The Use Of Newmark’s Translation Methods in Translating Forman’s Novel “I Was Here” From English into Indonesian

Article History: Received 3 March 2020 Approved 16 March 2020 Published 30 April 2020 This research is aimed to find out and describe the use of Newmark’s translation methods in translating Gayle Forman’s novel I Was Here from English into Indonesian. Qualitative approach is applied because the data of this research are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. The data of this research are taken from Gayle Forman’s novel I Was Here and its Indonesian translation by Poppy D. Chusfani. There are 1629 dialogue sentences data taken from the novel. In this research, the researcher collects and analyzes the data through examining documents. The data are collected by marking the dialogue sentences in both novels and put them into a table of observation. In doing the analysis, the researcher compares the dialogue sentences in both novels. The analysis of the translation methods is based on Pieter Newmark’s classification of translation methods. The findings of the research show that there are seven out of eight translation methods proposed by Newmark used. They are word-for-word translation method, literal translation method, faithful translation method, semantic translation method, free translation method, idiomatic translation method, and communicative translation method. Based on the frequency of the translation method used in translating the dialogue sentences of the novel which is free translation method shows that the translator wants to make the content and language of the translated text are acceptable and understandable for the target language (Indonesian) readers.

INTRODUCTION misunderstandings and misinterpretations that lead to conflict. Therefore, a mediator is needed to connect multilingual communication.
Translation is a very effective solution in overcoming language barrier. The variety of language with different culture and necessity of communication in human life causes translation to be a very effective factor in communication, exchanging culture, and knowledge (Abbasi et al., 2012). According to Hatim and Ian (2005) translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purposes and different readers/hearers). Translation plays an important role in crossing different cultures and communication. Translation acts as a bridge to communicate all kinds of languages especially those similar to each other considering their linguistic features and cultural customs in all parts of the world (Abbasi et al., 2012). Translation can be used as an alternative way if we do not master a foreign language. We can understand everything in a foreign language through its translation without having to refer to the original language. Translation can be a moderator in multilingual communication by converting one language into another.
According to Larson (1998) translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going form to form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. This means that translation is not only an activity of changing the form of language but also a process of transferring messages or information contained in a language into another language. The job of translators is not only converting the language but also delivering message or information from the source language into the target language. In this case, translators become the agent that allows the message or information of a source language text to be well understood by the readers in the target language.
Translation is done to make us easy in understanding the message or information contained in foreign language texts, thus translators should produce clear and accurate translation so that the message or information contained in the source language can be received well by target language users. It is not easy to produce clear and accurate translations because in translation process translators must find difficulties. According to Siregar (2016) translation involves at least two languages known as source language and target language. The source language is the language used in the material (text) to be translated, while the target language is the language in which the meaning is transferred (p.3). The differences between the source language system and the target language system can cause difficulties in translation. Soemarno (1991) as cited in Shifa (2013) states that the difficulties that are often faced by translators are difficulties in the analyzing and understanding the source language, difficulties in the process of transferring, difficulties in finding the target language equivalents, and difficulties in restructuring the transferred material to get the best result of the translation.
According to Hartono (2017) finding the equivalent meanings is the main difficulty in doing translation. The general problems in translation are choosing the appropriate words and finding the equivalent meaning of expressions from the source language into the target language. In translation process, translators have to deal with two different languages which have different structure and translators must concern themselves to find the target language equivalents. Soemarno (2003) in Fienso (2005) says that finding the equivalent meanings is not easy because sometimes there are expressions in source language that are difficult to translate or even untranslatable. This means translators must have a special skill and method to find the terms of the source language that fits and equivalent with the context, purpose, and the culture of the target language users.
To produce a good translation, translators must have good translation methods. Molina and Albir (2002) cited in Nafisah et al. (2018) state that translation method refers to the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of the translator's objective, i'e., a global option that affects the whole texts. Translation method is a method used by the translator in the translation process in accordance with its purpose. It means that the result of the translation is largely determined by the translation method adopted by the translator because the intent and purpose of the translator will influence the result of the overall translation result. It is necessary to decide what method will be used during translation process since the result of the translation is affected by the translation methods used by the translator.
Considering the importance of translation methods in doing translation, the researcher is interested to conduct a research about translation methods used in translating English novels into Indonesian.
The researcher is interested to conduct a research about translation methods used in translating English novels into Indonesian because nowadays translated novels are increasing prevalently in Indonesia. Nowadays many English novels have been translated into Indonesian and vice versa. Translating novel is different from translating other texts. Translating novel is more difficult than translating other texts. This is because the language used in novel is different from the language used in other texts. Novel as a literary work contain literary devices and idiomatic expressions that are not easy to translate. Translated novel is the imitation product of the original novel, thus translating novel must be like retelling the content of the original novel. Translating novel is aimed to make the readers who cannot understand English can read and enjoy the content of the novel through its translation. The result of translation should not be rigid, but flexible so that it is easy and interesting to read.
In relation with the analysis of translation methods in translating English novels into Indonesian, the researcher finds some researches about translation method that have been conducted by several researchers, those are: Susain (2013) who conducts a research which is aimed at finding the translation methods used to translate the idioms in Kinney's comic novel Diary of A Wimpy Kid, Dewi (2019) who conducts a research which is focused in analyzing the use of translation methods to translate idioms and personification in Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Hasanah (2019) who conducts a research which is aimed to identify the translation methods used in translating the utterances in Steel's novel Daddy.
In general these previous researches talk about the translation methods used in translating English novels into Indonesian. The differences between these previous researches lie on the object and focus of the research. They use novels from different titles and authors as the object of the research.
The difference between the previous researches and this research lies on the object and focus of the research. This research deals with the analysis of translation methods used by Poppy D. Chusfani in translating Gayle Forman's novel I Was Here from English into Indonesian and it is focused on the translation of the dialogues sentences in the novel.
I Was Here is one of popular English young adult novels that have been translated into Indonesian. I Was Here is an English novel written by an American author Gayle Forman. The novel was first published on January 27 th , 2015 by Viking, an imprint of Penguin Group (USA). This novel has been translated into Indonesian Aku Pernah di Sini by Poppy D. Chusfani and published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama in February 2016. The novel is interesting to discuss because it is a young adult novel. The characters of the novel are young adults and the story deals with the lives of city teenagers. The sentences used in the dialogue of the novel also use colloquialism and slang which are usually used by young adults. The researcher sees that there are various translation methods used by the translator to translate the novel. According to that fact, the researcher is interested in finding out the translation methods used in translating the dialogue sentences of the novel.

METHODS
This research is a descriptive-qualitative research. According to Mujiyanto (2011) qualitative research tries to reveal a phenomenon comprehensively and appropriate with the context through natural data collection employing the researcher as the key instrument of the research. Ezeah (2004) cited in Nwankwo (2010) sees qualitative research as basically involving data in the form of words, pictures, descriptions, or narratives which are collected where few cases are involved. According to Creswell (2014) qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of data such as interviews, observations, documents, and audiovisual information rather than rely on a single data source.
This research is classified to be a qualitative research because the data for this research are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. In this research, the researcher collects and analyzes the data through examining documents. The data for this research are dialogue sentences taken directly from I Was Here novel by Gayle Forman and its Indonesian translation Aku Pernah di Sini by Poppy D. Chusfani. There are 1629 dialogue sentences data taken from the novel. The data are collected by marking the dialogue sentence in both novels and put them into a table of observation. In doing the analysis, the researcher compares the source language text version with the text in target language version. The researcher compares the dialogue sentences in I Was Here novel and Aku Pernah di Sini novel.
The analysis of the translation methods is based on Pieter Newmark's classification of translation methods. According to Newmark (1988) there are eight translation methods which are divided into two groups. First is translation methods that are emphasized to the source language and second is translation methods that are emphasized to the target language.
Translation methods that are emphasized to the source language are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation, while four methods that are emphasized to the target language are adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
In this research the researcher applies descriptive method. The descriptive method is used because the finding and discussion of this research are explained using descriptive explanation. Descriptive method is used to explain the reasons why the sentences are included into each translation method.
Library research method is also applied in this research. Library research is a research in which the way of collecting data is taken from a variety of literatures such as books, articles, and internet websites. Library research method is used to support the researcher in finding the data from secondary source.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The findings of the analysis show that there are seven out of eight translation methods proposed by Newmark used in translating the dialogue sentences in I Was Here novel from English into Indonesian. They are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
After finding translation methods, the reason why the sentences are included into each translation method will be explained descriptively. The explanation is based on the result of the analysis and the theory used in the research. Below are the explanations of the reason why the sentences are included into each translation method.

Word-for-word Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) in wordfor-word translation method the target language words are immediately put below the source language words. The source language word order is preserved and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using word-forword translation method.
SL: "Can you stay?" TL: "Bisakah kau tinggal?" BT: "Can you stay?" (Datum 31) The source language sentence above is translated using word-for-word translation method because the words in the sentence above are translated singly by their most common meanings and the target language words are immediately put below the source language words so that the words in the target language have the same grammatical construction with the source language. For more details, the explanation of datum above can be illustrated as below: Can you stay?
The word 'can' is translated to 'bisa' but since the sentence is an interrogative sentence, the word is then translated to 'bisakah' which means questioning if someone is able to do something. The word 'you' is translated to 'kamu' and the word 'stay' is translated to 'tinggal'. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable because it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "Except for herself." TL: "Kecuali untuk dirinya sendiri." BT: "Except for herself." (Datum 234) The source language sentence above is translated using word-for-word translation method because the words in the sentence above are translated singly by their most common meanings and the target language words are immediately put below the source language words so that the words in the target language have the same grammatical construction with the source language. For more details, the explanation of datum above can be illustrated as below:

Except
For herself.
Kecuali untuk dirinya sendiri. The word 'except' is translated to 'kecuali', the word 'for' is translated to 'untuk', and the word 'herself' is translated to 'dirinya sendiri'. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable because it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "We can play solitaire," TL: "Kita bisa main solitaire," BT: "We can play solitaire," (Datum 332) The source language sentence above is translated using word-for-word translation method because the words in the sentence above are translated singly by their most common meanings and the target language words are immediately put below the source language words so that the words in the target language have the same grammatical construction with the source language. For more details, the explanation of datum above can be illustrated as below: We can Play solitaire.
Kita bisa Main solitaire. The word 'we' is translated to 'kita', the word 'can' is translated to 'bisa', the word 'play' is translated to 'main', and the word 'solitaire' is kept translated to 'solitaire' because it is a name of game. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable because it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "We could watch TV," TL: "Kita bisa nonton TV," BT: "We could watch TV," (Datum 453) The source language sentence above is translated using word-for-word translation method because the words in the sentence above are translated singly by their most common meanings and the target language words are immediately put below the source language words so that the words in the target language have the same grammatical construction with the source language. For more details, the explanation of datum above can be illustrated as below: We could watch TV.
The word 'we' is translated to 'kita', the word 'could' is translated to 'bisa', the word 'watch' is translated to 'nonton', and the word 'TV' is translated to 'TV'. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable because it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "Live fast, die young." TL: "Hidup cepat, mati muda." BT: "Live fast, die young." (Datum 467) The source language sentence above is translated using word-for-word translation method because the words in the sentence above are translated singly by their most common meanings and the target language words are immediately put below the source language words so that the words in the target language have the same grammatical construction with the source language. For more details, the explanation of datum above can be illustrated as below: Live fast, die young.
The word 'live' is translated to 'hidup', the word 'fast' is translated to 'cepat', the word 'die' is translated to 'mati', and the word 'young' is translated to 'muda'. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable because it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.

Literal Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) in literal translation method the source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using literal translation method.
SL: "All my nice clothes are dirty." TL: "Semua bajuku yang bagus kotor." BT: "All my nice clothes are dirty." (Datum 5) The source language text above is translated using literal translation method since the translator translates the words in the text singly and literally from the source language into the target language and then she converts the grammatical structure of the sentence into Indonesian grammatical structure.
The phrase 'all my nice clothes' are translated literally to 'semua bajuku yang bagus' according to Indonesian grammatical structure that is noun followed by modifier. The result of the translation is acceptable, understandable, and natural since it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "Yeah. Horses can smell fear." TL: "Yeah. Kuda bisa mengendus rasa takut." BT: "Yeah. Horses can smell fear." (Datum 145) The source language text above is translated using literal translation method since the translator translates the words in the text singly and literally from the source language into the target language and then she converts the grammatical structure of the sentence into Indonesian grammatical structure.
The words 'horses' and 'fear' are translated literally to 'kuda' and 'rasa takut' so that they are natural. The result of the translation is acceptable, understandable, and natural since it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "You obviously don't know what you're talking about." TL: "Jelas sekali kau tidak tahu apa yang kau bicarakan." BT: "Obviously you don't know what you're talking about." (Datum 201) The source language text above is translated using literal translation method since the translator translates the words in the text singly and literally from the source language into the target language and then she converts the grammatical structure of the sentence into Indonesian grammatical structure.
The phrase 'what you're talking about' is translated literally to 'apa yang kau bicarakan' to make it more natural. The translator moves the adverb 'jelas sekali' in the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the meaning that one of the dialogue speakers does not really know what he or she is talking about. The result of the translation is acceptable, understandable, and natural since it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "We discussed it, and we want you to have it." TL: "Kami sudah mendiskusikannya, dan kami ingin kau memilikinya." BT: "We discussed it, and we want you to have it." (Datum 301) The source language text above is translated using literal translation method since the translator translates the words in the text singly and literally from the source language into the target language and then she converts the grammatical structure of the sentence into Indonesian grammatical structure.
The phrase 'discussed it' is translated literally to 'sudah mendiskusikannya'. The word 'discussed' indicates past tense which means it has already happened or done so that it is translated into Indonesian becomes 'sudah mendiskusikannya'. The phrase 'to have it' is translated literally to 'memilikinya' not 'untuk memilikinya' to make it more natural. The result of the translation is acceptable, understandable and natural since it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.
SL: "I know. We talked last week." TL: "Aku tahu. Kami bicara minggu lalu." BT: "I know. We talked last week." (Datum 1628) The source language text above is translated using literal translation method since the translator translates the words in the text singly and literally from the source language into the target language and then she converts the grammatical structure of the sentence into Indonesian grammatical structure.
The phrase 'last week' in the source language text above is translated literally to 'minggu lalu'. The grammatical construction of the source language text above has been changed into Indonesian grammatical structure that is noun followed by modifier. The result of the translation is acceptable and understandable since it fits Indonesian grammatical structure.

Faithful Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the target language grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality (deviation from source language norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the textrealisation of the source language writer (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using faithful translation method.
SL: "Sue? Are you joking? That woman is floating in space on a good day," TL: "Sue? Kau bercanda? Di hari-hari biasa saja perempuan itu kelihatan di awang-awang," BT: "Sue? Are you joking? On normal days that woman is floating in space," (Datum 18) The sentence above is translated using faithful translation method since the translator preserves the phrase 'floating in space'. The phrase is translated faithfully to 'kelihatan di awang-awang' which is rigid and weird. The result of the translation is unacceptable and the meaning cannot be understood so that it needs to be fixed.
SL: "We've been holding weekly support groups for those impacted by Megan's death. If you'd care to join us for one, there's another gathering coming up." TL: "Kami mengadakan kelompok dukungan seminggu sekali bagi orang-orang yang terkena dampak atas kematian Megan. Kalau kau ingin ikut, akan ada acara kumpul kumpul lagi." BT: "We hold once a week support groups for people impacted by Megan's death. If you want to join, there will be a gathering again." (Datum 53) The sentence above is translated using faithful translation method since the translator preserves the phrase 'weekly support groups'. The phrase is translated to 'kelompok dukungan seminggu sekali'. Even though it is understandable, but it is rigid and ineffective. The phrase can be translated literally to 'kelompok dukungan mingguan' so that it will be more natural and effective.

Semantic Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) semantic translation takes more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the source language text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version). Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using semantic translation method.
SL: "And if you can get the time off work." TL: "Dan kalau kau bisa cuti dari pekerjaan." BT: "And if you can leave the work." (Datum 45) The phrase 'get the time off work' is translated to 'cuti dari pekerjaan' because they have equivalent meaning. The phrase 'get off' means stop doing something so that the phrase 'get the time off work' has meaning to stop from working. In the context of the sentence above the phrase 'get the time off work' is translated to 'cuti dari pekerjaan'.
SL: "I've got to be up in the morning," TL: "Aku harus bangun pagi," BT: "I've to wake up in the morning," (Datum 159) The phrase 'be up in the morning' the source language sentence above is translated to 'bangun pagi' because the phrase semantically means wake up from sleep in the morning.

(Datum 931)
The clause 'I'm at work' is translated to 'aku sedang bekerja' because they have equivalent meaning. The clause 'I'm at work' means that we are doing our job or busy doing a particular activity. Being at work means that we are working or engaged in work.
SL: "When do you have to be back by?" TL: "Kapan kau harus pulang?" BT: "When do you have to go home?" (Datum 1237) The phrase 'to be back by' semantically means return and it has equivalent meaning with 'pulang' in Indonesian.
SL: "Here, we're off the highway now. Direct me." TL: "Nah, kita sudah keluar tol sekarang. Arahkan aku." BT: "Now, we have exited the high way now. Direct me. " (Datum 1268) The context of sentence is both speakers are moving away from the highway. The clause 'we're off the highway' is translated to 'kita sudah keluar tol' because they have equivalent meaning that indicates that both speaker have exited and are moving away from the highway.

Free Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using free translation method.
SL: "Richard, she has to pack up all that stuff. I don't think she wants to be stoned." TL: "Richard, dia harus mengepak semua barang itu. Kurasa dia tidak kepengin mabuk." BT: "Richard, she has to pack all that goods. I think she doesn't want to get drunk." (Datum 78) The sentence 'I don't think she wants to be stoned' is translated using free translation method because the translator paraphrases and only transfers the main idea of the sentence. The sentence 'I don't think she wants to be stoned' means that the speaker of the dialogue thinks that someone does not want to get drunk, so that it is translated to 'kurasa dia tidak kepengin mabuk'.
SL: "You can't play solitaire with two people, that's why it's called solitaire." TL: "Solitaire tidak bisa dimainkan dua orang, itulah sebabnya dinamakan solitaire." BT: "Solitaire cannot be played by two people, that is why it is called solitaire." (Datum 333) The sentence 'I don't think she wants to be stoned' is translated using free translation method because the translator paraphrases and only transfers the main idea of the sentence. The clause 'you can't play solitaire with two people' has the same idea with solitaire cannot be played by to people. That is why it is translated to 'solitaire tidak bisa dimainkan dua orang'.
SL: "Hey, Cody. Where you been hiding?" TL: "Hei, Cody. Ke mana saja kau?" BT: "Hey, Cody. Where have you been?" (Datum 361) The source language text above is translated using free translation method because in translating the clause the translator paraphrases and only transfers the main idea of the sentence. The clause 'where you been hiding' is translated freely to 'ke mana saja kau' because the translator only deliver the idea of the sentence that the speaker is asking someone where she or he has been. The speaker has not met that person as if that person has been hiding.
SL: "What are you doing Saturday night?" TL: "Kau ada acara Sabtu malam?" BT: "Do you have any plan at Saturday night?" (Datum 1039) The source language text above is translated using free translation method because in translating the sentence the translator paraphrases and only transfers the main idea of the sentence. The idea of the sentence is the speaker of the dialogue asks if someone has any plan at Saturday night because he or she wants to invite the person to go somewhere. That is why the sentence 'what are you doing Saturday night' is translated to 'kau ada acara Sabtu malam'.
SL: "So long as it's a separate floor from McCallister." TL: "Selama berada di lantai yang berbeda dengan McCallister." BT: "As long as in different floor from McCallister." (Datum 1557) The source language text above is translated using free translation method because in translating the sentence the translator paraphrases and only transfers the main idea of the sentence. The idea of the sentence is the speaker of the dialogue does not want to be in the same floor as someone, he or she wants to be in different floor with someone. The phrase 'separate room' is translated freely to 'lantai yang berbeda' because they have equivalent meaning.

Idiomatic Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using idiomatic translation method.
SL: "How are you holding up, Runtmeyer?" TL: "Bagaimana keadaanmu, Runtmeyer?" BT: "How are you, Runtmeyer?" (Datum 21) The expression 'how are you holding up, Runtmeyer' above is translated to 'bagaimana kabarmu, Runtmeyer' because they have equivalent meaning. The expression 'how are you holding up' is an expression which is usually asked to someone who has been going through a difficulty. This expression has the same meaning as 'how are you' and 'are you okay'. In the context of the sentence above it has the same meaning as 'how are you or 'bagaimana kabarmu' in Indonesian.
SL: "I'm here to take you up on your offer to kick my butt," TL: "Aku datang ke sini menerima tantanganmu untuk menendang bokongku," BT: "I come here to accept your challenge to kick my butt," (Datum 323) Idiomatic translation reproduces messages from the source language into the target language with a more natural and familiar language so that it's easy to understand. It reproduces the message of the original by preferring colloquialisms. The phrase 'to take you up on your offer' is translated to 'menerima tantanganmu' because the phrase 'to take up on' means to be contented to receive something.
SL: "Sorry. You seemed pretty into them. Meg was." TL: "Sori. Kau kelihatannya menyayangi mereka. Seperti Meg." BT: "Sorry. You seem to love them. Like Meg. " (Datum 385) Idiomatic translation reproduces messages from the source language into the target language with a more natural and familiar language so that it's easy to understand. It reproduces the message of the original by preferring colloquialisms. The phrase 'be into something' means to like and be interested in something. In the context of the source language sentence above, the phrase is translated to 'menyayangi'.
SL: "They're fine. My housemates are looking after them." TL: "Mereka tidak apa-apa. Teman-teman serumahku menjaga mereka." BT: "They're fine. My housemates are taking care of them." (Datum 582) Idiomatic translation reproduces messages from the source language into the target language with a more natural and familiar language so that it's easy to understand. It reproduces the message of the original by preferring colloquialisms. The phrase 'looking after' is a phrasal verb which means to take care of something or someone. In Indonesian the phrase 'to take care of' means 'menjaga', that is why the phrase 'looking after' is translated into 'menjaga'.
SL: "You don't have to bite my head off." TL: "Kau tidak perlu menyalak begitu." BT: "You don't need to snap like that." (Datum 648) Idiomatic translation reproduces messages from the source language into the target language with a more natural and familiar language so that it's easy to understand. It reproduces the message of the original by preferring colloquialisms. The phrase 'to bite my head off' means to reply sharply and brusquely to someone. In Indonesian it is translated to 'menyalak'.

Communicative Translation Method
According to Newmark (1988) communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (p.45). Below are some examples of dialogue sentences in the novel which are translated using communicative translation method.
SL: "What's your name?" TL: "Siapa namamu?" BT: "Who is your name?" (Datum 138) Communicative translation tries to translate the contextual meaning of the source language in a such way that the content and language can be accepted and understood by the readers. Communicative translation requires translated text to have the same form, meaning, and function with the source text.
The sentence 'what's your name' is translated to 'siapa namamu' not 'apa namamu' to make it fits the context and function of the sentence. The sentence above is meant to ask the name of someone so that the phrase 'what is' in the sentence above is translated to 'siapa' not 'apa'.
SL Communicative translation tries to translate the contextual meaning of the source language in a such way that the content and language can be accepted and understood by the readers. Communicative translation requires translated text to have the same form, meaning, and function with the source text.
The context of the source language text above is asking someone's origin that is why the sentence 'where you from' is translated to 'dari mana asalmu' not 'dari mana kamu'.
SL: "Can I see it?" TL: "Boleh aku lihat?" BT: "May I see it?" (Datum 337) Communicative translation tries to translate the contextual meaning of the source language in a such way that the content and language can be accepted and understood by the readers. It also regards the effectivity of the translated text. Communicative translation tries to get the same effect between the source language and target language.
The context of the source language text above is asking someone's permission not ability so that the word 'can' is the sentence 'can I see it' is translated to 'bolehkah' not 'bisakah'. The word 'can' in the source language text above is translated communicatively and effectively according to the context and function of the text.
SL: "Yeah, that's a good question. What do you do?" TL: "Yeah, pertanyaan bagus. Apa pekerjaanmu?" BT: "Yeah, that's a good question. What is your job?" (Datum 427) Communicative translation tries to translate the contextual meaning of the source language in a such way that the content and language can be accepted and understood by the readers. Communicative translation tries to get the same effect between the source language and target language.
The sentence 'what do you do' is not translated to 'apa yang kamu lakukan' because it is inappropriate with the context and function of the sentence. The source language text above is an interrogative sentence which means asking someone's occupation so that the clause 'what do you do' is translated to' apa pekerjaanmu' not 'apa yang kamu lakukan' so that it is appropriate with the context and intention of the sentence which is asking someone's job.
SL: "Watch it!" TL: "Awas!" BT: "Be careful!" (Datum 1471) Communicative translation tries to translate the contextual meaning of the source language in a such way that the content and language can be accepted and understood by the readers. Communicative translation tries to get the same effect between the source language and target language.
The context and purpose of the source language text above is to give a warning, thus the phrase 'watch it' is translated to 'awas' not "lihat itu" according to the context of the text so that the target language users can understand the meaning of the phase which means reminding someone to be careful.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this research are drawn based on the findings of this research. The conclusions of this research are explained as follows: The findings of the analysis show that there are seven out of eight translation methods proposed by Newmark used in translating the dialogue sentences in I Was Here novel from English into Indonesian. They are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
From the result of the analysis, it is found that the most frequently used translation method in translating the dialogue sentences of the novel is free translation method. The method is frequently used because the translator wants to make the content and language of the translated text are acceptable and understandable for the target language (Indonesian) readers.
Through this researcher, the researcher agrees with Molina and Albir (2002) who state that translation method refers to the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of the translator's objective, i'e., a global option that affects the whole texts (cited in Nafisah et al., 2018). From the discussion above we can conclude that in doing translation, translators use various translation methods. The use of translation methods is based on the purpose of the translation and situation of the field.
Based on the analysis and findings of this research, there are still found some translations that are less appropriate with the context of the text. According to the analysis, the researcher intends to give suggestions to translators. The researcher suggests translators be more careful in choosing and using translation methods when they are translating a text. Translator should pay attention to the use of the translation methods since they determine the result of the translation. The misuse of the translation methods will cause the meaning in the target language different from the meaning in the source language. Translators must choose the most appropriate translation methods in translating a text so that the result of the translation can be understood easily. Translators must be sure that the translated text has the same equivalent meaning with the source text so that the result is acceptable and the meaning is understandable.
Besides choosing the most appropriate translation methods, the researcher also suggest translators re-read the translated text to make sure that it is readable and understandable for the target language readers. Translators need to evaluate and re-check the translated text before it is published to readers so that it can minimize the mistakes in the result of the translation.