Comparing Speech Act Usages in Ellen Show Interview between A Non-Native Speakers and A Native Speakers

____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The aim of the study is to find out the type of illocutionary speech acts that used by native speakers and non-native speakers in Ellen Show. It also analyzes the identifier and the cross-cultural pragmatic background of the speeches. The subjects of the study are BTS as non-native speakers, One Direction and Ellen as native speakers. The study uses qualitative descriptive methods. The result indicated only four types of illocutionary speech acts that found in the videos, representatives, directives, commissive, and expressive. The proposition is dominated by representative’s speech acts with 59.7%, and the second is expressive speech acts with 30.1%. While commissive 5.3% and the last, directives speech acts are 4.9%. The each types of illocutionary speech acts have different identifier. First, expressive speech acts have based of the real situation, giving information, and giving opinion. Second, directives speech acts have direct, request or demand, and suggest or advice. Third, commissive speech acts has expecting future action and promising future action. And the last, expressive speech acts have emotion and attitude. Directives speech acts was not found because Ellen as a host of the show did not change the social status of the


INTRODUCTION
The non-native speaker of English such as people from Asia is rarely interviewed in an American show. In interview, there are some questions by questioner and its answer by the answerer. However, people state of mind and what speakers say or convey are likely dissimilar. Thus, people who hear the utterance might be misunderstand. Therefore, the performance of conveying the speech could be observed by their speech act.
In everyday conversation, people speak something containing speech act. Speech act is one of pragmatic focuses that characterize the performance of utterance in certain condition. Searle (1969: 115) stated that in a typical speech situation involving speaker, a hearer, and an utterance by the speaker, there are many kinds of acts associated with the speaker's utterance. Thus, speech act is kind of stage, from a speaker speak his utterance, than the hearer catch the utterance and interpret, finally the hearer shows some acts.
Therefore, there is a need to analyse the speech act both of the non-native speaker guests and native speaker guests in Ellen Show to know whether they had a different pattern of answering interview based on Searle theory.
The purpose of the study is to find out the types of illocutionary speech acts that used by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen in Ellen Show and analysed the identifier of each speech and the cross cultural background between native and non-native speakers.

METHODS
Qualitative research points out the findings conducted in real-world and uncontrolled condition. Qualitative research often involves the simultaneous collection of a wealth of narrative and visual data over an extended period of time, and as much as is possible, data collection occurs in a naturalistic setting (Gay et al., 2013: 8).
According to Strauss and Corbin (1998: 11), the qualitative data might consist of interviews and observations but also might include videotapes, document or films, and even data that have been quantified for other purposes such as census data. The object of this study is the conversation of Ellen between BTS and One Direction on Ellen Show and other videos which downloaded on YouTube Here were the procedures of collecting the data. The writer watched the video Ellen Show interviewing BTS and One direction and other videos on YouTube and observed for answering the statement of the problems. The writer classified every sentence or clause the transcription in to every types of illocutionary act based on Searle theory. After classifying, the writer would see the dominant types of illocutionary act that distribute in in the data. After that, the writer wrote down all the types and counted how many times the types of illocutionary types that appeared. Furthermore, the writer also made the calculation of the data in a parentage form. After gaining the data of the entire illocutionary speech act that used, the writer analyses the identifier of all the types that used. Furthermore, the writer analyses the data using cross cultural pragmatics approach. Related journal, book, and theory also used in analysing the data. The writer gave code every speech in the data. A is for One Direction on 2014, B is for One Direction on 2015, C is for BTS on 2017, and D is for BTS on 2018. Finally, the writer got conclusion of some types of illocutionary speech act that mostly used in Ellen Show between BTS and One Direction and other videos and the reason based on cross cultural pragmatics approach. The following steps to analyse the data. First, collecting and reading the data. The data are classified into five main types of illocutionary act; representatives, directives, commisives, declaratives, and expressives according to speech act theory outlined by Searle. Next, the data are analysed according to the illocutionary in each main types. Finally, the writer took some examples from each type to discuss further why it is categorized into that certain type.
This research is to find the most frequent types of illocutionary act; i.e., representatives, directives, commisives, declaratives, and expressives, the writer tried to count the number of each type used in the data. In every single sentence or clause, the writer analysed the type and the identifier based on cross cultural pragmatics approach. Besides, the writer also tried to find the theories that support the analysis from some expert or other researcher.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Based on the research that had been done by the writer, the proposition is dominated by representatives speech acts with 59.7%, and the second is expressives speech acts with 30.1%. While commisive 5.3% and the last, direectives speech acts is 4.9%. And the last is declaratives speech acts with 0%.
The further findings are described on the following subchapters. There are four videos; two of BTS and two of One Direction. Thus the table of analysis classified into three subjects and five categories; representatives, directives, commisives, declaratives, and expressives. The videos of interview between One Direction and Ellen are taken from 2014 and 2015. One Direction is the subject that is a differentiator of how collective native speakers use speech acts in interview. The videos revealed all of the illocutionary speech acts type, except declaration speech acts.
Representatives is dominant with 71% for both of the videos. The second is expressives with 20%, than directives is 6%. And the last commisive is only 3%, while declaratives is not found.
The videos of interview between BTS and Ellen are taken from 2017 and 2018. BTS is the main subject of this study to know how nonnative speakers use speech acts in interview. As explained before, declaratives speech acts could not be found in this data. However, directives speech acts is also not found in this data. The deviation of representatives and expressives is only 10%. However, representatives speech acts is still dominant in this data. Commisve is only 1%, while declaratives and directives is 0%.
The study is also analyzing type of illocutionary speech acts that Ellen used in the interview as native speaker. Thus, the following data is the total type of illocutionary speech act from 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. Ellen used representatives illocutionary speech acts frequently than the other types and the type is dominant when Ellen spoke to One Direction or BTS. Ellen used directives, and expressives more intense toward One direction than BTS. Whereas, commisive is frequently used toward One direction. Declaratives speech acts is not found on this study because Ellen could not change any social status in the reality in this show.
The simple type of illocutionary speech acts is representatives speech acts. The speakers say how things are and could be assessing with true or not. Generally, this type of speech acts use linking verb to tell the hearer information, description, statement or conclusion. This study found that the most used type of illocutionary speech acts is representatives in total 135; 46 used by One Direction, 44 used by BTS, and 45 used by Ellen. The following data is the examples of representatives speech acts found in the videos. In the data, representatives has the biggest frequency. This happened because, basically, interview is when the host asks questions to interviewees. Thus, the interviewees just answer how the things are, so that representatives. In this study, the writer identified representatives with several reasons.
The first is based on the real situation on the set which is always true. For examples, (B6) and you have paddles, that is true that when they conduct the interview they hold paddles to play the game and (D1) We're back with the biggest boy band in the world, BTS, that is true because there were BTS. At first, the writer identified this speech as declaratives speech acts because it sounds declare to enter the introduction section. However, this speech did not change certain situation of BTS, so it is representatives based on the real situation. Others example for this reason of representatives are (B1), (C1), (C22), (C62), (C63), (D1), (D7), (D24), and (D46) that turns out, all of this type had done by Ellen.
The second are giving information, giving information about past action, and giving general information. For example: Situation 1: Questions: Is there any place that you can go and have a normal day and walk around?
Answer: (A1) I mean, we do everywhere. (A2) We try to. (A3) Like stay in and then just come out.
Situation 2: Question: How did you teach yourself English?
Answer The interviewees just answer basic questions to give information. This type is basically tells how the things are. However, the situation 1 and 2 are different. Situation 1, One Direction gave information about regular action that identified using present tense, while BTS gave information about past action identified using past tense. These two reasons of the type are dominated on representatives speech acts. The other is giving general information. This type is found when the members of BTS introduce themselves. For example, (C5) My name is RM and (D9) I'm RM. All of the BTS members introduce themselves in the video at 2014 and 2015. Although there are not tell how the things are, but they told the truth.
The third the type of reason is giving opinion. For example, (B34) I think mine's broken. (C45) I think that's why our songs appeal to people who speak Korean and people who don't speak Korean. Both of BTS and One Direction using verb think when gave opinion. However, other type of reason why the speech classified to representatives is found in this study, for instance, (A42) Here's the latest rumor. Ellen gave questions toward One Direction and BTS is mostly containing self-assertion. The questions were about the individual information of the member such as, the way RM studies English and Zayn's engagement.
Directives speech acts is when the speakers want the hearer to do something. This type of speech acts might come up with auxiliary or modal verb such as could/can, should/shall, or might/may. In addition, this type is also wrapped in an imperative sentence, for instance, request, suggestion, recommendation, demand, and instruction. Directives speech act also related to direct indirect in term of direct indirect value of cross cultural pragmatics.
As explained above, directives speech acts is the main character of imperatives in term of sentence and use subjunctive. There are direction, suggest, command, order, request, or advice.
(B9) We're not gonna play if you're gonna lie, (C2) And first of all, let's have introductions, (C3), and (D6) I have to get you to introduce yourselves again are the examples of direction. Ellen uttered (B9) toward One Direction to give a direction about the rule of the game or quiz. However, this utterance could be a request because, Ellen asked to One Direction not to lie when played the game or quiz. Then (C2), (C3), and, (D6) is uttered by Ellen toward BTS. Ellen had to direct BTS to introduce themselves because they are a not native artist that always has been seen in America shows. I'll answer. A41 We're gonna find out soon. B3 Okay, I'm gonna ask a question B5 and you will either say you have or you never have B7 They will be back later to sing. B47 You're gonna take that home and learn how to play. B49 And Friends would be very happy that you learned--C36 I'm going to ask this question for all of the young ladies, sitting here. D45 I want to--I want to tell you--D47 hearer in order to ask them to do something immediately. And the last (D67) You can go to ellentube is suggestion or advise from Ellen toward viewers of the videos of they want them to watch other videos of Ellen Show. All of the directive speech acts above had done by native speakers (Ellen and One Direction). Directives speech acts is also related with direct or indirect in term of cultural. However, this type of illocutionary speech act was not performed by BTS, only One Direction and Ellen did. When, Ellen directed BTS to introduce themselves, Ellen in the middle of formal and informal such as (C3) Introduce yourselves, please and (D6) I have to get you to introduce yourselves again. Probably, Ellen show is a non-formal talkshow.
Commisives speech act is when the speakers commit the future action. In addition, performing promise, expect, and threat is also commisives speech acts. This type of speech acts is generally identified with verb 'will/would".
Here are all the commisives speech acts that the writer found in the videos. The commisives speech acts above performed by Ellen and One Direction except for (D47) by RM (BTS). The speeches are almost performed an immediate action of future action because of the set of show, for example, (B47) They will be back later to sing, the speech means they would perform a song after interview. And (D47) I want to--I want to tell you-after that RM expressed thanking to Ellen immediately.
In addition, the speakers is also expecting and promising future action. (A8) I would say next time you tell the story, be something like a panda bear or something is the example of expecting future action. And (A27) I'll have--okay. If you need any help… is the example of promising future action. The speech means if the hearers need help, she will be there for the hearer. This is because the western culture has a high priority of intimacy. Ellen broke the boundaries and tried to be there if One Direction need help.
The speakers want to tell to the hearer about what he/she felt about something. This is called expressives speech acts. The intention of this speech acts are for instance, happiness, sadness, like, dislike, and other emotion. However, expressive speech acts is not only conveying about their emotion but also could be apologize, thanking, or congratulating.
The writer found the expressives speech acts is the second most type that found in the study and performed by all subjects. Thus, the writer identified as two categories reason of expressive speech acts; emotion and attitude. Emotion is a feeling or a mental state which caused by people or situation around such as, happiness, love, fear, sad anger, amaze and etc. Attitude is mental entity self-awareness and a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards people or situation such as, gratitude, welcoming, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, and etc.
And, yeah, i'm just happy to be back with the lads. A21 It's good to have you back. A22 Yeah, it's interesting the ones that turn over. B35 But right now, I'm the lucky one. C28 Thank you. C37 So it was so fun. D30

My thanks to you now D49
Most of the expressives speech acts expressed attitude such as grateful and thanking. For examples, (A22) It's good to have you back and (C28) But right now, I'm the lucky one, those speeches are identified as being grateful. (C37) Thank you and (D49) My thanks to you now are expression of thanking. However, BTS performed all of the expression of welcoming or introducing such as "Hi" and "Nice to meet you".
One of the emotions is happiness found in this study, for example, (A21) And, yeah, I'm just happy to be back with the lads and (D30) So it was so fun. Besides, other expression such as anger, fear, and other negative emotion was not found because it would not be performed in order to maintain the politeness of the set.
The cross cultural value of oriental showed that they are always harmonizing in conveying an opinion. The non-native speaker is always harmony in giving speeches. The harmony in conveying an expressives speech acts is found in the data spoken by BTS.
All of the members were harmony in expressing excitement in a row. In addition, voice of group is also found when the members of BTS introduced themselves using word "nice to meet you". Besides, BTS try to adapt the western culture by saying "nice to meet you" before introducing themselves in Ellen show. However, One Direction did not apply self-assertion in conveying all expressives speech acts, one of the example is (B19) We're all having fun. This probably because One Direction is a group.
Ellen gave questions to BTS and One Direction about "Have you ever hooked up with your fans?" in the videos. The difference reactions were showed between BTS and One Direction. One of the One Direction member admitted that he was ever hooked up with his fan, while BTS pretended to clam up and said no. Different attitude toward emotion is proven. This was happened because of the strict entertainment rules in Korean.
Declaratives speech acts is performed when someone has power change the reality of social status. The acts are for instance, marrying, resigning, naming, and etc. Unfortunately, declaratives speech acts could not be found in this study, because Ellen did not change any social status neither BTS nor One Direction in reality.
The study concluded that the most used illocutionary speech acts in the interview is representatives speech acts. Representatives speech acts is basically tell the things are in form of information. The answers of the interview questions are giving information. Thus the first previous study from Zakiah (2018) merely analysed the representatives speech acts of interview. The relationship between these study lies on the topic that has same focus. The type of speech acts is the aim of these studies. In addition, the data of these studies is from videos. In analysing data, both studies used John Searle's theory. However, the purpose of the study is different. Zakiah's study is more focus on the type of representatives speech acts that classified the subtype of the representatives speech acts, there are stating, reporting, concluding, suggesting, and complaining. Moreover, the Zakiah's study was also analysed whether each speeches uttered directly or indirectly. In the writer study, the study merely focus on the classification of the illocutionary speech acts by Searle's theory such as, representatives, directives, commisives, declaratives, and expressives illocutionary speech acts. In addition, Zakiah's study analysed native speaker, whilst the writer compare the usage of speech acts between nonnative speaker and native speaker. The deficiency of the Zakiah's study is the represenatives subtype was not clearly found in the Searle's theory. The result of Zakiah's study is mostly the speeches uttered in type of stating and directly.
However, there is a study proved that representatives speech acts is mostly used in the interview. The study correlated with the second previous study from Tambunan et al (2018). The similarities of these studies are also using Searle's theory in classifying illocutionary speech acts theory. Both of these studies used Ellen show to analysed the guests' usage of speech acts types. However, Tambunan et al's study focus on the type of expressives speech act such as happiness, surprise, sadness or sorrow, anger, blame, apologize, congratulate, and thanks. In this study, those classifications of emotion and attitude become a reason of the type of illocutionary speech acts. Besides, this second previous study merely analysed the native speaker, whereas the writer of this study also analysed the non-native speaker guests. The result of the second previous study is the subject mostly used surprise expressive illocutionary speech acts in the interview.
The third previous study that has relationship with the writer's study is from Devi (2016). The focus of these studies is the type of speech acts. The theory of Devi's study was from Searle as well. One of the differences of the study is the object. Devi's study analysed the speech act of students' interview. Moreover, the Devi's study is also identified of the marker of each type of illocutionary speech acts. The writer's study merely focuses on classification of the type based on the reason. Thus, the Devi's study also analysed the marker, but the writer just named it as reason why the speech could be identified as the type of the illocutionary speech acts. Devi's study showed that mostly the students used assertives or representatives speech act in answering the questions of interview as well as the writer's study.
The next studies are formulated from Gungormezler (2016) and from Justová (2006). Unfortunately, these studies are not too-related for the writer's study. Both studies have relationship with the writer's study that is about the pattern of native and non-native speaker's speech. However, the type of illocutionary speech acts is not the aim for both studies. Gungormezler's study analysed the refusal strategy of a students, while Justová's study analysed the direct or indirect of the speech. The result of Gungormezler's study is the students' refusak strategy is native-like, while Justová's study is mostly use direct-direct pattern to communicate.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results analysis of utterance based on speeches uttered by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen in Ellen Show, it could be concluded as follow: the types of illocutionary speech acts definitely used by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen.
The types were found from 226 speeches, it is found that the subjects only used four types of illocutionary speech acts based on Searle's theory; representatives, commisives, directives, and expressives, while the declaratives was not used by the subjects. Representatives (59.7%) is the most dominant speech acts among others, followed by expressives (30.1%) then commisives (5.3%) and the last directives (4.9%). Declaratives speech acts was not used because in the interview the host did not have power to give social status changed.
Second, each type has different reason or identified background. Representatives occurred by assessing the speeches true or not. In the study, the writer identified mostly representatives because of giving information by all means. The other reasons why representatives was identified are giving opinion and based on the true situation on the set of interview. Too much the expression that human has. Thus, the writer identified expressives speech act into two categories, there are emotion and attitude. The attitude in expressives speech is dominant in the interview for example welcome, grateful, and thank instead of emotion such as happiness, sadness, and anger. The commisives identified when the speakers expecting the future action and promising future action. And the last, the identifier of speech act are direct, suggest or advice, and request or demand.
The last conclusion is about the value of cross cultural pragmatic. The self-assertion is identified when Ellen gave questions to the members of BTS either One Direction that is about one member. However, Ellen is in the middle of direct and indirect towards BTS. And finally, BTS was harmony when uttered expressives speech acts. The native speakers are more variety in using illocutionary speech acts in the interview than the non-native speakers.