The Impact of Grice Maxims Infringement in Adventure of Tintin Towards Communication Purposes

Infringement ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ Communication is one of the crucial tools for life which without communication people can not interact with others. In order to have a good communication, people must obey the maxims. Maxim is a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning. The aim of this study is to find out the infringement maxim in the story of The Adventure of Tintin and to know the impact of infringement maxim in communication purposes. In obtaining the data, the researcher used descriptive qualitative to find out the out the infringement maxims among the caharcters. The object of this study is the dialogue among the characters of The Adventure of Tintin which infringe Grice’s maxim. The results of this research are the most of the characters in the dialogue infringe the maxim of quality in order to entertain the readers. The researcher found out 30 data for the infringement of Qualitative maxim, 27 data for the infringement of Quantitative maxim, 19 data for the infringement of maxim of Manner, and 29 data for the infringement of maxim of


INTRODUCTION
In communication, there are some communication rules that must be obeyed by the speaker. One of them is the cooperative principle. Cooperative principle is the importance rules that must be followed to make the communication runs well. The cooperative principle is a principle of conversation that proposed by H.P Grice (1975). People have to obeyed the rules of cooperative principle to avoid missunderstanding between speaker and hearer. It was one of big proplem that happened in communication, they talked based on what they know and do not care about the background of the hearer. In cooperative principle there are four basic maxims that should be obeyed by the speaker as a guideline during communication. there are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of manner, and maxim of relevance.
Maxim of quality is which says that speakers are expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe correspond to reality. It can be concluded that the speaker has to say something that actually happened without exaggerating. Sometimes the speaker want to attract the intention of the speaker by expressing something excessively.
The second maxim is maxim of quantity, which say that the speakers should be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too little information nor too much. Some speakers give answers or responses that are excessive and did not accordance with what is asked. The speakers do not straight to the point of the conversation, they are more likely to add more information than is needed.
The third maxim is maxim of relevance. Means that the speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said before. The last maxim is maxim of manner, ehich means that the speakers should something in the right way or avoid the ambiguity.
Even though there was a rules that must be followed, sometimes people break the maxim for several reasons. In cooperative principle, breaking the rules it is called non-observance maxims. There are several kinds in breaking the rules of cooperative principle. There are violation, flouting, opting out, suspending, and infringement. Breaking the rules of cooperative principle sometimes are needed, because to make a humour in the conversation or in dialogue. There are some many kinds of nonobservance maxim that had been mentioned, but the focus of this research is in infringement maxim.
Infringement maxim is the condition or situation that happened because the speaker has an imperfect command of language, the speaker unconfident at that time. According to Thomas (1995) explains that infringing maxim of nonobservance could occur because the speaker has an imperfect command of the language (a young child or a foreign learner), the speaker's performance is impaired in some way (nervousness, drunkenness, excitement).
Some studies have been investigated by several researchers that focused on infringement maxims. Osunbade and Adenji (2014) discussed about infringement maxim and implicit meaning in conversation. The result that found in the research is the infringement maxim conversation enhances a better understanding of how implicit meanings of conversational discourse can be generated in the contexts of information based maxim in the texts, to aid the interpretation and understanding of the author's messages to the readers.
Furthermore, there are some studies related to the non-observance maxims. The similar studies come from Hidayatim and Indarti (2013); Qasim, Akram, and Masroor (2015); Nababan and Djatmika (2017). Those studies was investigated about the nonobservance maxims in the conversation. the result of those studies found that the used of non-observance maxims in the conversation. people break the rules to give the implicit meaning the the readers or hearer.
There was another study about nonobservance maxim discussed by several researcher. In these studies found that there are some research stated that people break the maxim to entertain the listener, to attract the interlocutor attention, and sometimesit happens accidentally. Another purpose to break the maxim is to build their self confidence. They gave more explanations in order the audience satisfied and to comfirm the real information toward the negative thinking of audience at the previous time. Those reserach have a crucial role in writing the research, but Rukmini, zebua, and Saleh's research is consideredto be investigated in the next research. Because their findings clasified the types of flouting and violation maxim in the conversation between male and female utterances in the talk show based on their maxim. The result are the male mostly did the flouting than violating. From the overall of violation and flouting they done, quantity maxim was dominantly flouted by male participants. It meant that the researcher not only focused on violation and flouting based on maxim but also investigated the flouting and violation maxim between male and female. It meant that their research shows a lot of aspect from the flouting and violation maxim itself and that research is considered as good one to be investigated (see Laraswati, Kusumayanti & Setiarini, 2018;Dahnilsyah, 2018;Astuti & Zulaeha, 2018;Budiana & Djuwari, 2018;Dwi, 2015;Es, 2015;Labobar, 2018;Utami, 2019;and Zebua, Rukmini & Saleh, 2017;Ayasreh & Razali, 2018;Qasim, Akram & Masroor, 2015;Sinaga & Dahnilsyah, 2018;Ayasreh, Al-Sabti, Awwad, Mansoor & Razali, 2019).
However, the previous studies are different from the current study of infringement in The Adventure of Tintin Towards Communication Purposes. This study found that the author bltantly make some characcters in the comic infringe the maxims to enterteined the reader.
The current study is about the impact of Grice maxims infringement in Adventure of Tintin towards communication purposes. In this study, there are five objectives of the study that have been discussed. The first is to analyze the actors utterances to explain the infringement of the quality maxims, second is tp analyze the actors utterances to explain the quality maxim, the third is to analyze the actors utterances to explain the infringement maxim of relevance, the fourth is to analyze the actors utterance to explain the infringement maxim of manner, and the last is to analyze the impact of the infringement maxim in communication purposes.

METHODS
In this study, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research design. This research used qualitative research because the data is served in a text. This research investigated the utterances used by the characters in the story of The Adventure of Tintin. The data that used by the researcher is 6 series comic book from the story of The Adventure of Tintin. The data are about the maxim infringement invoked by the characters in The story of The Adventure of Tintin.
In this study, the subjects are the story of The Adventure of Tintin. Then, the object of this study is the characters utterances and the conversation between characters in the story of The Adventure of Tintin.
The steps in collecting the data are started with reading the comic of The Adventure of Tintin, which is there was six series of the stories. Then, observing every utterance which is infringes by the characters. After the researcher collecting the data and analyzed the data based on the research questions. There are first is analyzed the characters utterances based on the infringement maxim of quality, second is analyzed the characters utterances based on the infringement maxim of quantity, third is analyzed the characters utterances based on the infringement maxim of relevance, fourth is analyzed the characters utterances based on the infringement maxim of manner, and the last is analyzed the impact of infringement maxim in communication purposes fro the story of The Adventure of Tintin.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this research, there are 95 of the maxim infringement had been found by the researcher from the comic series of The Adventure of Tintin. There are some series of the story from The Adventure of Tintin that have been choosen as a data resources. There are Tintin in Tibet, The Crabs With The Golden Claws, Red Rackhams Treasure, The Shooting Stars, The Prisoners of The Sun, and The Red Sea Shark.
The infringement maxims that happened in this comic strip is blatantly wiriten by the author to attract the intention from the reader. There are some results that found by the researcher.

Infringement of Quality Maxim
Infringement maxim of Quality that caused by cognitive impairement invoked by From the dialogue between Captain Haddock and Tintin, it can be seen that Captain Haddock was shocked and he was over reacted to show his feeling. Based on the cooperative principle theory, captain Haddock has failed in generating implicature, because he has a temporary cognitive impairment caused by shock conditional made Captain Haddock unable to speak well. From the dialogue above, the researcher found that in addition to the context of the dialogue happened, some marks that showed Captain Haddock infringing a maxim of quality was shown by language style spoken by Captain Haddock in the form of the letters w-w-w-and the way he spoke that was too dramatical. There was a marked that indicated the infringement maxim of manner, the used of triplet letter and the way how Captain Haddock countered Mr. Tintin's statement that indicated there was an error in maxim of manner. Therefore from that conversation it can be said that Tintin failed in generating implicature based on theory of cooperative principle.

Infringement of Relevance Maxim
Tintin : ssh!.... not a sound! Captain : who-who....who are you? From the dialogue between Tintin and Captain Haddock, it can be seen that Captain Haddock failed in generating implicature, because he was under liquor caused by whisky. There was a mark that has been indicated Captain Haddock failed the infringemet maxim of relevance that used of stumbeled word and triplet words. It can be seen that Captain Haddock failed the maxim of relevance because he did not speak based on what Tintin say. Captain Hadock utterance did not appropriate with the rules of infringement maxim of relevance.

The Impact of Grice Maxims Infringement in The
Adventure of Tintin Towards Communication Purposes.
Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information or news between one to another. Through communication, people can interact and socialize each other. According to Scudder (1980), states that all living creatures whether human beings, animals or plants, communicate in different ways. Some use speech, other sounds, body movements or gestures to communicate, and all living entities communicate.
Communication represents a process involving two or three or more people. The way people interpret messages affects their relationship.
Communicators usually consciously choose the form and substance of messages. The form and substance of a message provokes a response in the person or people it is directed at.
By infringes the maxim of cooperative principle in communication, people can convey things in implicit way. The speaker can express what they want to say based on what they want, not based on the rules of cooperative principle. In this case, the researcher can show and explain how is the impact of infringement maxim in communication purposes in real situation based on the comic of The Adventure of Tintin. By infringes the maxims, it can help the speaker express their feeling that happened in that situation.
Infringed the maxims in the conversation between the speaker and hearer sometime it make the speaker easier in delivering or expressing the secret things. And the impact of infringement maxims in communication purposes is to entertain the hearer and to make a joke between the speaker and hearer or between the writers to the readers. In communication, sometimes we need interesting topic to make a better situation or condition between the speaker and hearer. The humour that happened in the conversation is spontanious. The humour that created in the conversation happened blatantly to make the hearer interested in doing the conversation with the speaker. According to Morell (1983) theory deals with the cognitive side of humor, by being an intellectual reaction to something that is unexpected, illogical, or inappropriate in some other way. Sometimes the speaker make a humour in communication is to make the hearer happy.
Moreover, the relationship between this study and previous study is discussed about infringement in the comic strip and novel. Osunbade and Adenji (2014) discussed aboutinfringement and implicit meaning in the Nigerian novels. Prasojo, Nababan, and Djatmika (2017) discussed about infringeement in the comic strip. The data that had been found in the previous study showed that infringement and the implicit meaning helping the readers to know better undestanding about the meaning of the text. And the data also showed that infringement maxim can create the humour in the comic strip or novel that had been investigated.

CONCLUSION
From 95 utterances that have been analyzed and discussed in the comic of The Adventure of Tintin, it can be concluded that most of the characters in that story infringed the maxims tucked condition. Where the total number of infringement maxims that have been found in the series of The Adventure of Tintin. There are Tintin in Tibet, The Crabs With The Golden Claws, The Red Rachkams Treasure, The Shooting Star, The Prisoners of The Sun, and The Red Sea Shark.
Based on the data that have been found in the comic of The Adventure of Tintin, mostly the characters infringed the maxim to entertain the reader and make the story more interested and fun. Mostly Captain Haddock infringed the maxim, because he was one of the main character in that comic. Comic is one of the most important role in the daily life. Sometime peoples read the comic for entertain their self and to make a good mood. The author blatantly infringed the maxims to attract the attention from the readers. Therefore, the result of this study is infringing the maxim of cooperative principle is needed. To makethe readers or the hearer know what the speaker means and to deliver the message in implicit meaning.
Related to the process of humour, there are some aspects distinguished the utterances funny in the story of The Adventure of Tintin. The example the relief aspects, and incongruity of the word of the lexis aspect. In the comic, the used of relief aspects is to make one of the speakers release his tension. Furthermore, the used of incongruity of the lexis to make the readers feel strange with the utterance and then they laugh.
After the researcher discussed this study deeply, the researcher found some weaknesses in this study. The data in this study is limited, its hard to find the infringement maxim in the daily communication among people, and the previous studies who discussed about infringement is limited.