Expression of Attitude by both Governor Candidates of Election Debate in Pennsylvania 2018

_____________ Abstract This study aimed to investigate attitude in the governor election debate in Pennsylvania 2018 and to explain how application attitude in EFL Learners by both Governors candidate as reflected from the use of attitude systems are realized. Data got in the form of transcription from the video was analyzed by using Martin and White theory (2005). This study used three different marks for collecting the data, bold for effect, underline for judgement while the garlic for appreciation. Based on the finding among three types of attitude that appreciation was the dominant used compared affect and judgement. Appreciation made the speakers can be able to arrange the positive attitude than emotional in communication interpersonal and also made the speakers more appreciative one another than personal. Meanwhile, the expression of attitude resource from the two speakers took a great implication for the English learner in the classroom. From the appraising items of attitude realized by the speakers in governor election debate that students expected to use it for more pro active in teaching learning process since positive respond will be respected and linguistic interaction feel pleased and


INTRODUCTION
People need language to communicate with the others in the particular setting. By using language, people can negotiate thought and feeling or their intention to achieve the social relation. In the same way, Eggins (2004, p. 12) argue that language is viewed as the system to make interpersonal meaning in maintaining social relationship and attitude toward each other. Therefore, it is very important which language to be arranged as well as possible in order to be meaningful. .Meanwhile, people use the language in different ways to convey the content of information which can be done into spoken and written text. The written text can be expressed into writing papers, journal and book. Whereas, in term of the spoken text which language can be expressed by the speaker directly through speech, conversation, debate to express their feeling, thought, or excellent idea through utterance in which can be understood by the listener in certain situation. Halliday and Hasan (1985, p. 5) argue that the way in understanding of language lies in the study of the text. According to him, a text is a semantic unit which is not only exchange sound, words or sentence with one another but also to make meaning. However, meaning should be constructed based on the context.
Meaning related to this presents study is interpersonal meaning is one of the important aspects to express attitude and judgment in a text. It can be done by the researcher in analyzing the system of appraisal in a spoken text that is realized by two speakers in governor election debate in Pennsylvania 2018. Appraisal deals with system of meaning to make the text meaningful. According to Martin and White (2005) stated that appraisal is related to work on evaluation in other models in various ways. Appraisal itself is regionalized as three interacting domains include attitude, engagement and graduation. This study concerns to attitude as the subsystem of appraisal.
Attitude concerned to expression of speakers" feeling, including emotional reaction, judgments of behaviour and evaluation of things. It comprised into three aspects such as affect, judgment, and appreciation (Martin & white, 2005). In this sense, attitude deals with the evaluation of speakers" feeling including reaction and emotion while delivering their language in certain situation. Expression of speakers" feelings can be understood through system of attitude.
The first type of attitude will be affect. It deals with expression of feeling toward things covering happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored. Relation with system of feeling, it divided into four emotions of feeling including, dis/inclination, un/happiness, in/security, and dis/satisfaction. Concerning with expression of desire related to dis/inclination for instance want, suggest, longing. Concerning with the expression feeling both positive and negative related to un/happiness such as glad, like, hate. Concerning with the expression of our feeling covering peace and anxiety in relation to our environment, covering of course the people share them with us related to in/security for instance confident, make sure, trust. Concerning with our feelings of achievement and frustration toward phenomena or things in relation to the activities in which we are engaged, covering our roles as both participants and spectator related to dis/satisfaction for instance satisfied, pleased angry, sick of, bore Martin & White ( 2005, p. 48-51) The second type of attitude is judgement. It deals system of behaviour toward phenomena or things, including when we admire or criticize, praise or condemn about people or something relate to judgment. It consist of normality, capacity, tenacity, veracity, propriety (Martin & White, 2005). Normality related to how unusual someone in their behaviour such as cool, fortunate, normal. Capacity deals with capacity of someone in their performance such as competent, smart, and productive. Tenacity concern to how resolute people in their behaviour such as loyal, brave, and resolute. Veracity deals with attitudes which describe of someone behaviour involve how truthful he/her in their behaviour. Propriety related to how ethical someone in their attitude to others people such as sensitive, polite, humble (Martin & White, 2005, p. 52-53).
The third type of attitude is appreciation. appreciation is a system of meaning which construing our evaluations of things, especially things we make and performances we give, but also including natural phenomena what such things are worth (how we value them) Martin & White (2005, p. 56 ). It comprise of reaction, composition, valuation. Reaction deals with affection or emotive which involve impact (did it grab me) such as dramatic, attractive, lively and quality (did I like it such as enchanting, beautiful, good. Composition related to perception toward our view order which involve balance about did it hang together such as consistent, balance, harmonious and complexity deals with, was it hard to follow such as rich, pure, clear. Valuation concerned to cognition toward our considered opinion such as valuable, appropriate, helpful Martin & White (2005).
In area of attitude, it has been studied by a number of researchers. Some of researchers concerned to analyze attitudinal resources which expressed in various text such as narative text, newspaper, art and cultural news discourse, economic news and speech.  (2011) has performed a study which analyze appraisal in Obama"s speech. The aim of the study was to know the way Obama in delivering speech in the front of the Unite States people. The study used appraisal to analyze the language used during the speech taken place. Moreover, study conducted by Soliha and Awalaturrohmah (2018) focused on comparison of the use of attitude between high and low ability students in argumentative speech. This study only concerns to one item of attitude.
This present study is not only concern to investigate attitude but also concern to explain the application of attitude in EFL learner of how the kinds of attitude which reflected from spoken text of debate by the both of governor candidate. Based on the finding of this research that two candidate"s governor produced more appreciation than affect, and judgement. By using appreciation make two candidates to be respect toward arguments each others.
The main purpose of this research is to evaluate expression of attitude in spoken text of governor election debate. The result of evaluation that speakers used abundant appraising items of attitude in Governor election debate. Kinds of attitude used when they inspire to take the public attention of their utterance and to be focus their argumentation, suggestion or show feeling of affection while present their opinion in order to Pennsylvania people care and responsive of what is their intention. In other side, the realized kinds of attitude when they deliver their vision and mission in the front of the people in order to attract sympathy and vote from the public.
Furthermore, the previous researcher conducted research in debate. Mardiana (2018) reported a research about the use of appraisal and debate structure in English debate competition of senior High School Students. Finding showed that appreciation used dominantly by the students in debate competition. However, the present study is focused on governor election debate. In 2018, Pennsylvania society had to choose new governor for the next period. The governor election computed only two candidates. They were Tom Wolf as a previous governor and Republican challenger called Scott Wagner, political debate aimed to get the sympathy and supporter from the whole people. In this good moment, candidates of governor have great chance to deliver their vision and mission in accordance with the Pennsylvania peoples" need. In other side, they can show the political point of view as the basic reference for the Pennsylvania people to decide their choice. The governor debate held in 2018 in Pennsylvania.

METHODS
The main goals of this research is to find kinds of attitude used by Governor in election debate in Pennsylvania 2018, to explain application of attitude in EFL Learner of how the kinds of attitude which reflected from spoken text of debate by the both of governor. To meet the objective of the study, the researcher used the discourse analysis as research design. Research design deals with the planning and the procedures for research which span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection and analysis (Creswell, 2009). Generally, the current study employed qualitative research. There are several kinds of qualitative, namely grounded theory, ethnographic research, case study, and historical research. Therefore, I classified the current study as a case study.
The researcher started to high light or transcribe the date which got from the video about governor election debate, then after transcribing the data into several clause, I read the text several times to get a deep understanding the meaning of the text. Meanwhile I analyzed the data based on the Martin & White theory (2005) including attitude, engagement and graduation. In this occasion, I concerned attitude as a subsystem of appraisal resource. It contains three types namely affect, judgement and appreciation. The way to express speakers" feeling related to affect. The way to decide the system of behavior of someone related to judgement. Evaluation value of someone or things toward phenomena in certain situation related to appreciation. The last, I classified the words based on the categorization one another. This study used three different marks for collecting the data, bold for affect, underline for judgment while the garlic for the appreciation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The findings on the distribution of attitude in the spoken text of Governor Election Debate are presented in Table 4 Based on the table 4 showed that appreciation produces more than others appraising item of attitude. Appreciation got 194 (41%) from the analysis result of spoken text of governor election debate. The next subsystem of attitude is affect which had 152 (32%) then followed by judgement 127 (26%). This finding confirms with the previous studies done by Soliha (2018), Mardiana (2018). It showed that the students make their speeches based on the topic given by using appreciation resources since they appreciate and evaluate things/phenomena, especially the topic given. In this study, the both candidate of governor make their argumentation in accordance with social phenomena which happen in the Pennsylvania. They use appreciation to evaluate the phenomena. Sometimes they show positive appreciation and negative appreciation in which the goals for attract the sympathy of the public. In this debate, they do need to appropriate language to support their position. Even they must be able to convince the Pennsylvania people toward vision and mission to take the solution of the social problem.
The detail categories and samples of attitudinal words are presented in Table 1.  (76), because the debate conversation many more explain about their hope and speakers" vision and mission and they to do by and mostly talked about their future social-life towards something possession such as leadership, subject matter, person become Governor life etc. Then, appraising item of happiness found 17% (26). It is an affect type that contains a feeling and emotion. It means that speakers show their feeling in conveying opinion. Meanwhile, apprising item of security had low percentage 15% (23 items). This type of effect is likely less to be understood by the hearer as a signal of a coming support. The clause in the text 7 Wagner felt insecurity toward people commits a crime. The phrase commit crime, it indicates that speaker want to express feeling insecurity felt by society. The Dis/satisfaction is higher than happiness. It had 18% (27) because the speaker mentioned several times about it related any services field work statement exchange of situation for society. It is an apprising item signing that debate process harmony.
The example of appraising item of inclination talked in the text 1. My expectation (+Inclination) of Harrisburg was that it needed help. By using the word expectation, Wagner conveys his feeling of desire toward governor with expectation to pay attention of Harrisburg society for getting better life. Then, my lovely wife is with me tonight talked in the text 1. My lovely wife include (+happiness) feeling, Wagner applies the words to show his deep positive feeling of happiness towards his wife who always give support and a great spirit for himself. Meanwhile, in the text 1 involve feeling of security, we have to believe (+feeling of security) we serve, believe indicate that speaker express his feeling of security toward Pennsylvania people. This means that speaker trust to governor to be able to give best service to create bright future of Pennsylvania people. Therefore, that's interesting (+satisfaction), interesting' means there is something attractive. It applied by Wagner to express his positive feeling of satisfaction toward his aspiration to improve budgeting of Harrisburg. It is excerpted from text 17.
Furthermore, the samples of judgment in the spoken text of Governor election debate are described in Table 2. Relating to the table 2 above, there were 16% (20 items) judgement of normality, 30 % (37 items) judgement of capacity, and 9 % (12 items) judgement of tenacity, 21% (27 items) Judgement of Veracity, 24 % (31 Items) judgement of propriety. It showed that from the 5 types of judgement, the much greater proportion was capacity, while the least proportion tenacity. The capacity got the most proportion and percentage, 30% (37 items), because the debate conversation many more explain about their competence and skill in giving prosperity for Pennsylvania people. Then, two apprising item of judgement called normality 16% (20 items) normality were items that is considered something special toward change point of view and situation faced in order to have responsible to take part in social life, 9% (12 items) judgement of tenacity. It had low percentage because the both speakers seldom express explicitly which oriented toward the social problem solving. Propriety deals to something including moral, ethical, sensitive and care of thing. It had the second much greater proportion after capacity about 24 % (31 items) because the speakers several times mention care and sensitive toward the main need of the whole people. This is an appraising items indicate that process debate apply ethical in communication The example of appraising item of normality talked in the text 1. It's great ( + Normality ) to be here tonight. It shows that speaker express his positive feeling of valuable toward something new and prestige which he has even it is being valuable experience for the first time during his life. Using this word, the speaker deliver a big honorable for him to be able to appear in the front of the public. Meanwhile, in the text 13 involve judgement of capacity. There are again 200 thousand to 400,000 skilled (+Capacity) labor positions open. Wagner express capacity of someone to get certain position in field work. Wagner stated that labor get the good position in the field work should have skill. Furthermore, in the text 5 talked I'd like to challenge (+Tenacity) you on that Last Friday evening, this would be an event. The word challenge on the example above is utilizing of tenacity since from point of you of Martin and white (2005, p. 52) stated that tenacity concerns to how resolute someone is. However, in the text 1 founded example of veracity.We have to do things in a more transparent and open way (+veracity).
Speaker applied the specific word transparent and open way veracity to express the positive veracity of realization of the program and allocation fund to achieve the target. Transparent and open way is one of the expressions of feeling delivered by the speaker in order to everything will run well in accordance the right rule. The last, in the text 1 involve kinds of propriety. I'm doing it with ethics 1 and integrity 2 (+Propriety) I don't take my salary. The underline word "ethics" is to express good attitude in realization something. The word "ethics" used by Tom Wolf to build the publics" belief toward his performance.
Meanwhile, the samples of appreciation in the spoken text of Governor election debate are described in Table 3. Table 3 maps out the detailed description of appraising items of appreciation as the dominant distribution among three kinds of attitude in the Governor Election Debate. From the table 3 above showed that in the debate, there were 39% (76 items) of reaction, 36% (70 items) of composition, 25% (48 items) of valuation. It indicated that from the three types of appreciation, the much greater proportion was reaction, while the least proportion was valuation. The appraising items of reaction got the most proportion and percentage, 39% (76 items), because the debate conversation many more express appreciation both positive and negative toward aspiration for performing as agent of change. In one side they should give belief and great hope in the future to public however they constant to give appreciation to each other. It expressed several times in the text which aimed at making a good cooperation. Then, two apprising items of appreciation is composition of 36% (70 items) which it related to perception of the speaker based on the evaluation the phenomena occurred in term of social framework. Two speakers tend to make constructive point of view which oriented toward balance and harmonious and consistent in certain purpose. The third type of appreciation is valuation. As we know that evaluation deals with the evaluation the worthwhile in the both governor candidate utterance. This type got 24% (48 appraising items). This appraising items of appreciation got low percentage since types valuation is not used many times in the two speaker utterance. It indicates that a debate process provide the constructive appreciation each other.
The example of appraising item of reaction talked in the text 12. I think we need to reform our legislative system, we need to do a better job (+reaction), we need to make it more responsive. The phrase "better job' is example of the positive reaction. This is as reaction of the Tom Wolf regarding legislative system need to be reformed to make it more responsive. Therefore, by doing reform legislative system which it provides good impact for the quality service of the Pennsylvania people. Meanwhile, we agree (+composition) with this that we need to have a Harrisburg. The appraising item of this system is positive composition. Tom Wolf applied this word agree to express his feeling of composition toward commitment to create balance and union of Pennsylvania. Therefore, in the text 1 involve example of valuation. Punishment is absolutely essential (+ Valuation) and called for the crimes that were committed there. The phrase "absolutely essential" that it is a part of positive valuation example. According to martin and white (2005) state that positive valuation concerns to "was it worthwhile? Or is it important? The speaker evaluates the phenomena about the system of punishment for the crime actors to be given prisoner based on the valid low.
Application of attitude in EFL Learner of how the kinds of attitude which reflected from spoken text of debate by the both of governor The result of this study contributed for developing in English context and contribution for English Foreigner Learners. Relation with the evaluations of spoken text in Governor Election debate that expression of attitude which constructed by the both of governor in debate context can be applied in English learner. The expression of attitude can be affect, judgement and appreciation. Through affect, the speakers show their character of feeling toward things including their desire and hope to be achieved. According to martin and White (2005) affect is a system of feeling covering positive feeling and emotional reaction of things. Those are happy, please, enjoy, sad, hate, suffering. Then judgment is used by the speakers to develop their opinion into constructive argumentation. Through appreciation, the speakers convey the valuable things based on the evaluation from the phenomena faced. Therefore, application attitude in English learner manifested from the kinds of attitude constructed by Tom Wolf and Wagner. Affect deals with system of feeling. Using affect, the students can express their appropriate language through positive feeling more than emotional reaction in interaction both with their teachers and their classmate in English language teaching process. Meanwhile, expression of character deals with the judgement. Through judgement, the students can develop their argumentation by giving rational reason and feedback with one another. Then, Appreciation, by using kinds of appreciation have potency to make students" interaction in the classroom more respect and appreciative than emotion with one another.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study is to analyze spoken text of election debate in Pennsylvania 2018 in order to explain the way affect systems is used by both Governors, to analyze spoken text of election debate in Pennsylvania 2018 in order to explain the way judgement systems is used by both Governors, to analyze spoken text of election debate in Pennsylvania 2018 in order to explain the appreciation systems is used by both Governors, to analyze of spoken text of election debate in Pennsylvania 2018 in order to explain the application attitude in EFL learners by both Governor as reflected from the use of attitude systems are realized.
Based on the analysis result whole text used in governor election debate that there are so many appraising items of attitude realized in governor election debate by governor candidates in Pennsylvania 2018 about 473 appraising items of attitude. It can be seen from the table 6. However, from the tree types of attitude that appreciation is the highest percentage in whole text compared affect and judgement with got 41%. It indicates that speakers prefer using appreciation in conveying statements and argumentation based on the evaluation the phenomena faced than affect and judgment. By using appreciation makes their argumentation more persuasive than emotional reaction. Then with got 32% found in affect and followed by judgement with total 26%. However, the expression of attitude resource from the two speakers took a great implication for the English learner in the classroom. The first, from the appraising items of attitude realized by the speakers in governor election debate that students expected to use it for more pro active in teaching learning process since positive respond will be respected and linguistic interaction feel pleased and enjoyable. The second, the students expected to utilize the appraising items of judgement to be able to develop their opinion and point of view based on the norm, system of behaviour to construct the rational reason to be meaningful communication. The third, the students and the teacher expected to use it to appreciate the positive value and grade in order that students" performance to be appreciated.