or ISIS. The writer found that ISIS in Paris attacks is depicted as violent group therefore the people around the world cares about this case. The writer found that The Jakarta Post news online has power and access to spread the ideology through the text in the news. Overall, the significance of this study is: theoretically, the involvement of this study is to importance in linguistics field. Practically, it can be used as reference to the discourse analyst who is interested in the same topic with the writer. Finally, the writer hopes that more research on news report will be done by using another approach. The writer also hopes that future researches more develop to construct the ideology of some other media.