The Psychological Development of The Main Character of Becoming A Gang Leader Through Frustration; Reflections on Dashner’s The Maze Runner

adolescent. ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ In this study, the writer emphasized the psychological development of the main character reflected in the story. Then the main character must convince the other, there is a better place outside the Glade. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how the process of psychological developments of being a leader through frustration and to analyze how the main character shows an ability to lead. This is a qualitative study using psychoanalytic approach by Sigmund Freud. The writer collected the data relating to the psychological development from frustration to being a leader by using The Maze Runner novel. The secondary data were taken from some sources, such as books, dictionary, encyclopedia, and also articles related to this research. Meanwhile the procedures for collecting data were done by reading, identifying, inventorying, classifying, selecting and reporting. In conducting the study, Freud’s psychoanalysis including id, ego, and superego are employed to reveal the main character frustration and shows the leadership ability in The Maze Runner. The findings of the analysis showed that; first, the causes of frustration are anxiety,


INTRODUCTION
Literature refers to a written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word (Klarer, 1998). The written document added by an aesthetic aspect becomes a literary work, this is different from texts of everyday use such as phonebooks, newspapers, legal documents, etc. Literature is a piece of writing that communicates thoughts, feelings, and attitudes of the author in the reality of social life as a reflection of the phenomena around them. Furthermore, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1973: 94) said that literature is a picture of life and life is a social life.
According to Sarwono (2000:59), "Frustration is a state in the individual caused by not achieving satisfaction or a goal due to obstacles or obstacles in the effort to achieve satisfaction or goal. So frustration is one's inner state, an imbalance in the soul, a feeling of dissatisfaction because of unfulfilled desires." Frustration could be interpreted as a disappointment. Frustration is a situation that prevents the individual in an effort to achieve certain desired goals, from frustration it will arise aggressive feelings (Koswara, 1988). Frustration happens when the pleasure principle or we called it as Id cannot be fulfilled completely for many times. Nowadays, there are so many teenagers falls on frustration. It really dangerous for them if they don't fight against it.
Then, leadership is needed for them who falls on frustration. Leadership is not a power over others. Leadership is about empowering others through service. Leadership is defined as the ability of a person to be able to influence others, through communication either directly or indirectly with the intention to move those people to be understanding, conscientious and willing to follow the will of the leader (Anoraga, 2003). The main essence of leadership is the way to influence others to be effective, of course, each person can be different in doing this. Leadership is an art because the approach of everyone in leading people can be different depending on the characteristics of the leader, of the task, and of the person he leads.
As stated by Feldman (2009) in Essentials of Understanding Psychology, psychology has many subfields such as behavioural genetics which studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior; clinical psychology which deals with study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders; cognitive psychology which focuses on the study of higher mental process; and many more. Developmental psychology is one of the subfields of psychology. Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death (Feldman, 2009). The developmental psychology becomes an important aspect of a human being. When one develops psychological aspects of his personality, it will influence his relation with others. In psychology, there are two kinds of changes, they are growth and development. Human life is not static; it is dynamic and evolving; regressive evolution or progressive evolution (Prasetyaningrum, 2009). There are two types of transfomation such as progressive and regressive evolution. Progressive evolution is the changes from badness to goodness, and regressive evolution is the changes from goodness into badness.
Adolescence period has an important element. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood. During this period there will be some changes, including hormonal, physical, psychological, and social ones. Those changes occur rapidly and unconsciously. Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it is a crucial period. Adolescent is a time of big changes and, occasionally, confusing. Adolescence determines the future personality and the characteristics of a person. If adolescence has been a series of positive changes to oneself, it will be good for him. If we do not pay attention to the changes of the hormones, physique, psychology, and sociality, it can cause some disorder or illness (Batubara, 2010). The psychological needs of adolescence are unique compared to the other stages of life; the needs to know oneself, to feel considered as a unique person, for personal integrity, to be accepted by society, to be independent, etc.
There is a strong correlation between literature and psychology. Both of them deal with human beings and their reactions, perceptions, desires, fears, conflicts and many others. So, we can study about psychology from literature. Psychoanalytical criticism deals with the characters, who serve as the symbols of the world and existence; to be presented as exemplary figures to expose the meaning of life (Aras, 2015). I will examine the character from the novel "The Maze Runner" written by James Dashner. How the psychological development of the main character who falls on frustration. Then he can rise up and to be the leader.

METHODS
I applied the qualitative research since the data is collected in the form of words rather than numbers. Strauss and Corbin in Praditya (2012) stated that a researcher who studies about social, behavior, or any fields, which concern about human behavior and role in society, can use qualitative research. In the other words, qualitative research can answer all human problems, including language and literary writings.
The Data collection was done through library research. In collecting data, I used two types of data, namely primary data and secondary data. I used some citations from The Maze Runner novel by James Dashner as the primary data in this research. The secondary data were taken from some sources, such as books, dictionary, encyclopaedia, and also articles related to this research. The secondary data included some theories and statements dealing with the psychology of literary theory, especially psychoanalysis, and identity.
There were some procedures I did to collect the data in this research. I first read the novel. The second was identifying. The third was inventorying. After inventorying the data, I classified Inventoried data into some criteria based on the case analysed in order to make it easy to analyse. I separated data from non-data.
Then, the next step was selecting. In this step, all the data is relevant. But I chose the data which is much relevant than others in order to make it simpler and easier. The last was reporting. When all of the steps had been finished, the data would be reported in appendices in order to help the readers while they read all of data.
In analyzing all the data about the struggle of the main character to find her identity to create the peace as reflected in James Dashner's The Maze Runner, I used Sigmund Freud's pyschoanalysis approach. I used the theory of personality (Id, ego, and superego) in order to answer the leader psychological development through frustration of the main character.

The Main Character Frustration
The Maze Runner is a trilogy novel, and this novel is the first series. It tells about a group of scientists which are called The Creator who was making an experiment while the world's chaos. The Creators are a group of agents who were the members of the organization WICKED (World In Catastrophe Killzone Experiment Department). They created the trials in order to stimulate certain patterns in the Killzones of two groups of subjects. One of the trials is The Glade, where the Maze Runner takes place. The Glade is the area in the center of the Maze that serves as a living place for the Gladers. The Creators would use the results of the experiments to work out what made their brains immune to the Flare, and use this knowledge to create a cure. Earth has been destructed by sun flare; the entire continents transformed into a desert wasteland; cities were destroyed and had no freshwater source. Furthermore, the population has been destroyed by a new and deadly disease: the Flare. The Flare infects the brain, slowly consuming the mind. The first series of the Trilogy tells about how the members of Glade strive to move out from Glade, solve the maze and all of the problems within.
The Gladers were imprisoned inside The Glade by The Creators. They were sent into the Glade by a dark elevator one by one every month. The memories of every Gladers who sent into The Glade had been deleted by The Creators. They do not have any memories despite their own name. Everyone who lives in The Glade called as Gladers. At the first time, The Gladers sent into the Glade, they always feel frustrated. They don't know each other and live in a land bordered by a high wall and maze. They lost their memories and can't find their parents. The Gladers are just teenagers, they have to struggle to fulfill their needs without any guidance from the adult. The Glader survives on what the Creators had sent through the elevator. They must manage all the goods so they are able to survive. They also tried to escape from the Glade by running over the labyrinth behind the great wall surrounding them. Everyone is really frustrated with the condition they have, Thomas too. Now, the writer will analyze what are the causes of his frustration.

Anxiety
Any situation that threatens the organism can be considered anxiety. Freud believes that anxiety is a result of the unconscious' or the Id's conflict with Ego or Superego. (Minderop, 2011) The form of anxiety can be the various conflicts and frustrations that prevent individuals from developing and achieving their goals. The conflicts between his Id with Ego and Superego really happen during his psychological development. There are the events that show Thomas' anxiety.
And yet he didn't know where he came from, or how he'd gotten inside the dark lift, or who his parents were. He didn't even know his last name. (Dashner, 2009:2) Thomas becomes anxious because he cannot remember anything. He cannot remember his parents, even his last name. It draws him more frustrated. The frustration came after his effort to solve the problem going without result. The anxiety that Thomas experienced comes from the pressure of Superego through The Creators who had been deleted from his memories. He lives in a new environment, new friends, and he does not remember anything. The anxiety comes because Thomas is really anxious about his life; what will happen with his life.
From the description above, the writer founds that the Superego is his condition when he can not remember anything and the location where he wakes up. His Superego tells him that he has to remember about himself, but infact he can not remember anything. He woke up at an elevator which is dark and small. The Id is Thomas desire to remember all of his memories. The Ego when he decides to be anxious and defeated by Superego because he falls on frustration when he can remember anything.

Hatred
Hatred is a general emotion of each individual. Hatred is closely related to feelings of anger, jealousy, and envy (Minderop, 2011). It can be caused by various things. It could be derived from previous bad experiences with people, groups or objects that one hates. Thomas feels anxious about his situation, moreover, he also possessed by hatred. The hatred causes him to have frustration. He feels jealous, envy, and anger with the other Glader, with the condition, with The Creator who put them in the Glade, and many more. Hatred happens when the ones longing isn't fulfilled by the environment. Thomas arrives in the new place with so many things that he can not understand. A labeling to himself by the other Glader, their attitude and behavior are not as good as Thomas thoughts. Furthermore, Thomas does not understand the reason for why he was placed on the Glade, makes him really hate the Glade, the Gladers, The Creator, everything about his surroundings..  (Dashner,209:2) This passage shows how Thomas does not have a character of a leader yet. He woke up in a dark elevator. He was on the way to the Glade, but he does not know, where he went. Almost an hour he was there, and the elevator is still moving. He does not remember anything except his name. He was struggling to save his own life, by groaning, screaming, asking for help, but is not enough to save him, the elevator is still moving. After he tries some ways to save his life, he falls in frustration. He gave up, felt worried and just sat on the corner of the elevator. He hates his condition when he can do anything, when he doesnot know where he would go. He screamed, pounded on the walls with his fists, it shows his hatred while being on the elevator.

He groaned in frustration
From the description above, the writer found that the Superego is "He looked in every direction but saw only darkness; he felt along the walls again, searching for a way out. But there was nothing, only the cool metal." an elevator which imprisoned Thomas. The condition which prevent him to fullfil his Id. Thomas' desire to be free is his Id. He was groaning, screaming, asking for help. Thomas only screams and groans, he does not do more than those; it is not enough to rescue Thomas from an elevator. Then, he hates his condition; he just sat on the corner of the elevator, gave up, worried, and hated the surroundings, those are Thomas' Ego. He is getting frustrated "Thomas backed into the corner once again, folded his arms and shivered, and the fear returned. He felt a worrying shudder in his chest, as if his heart wanted to escape, to flee his body."

Fear
Fear of the unknown is defined as an individual's propensity to experience fear caused by the perceived absence of information at any level of consciousness or point of processing (Carleton, 2016). Fear is a vital response to physical and emotional danger. If we did not feel it, we could not protect ourselves from threats. Often we fear situations that are far from life-ordeath and thus hang back for no good reason. Traumas or bad experiences can trigger a fear response within us that is hard to extinguish. The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. Thomas is really fear when he arrived in Glade. His fear upon the future, upon the sickness, the Grievers and many more. He paused, and Thomas realized his face must've whitened even more when he heard that last part. (Dashner, 2009:9) Once, Alby, one of the Leaders, invited Thomas to get around the Glade. He explained all about the 4 sections of Glade. Gardens (North East): The grassy area where crops are grown and water is pumped, as it never rains in The Glade. Some Gladers sleep on it at night in sleepingbags since there is not enough room in the Homestead. It is (in North West): A building where some of the boys sleep. At the back of the Homestead is The Slammer, a place that functions as a jail. Blood House (South East): A large barn where livestock is raised and slaughtered. Deadheads (South West) is a small forest area with a graveyard. In the center of the Glade, there is a metal elevator that the Gladers call 'the Box'. Once a month, a Newbie arrives in the Box with their memory wiped. Supplies and clothes also arrive in the Box once a week. Then, Alby explains about the outside of Glade, He also explains about Maze and the Grievers, a strange creature that comes up at night and goes around the Maze. They will sting everyone near it. Alby says that the job of Glader is simple; it tries and avoids to be killed in order to survive. Hearing his statements, Thomas' face unconsciously becomes whiten. It shows his fear when he knows about the fact he faces. He can be killed, the Glade is not safe, Glade is not home for them. Based on the description above, the writer found that the Superego is "Just try and avoid being killed, survive, whatever." a threat from Maze, and threats to be killed by Griever. The threat becomes the rules; he has to admitted it as a normal condition he faced. He had been imprisoned on the elevator; he wishes he could arrive in a better place, this is Thomas' Id. The Ego of Thomas shows fear, "He paused, and Thomas realized his face must've whitened even more when he heard that last part." he could not suppress the Superego, but he was defeated by the Superego. Because of his fear, Thomas becomes frustrates.

Leadership Ability which is Shown by The Main Character
At the beginning of the story, it had been told that Thomas was always defeated by the Superego although his Id told him the truth what he has to do, he refused to do it. After going through the frustration, his leadership ability was grown gradually. He could manage his Id and control the Superego to make a good decision. Thomas had been going through frustration while his first time he came to Glade. Now, after a week he's been there, he could well adapted to the surroundings. He starts to controling his Id and the Superego.

Having a Purpose
Achievement of goals is not automatically formed but must be supported by the leadership. Therefore, in order that every organization to be effective in the sense of being able to achieve the goals set, every goal needs to be adjusted to the state of the organization and enable the subordinates to work together (Wahjosumidjo, 1991). A true leader must have a purpose for everything he does. The purpose leads him to achieve his goal and give him a creativity to formulize every plan in order to reach his goal in daily life. When Thomas has a purpose in life, that's when conscious living begins. While it does not mean that all Thomas is problems would disappear, at least he knows what he wants to do in this world. When Thomas knows his purpose, it helps Thomas differentiate between the important and unimportant things. Thomas comes to the Glade by carrying his own purpose, to bring the Glader to move out from the Glade and solve the problem. Therefore, in everything he does it must lead him to bring the Glader to escape from the Glade. The ability to pursue his life is purpose fills him up with so much energy and passion that he's excited about every day. Every morning, he gets out of bed, is excited about what he's going to create.
His desire to become a Runner had taken a major blow. But he had to do it. Somehow he knew he had to do it. It was such an odd thing to feel, especially after what he'd just seen. (Dashner 2009:39) His desire to be the runner is facing a great obstacle. He realizes that the Griever, the creature he feared, is living inside the Maze and the Runner work in the Maze. It means that they will meet each other in the Maze. But, Thomas does not care about any obstacle he will face, Thomas only believes in his Id. He knew that he had to do it, he must be The Runner.
Based on the description above, the writer found that Thomas' desire to be The Runner is his Id. His Id leads Thomas to understand the purpose of his coming to the Glade. The Superego is the existence of the Griever which threatens Thomas. Thomas really fear about Griever, because he knows that the Griever is really dangerous. Then, Thomas leads his ego to preserve his id, Thomas still longs to be The Runner, he still focuses on his purpose even though there is a great obstacle ahead.

Curiosity
Curiosity starts with the appearance of many questions in Thomas' head. Curiosity can be categorized as a critical thinking. Based on The Oxford Dictionary, curiosity is "A strong desire to know or learn something." It is needed for the ones who want to be a leader. Without curiosity, few problems faced can be solved perfectly (Wahjosumidjo, 1991). Curiosity allows us to look at other possibilities. It keeps us moving forward, even sometimes causing us to go back around and re-examine the options. It prevents us from becoming rigid and task-oriented. It allows us to see the new point of view in every situation (Wahjosumidjo, 1991).
"Are they changed because they want to go back to their old life, or is it because they're so depressed at realizing their old life was no better than what we have now?" (Dashner 2009:149) From the explanation above, the writer found that Thomas' Id is his curiosity; he is looking for another possibility. His unique idea makes him become different from the other Gladers. Nobody ever thinks that they would like to let their body be stung by Griever so they can get some of his memories because they are really frustrated by living on the Glade. The Superego is the Glader's opinion about being stung by the Griever. They think that being stung is the scariest moment, so nobody has an intention to be stung by Griever. Thomas' Ego leads him to follow his Id, he believes that his Id is right. Therefore, Thomas let his body be stung by the Griever.

Fairness
Fairness is what people want. A good leader does not have favorites in the group. They reward for results, not partiality; they promise fairness. In the activities of an organization, a sense of togetherness among members is absolute, because a sense of togetherness is essentially a reflection of the agreement between subordinates and between leaders with subordinates in achieving organizational goals (Wahjosumidjo, 1991). Being Fair is treating everyone equally and according to the rules or law. Glade has a major rule that nobody can enter the maze except The Runner, for anyone who breaks the rule, he must be put on death. If the Glader wants to enter the Maze, he must be a runner. Thomas' fairness is shown when he obeys to receive the punishment because of his fault. And when he feels something unfair, he must make it fair. Thomas begins to control himself, between following his Id, or the Superego.
"I can't stand sitting here while they're out there missing," he said as he dropped his fork on the plate. "I'm going over to watch the Doors with Newt." He stood up and headed out to look. (Dashner 2009:109) While Alby and Minho are inside the Maze and they do not come back to glade on time, Thomas worries about them. Thomas feels that he can't just wait them, and does not do anything. It's not fair when two of them were in danger but the others do not do anything to save them. Thomas really hates the rules which forbid them to enter the Maze, because it impedes his intention to help his friend.
The writer found that Thomas' Superego is his consideration between the rules which prohibit everyone to enter the Maze; and the reality which tells that he has to help his friend. Anyone who break the rules must accept punishment. Minho and Alby does not return to maze before the time of Doors is close. If they do not come back Glade, they must spend the rest of night in Maze. Based upon the experienced, nobody can be safe and alive even during the night because they must contend the Grievers that would kill them easily. Thomas' Id is his desire to save Alby and Minho who are in danger, he cannot only stand and wait for them without doing anything. Then, his Ego decides to wait in front of the Maze's door. If Alby and Minho need a help, he can help as quickly as he could. He does not want to wait only inside the house and linger.

Giving Suggestions or Opinion
To be the leader, Thomas has to show his ability by giving some suggestions or opinion, so the other Gladers will see his contribution. If he succeeds to give a constructive opinion, the other Gladers will trust him. This trust is needed by Thomas if he wants that his following suggestion would be accepted by the Glader. By giving a suggestion, it shows his care to the Glade and the Glader. This shows his desire to escape from the Glade, too. Therefore, the other Gladers do not think that he is The Creator's Spy. For a frustrated person like Thomas, to give suggestions or opinions requires a courage and he must be ready to receive approval or rejection. Sometimes, a frustrated person isn't ready to receive a rejection so they do not give their suggestion or opinion.
"They always compare each section's Map to the one from the day before, and the day before that, and the day before that, day by day, each Runner just analyzing their own Section. What if they're supposed to compare the Maps to other sections …" He trailed off, feeling like he was on the cusp of something. (Dashner 2009:263) After the coming of Thomas, there was another person sent by The Creator to the Glade. Teresa, the very first woman who is sent into the Glade. The coming of Teresa is unusual because Glader used to be sent into glade every once a year. Teresa is found in the box the day after Thomas's arrival and everyone thinks she's dead. Then everyone thought that Teresa and Thomas have a relationship, and they are a The Creator's spy. A few days later, Thomas and Teresa realize that they can communicate telepathically. The same assumption from the Glader at them and their ability to communicate telepathically made Thomas and Teresa became more intimate. The existence of a partner helps Thomas could express their suggestion and opinion to the other person. Before the coming of Teresa, Thomas just keeps their feeling for himself, he does not express and gives suggestion and opinion to the others. Thomas criticizes the way the Glader formulizing the map each day and he gives another solution for them a better way to formalize the map. He only brave to express his idea to his close friend.
From the explanation above, the writer found that the Superego happens when there is no acceptance from the surroundings of Thomas, everyone is suspicious of him. There is no one who has the same fate and able to be his partner. The other Superego is his unbelief feelings at the other Glader. The Id is Thomas' desire to express their feeling and gives a suggestion, opinion so he can help the Glader to escape from the Glade. Thomas' Ego shows that he is following his id to express and gives a suggestion and opinion. He does not only keep his feeling. But he expresses his feelings. Although Thomas just got acquainted with Teresa, he believes at her, so Thomas could give his opinion.

Appreciation
Everyone wants recognition and approval of others. Similarly, every subordinate in the organization requires the recognition and appreciation of the boss. Therefore, it becomes an obligation for the leader to give awards or recognition in many forms to his subordinates (Wahjosumidjo, 1991). Leaders do more than just inspire others to follow them but they know how to motivate their employees to strive wholeheartedly for their goals. Employees who feel that they are valued and appreciated, who feel like what they do makes a difference, will motivate others to push harder to achieve success. The leaders also understand that they need to be effective at networking, not only advance their own purpose but for the benefit of their community. Even Thomas has been promoted quickly to be The Runner, he still appreciates Chuck who has the lowest position as his best friend, and he appreciates the other Gladers. How can they joke around? Thomas thought. The girl's half dead. He felt sick inside. (Dashner 2009:59) One day, after the coming of Thomas, the Creator sent a woman to Glade. She is the very first woman who came to Glade, and she is half dead. On the other hand, the Glader making jokes at her, every one of them really wants to touch her and ignores her life. Even he does not know who the woman is, but Thomas is angry because the Glader does not pay more attention to her life.
Based on the analysis, the writer found that Thomas' Superego is the Glader's behavior, they make a joke at a half-dead woman, and indulge their lust to touch the woman because it's been a long time for them not to meet a woman. Thomas sees the reality and norm in the glade that is normal to mock on someone. The Id is Thomas' desire to appreciate and respect the woman. He wants the other Gladers to follow him to appreciate and respect her, not only their lust. Thomas cannot express his Id, he only thinks about her life, he cannot control his Id and Superego yet. But there is a seed of leadership characteristics that have to be sustained because it will be a good character that he must own one day.

A Leader as a Source of Inspiration
Thomas has a purpose in everything he does, he never does something useless and meaningless. Thomas also has a curiosity which supports his effort to achieve his purpose to solve the problem on Glade and escape from the Maze. Thomas is fair, he does not look down on the other although the person has the lowest position on Glade, he makes Thomas angry, he has a hestile feeling to Thomas, and he always blames Thomas, but Thomas looks at them equally. Thomas gives his opinion and suggestion in order to give another point of view to the Gladers, so they can escape from Glade. He appreciates everyone no matter how awkward and sucking they are.
No one is inspired by a leader who does not care about others. Thomas as one of the leaders had been caring, giving appreciation, and being fair to the Gladers. Thomas also has a purpose and curiosity. It makes his friend be inspired by what he's done. It makes them be able to achieve the goal. Thomas had been controlling the Superego and his Id well and creates a good Ego.
"I can't stand sitting here while they're out there missing," he said as he dropped his fork on the plate. "I'm going over to watch the Doors with Newt." He stood up and headed out to look. Not surprisingly, Chuck was right behind him. (Dashner 2009:109) While Alby and Minho are inside the Maze and they do not come back to glade on time, Thomas begins to worry about them. Thomas feels that he cannot just wait for them, and do not do anything. Then he follows Newt to approaching the Doors. Approaching the Doors may not help Alby and Minho as well, but at least they show his care to Alby and Minho when nobody cares about them except Newt. When Thomas approaches the Doors, Chuck follows Thomas. Chuck has been inspired by Thomas, Chuck can be inspired by what Thomas did may because Thomas shows his cares to Chuck, Thomas always listens to Chuck, and he becomes Chuck's friend. So Chuck can easily be inspired by Thomas.

CONCLUSION
According to the analysis, there are two things that could be concluded. First, through the psychological analysis the frustration had been shown in the story. The causes of frustration are anxiety, hatred, and fear.
The second conclusion is a leading ability of the main character. There are seven leading abilities which are found in the novel such as having purpose, curiosity, fairness, giving the suggestion, appreciation, and source of inspiration.
To be a good leader, people often face a lot of problems. We feel that we cannot solve it. It makes them fall into frustration, but they do not have to be worried and keeps being frustrated. There is a hope for everyone to be a leader.