Translation Procedure of English to Indonesian Subtitle “English Vinglish” Movie

Article History: Received 4 April 2020 Approved 7 April 2020 Published 9 April 2020 The objectives of this research are to find the types and the most dominant type of translation procedures of English into Indonesian Subtitle in “English Vinglish” Movie. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study are the words, clauses, and sentences in the subtitle movie both English and Indonesian. Data source is taken from “English Vinglish” Movie. The data collection procedure in this research is document analysis. From the result, it shows that the translation procedures used in subtitle English Vinglish movie consist of direct translation and oblique translation. In direct translation, it consists of literal translation as 148 data or 34.89%, borrowing as 82 data or 20.39 %, and calque as 0 data or 0 %. While, in oblique translation consist of transposition as 76 data or 18.67 %, equivalence as 62 data or 15.23 %, modulation as 32 data or 7.86 %, and adaptation as 6 data or 1.47 %. The most dominant type of translation procedures of English into Indonesian Subtitle in “English Vinglish” Movie is in direct translation, especially in literal translation.


INTRODUCTION
Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts (Ordudari, 2007). In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts-including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts-in another language and thus making them available to wider readers. (Owji, 2013) states that translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language (TL) by using the decoded meaning and form of the source language (SL).
Translation is the problem of two different kinds of language. The language that is going to be chosen as the first language is known as source language (SL), and the second language is about to be translated as a product is known as the target language (TL). Translation subtitle movies can be different from the translation of the written text. (Racoma, 2015) states that translating for film/movie is difficult to work. What a translator is doing when they are translating, is actually interpreting a message, figuring out what it means in one language and then they are translating it into another language (Michael, 2017).
Translation theorists have proposed some various procedures deal with different types of texts in translation. A procedure as a means of translating a particular element as part of a strategy (Mailhac, 2007). According to (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000), the method or procedure of translation can be divided into two main procedures, they are (a) literal or direct translation; which consists of Borrowing, Calque, and Literal translation, and (b) oblique translation; which consists of Transposition, Equivalent, Modulation, and Adaptation. The other procedure is included supplementary procedures such as amplification, deceptive cognates false, explicitation, and generalization. Translation can be applied in many sources. One of the examples is found in the subtitle movies/films. Subtitle it is needed to deliver the message for the audiences or viewers of the movie who do not understand the meaning and message of the film without its translation (Fitria, 2015). Chang (2012) defines that film as one of the dominant forms of culture in modern society. It has become a part of people's lives and exerted a strong influence on the formation of people's language, living patterns, and even values.
English Vinglish is an Indian comedydrama movie. The first preview of the English Vinglish movie was launched on 14 June 2012. It is written and directed by Gauri Shinde. The narrative revolves around a woman named Shashi (Sri Devi), a small entrepreneur who makes snacks. She enrolls in an English-speaking course to stop her husband and daughter from mocking her lack of English skills and gains selfrespect in the process. Sen (2018) states that in English Vinglish, Sridevi gave us the perfect representation. She captured the emotions and experiences of all the mothers who are homemakers, who, until their children brought back English notebooks and books from school, hadn't really interacted with the language. It showed us the innocent embarrassment many of us felt when our mothers would accompany us to an event where one had to converse in English.
In watching a movie/film, we usually concern in the subtitle on the bottom of the screen. Szarkowska (2005) defines that subtitling or subtitle is translation of the spoken source language (SL) dialogue into the target language (TL) in the form of synchronized captions, usually at the bottom of the screen, in the form that alters the source text to the least possible extent and enables the target audience to experience the foreign and be aware of its 'foreignness' at all times.
Therefore, based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in analyzing the movie, especially in its subtitle both English and Indonesia entitled "Translation Procedures of English into Indonesian Subtitle in "English Vinglish" Movie. The objectives of this research are to find out the types of translation procedures and to determine the most dominant type of translation procedures of English into Indonesian Subtitle in "English Vinglish" Movie.

METHODS
This research is descriptive qualitative research since it described the translation procedures used in the movie. According to (Gay et al., 2012), descriptive qualitative research involves collecting data in order to answer concerning the current status of the object of the study and the research question. Descriptive research tries to present the problem clearly based on the accurate data, explaining and describing the topic of a problem based on the theory used. Qualitative methods involve the collection and analysis of primarily non-numerical data obtained from observation, interviews, tape recordings, documents, etc.
The data of this study are the words, clauses, and sentences found in the subtitle movie both English and Indonesian. While the data source of this research is subtitle in the "English Vinglish" Movie. English Vinglish is an Indian comedy-drama movie.
The data collection procedure used in this research is documentation. Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the researcher to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic (Bowen, 2009), Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into themes similar to how focus group or interview transcripts are analyzed (Bowen, 2009). Documentation meant in this research is the subtitle movie, form English into Indonesian subtitle. The subtitle movie is a result of the translation written by the translator from Indonesian text as a source language (SL) into English as a target language (TL).
Techniques of data analysis in this research are selecting the movie. Choosing the movie, looking for the subtitle movie both English and Indonesian, reading the subtitle movie, analyzing the translation procedures subtitle in "English Vinglish" Movie, identifying the type of translation procedures, counting the percentage of each type translation procedure and determining the most dominant type of translation procedure that is applied by the translator in translating the subtitle "English Vinglish" Movie. In presenting the data, the researcher used formula in counting the percentage as follows: Where: P = Number of percentages F = Frequency of the translation procedure N = Total number of procedures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this part, the research findings show the result of the analysis. Translation procedure can be divided into two main procedures, they are (a) literal or direct translation; which consists of Borrowing, Calque, and Literal translation, and (b) oblique translation; which consists of Transposition, Equivalent, Modulation, and Adaptation. In this research, the writer finds some example of translation procedures in the subtitle movie as follow:

Direct Translation
Hopwood (2016) states that direct translation technique is used when the conceptual and structural elements of the SL are directly transferable into the TL. Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can be transposed into the TL. According to (Molina & Albir, 2002), there are three procedures of direct or literal translation; they are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. The examples are as follow:

Literal translation
The literal translation is also called a word for word translation. It is the direct transfer of an SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL. A literal translation is a solution that is reversible and complete in itself. From the example above show that in code 005, 012, 053, 071, and 091, the sentences in SL are translated by using a literal technique to the TL. Here, the translator translates word by word and directly transfer the word from SL into TL literally. Then, the translator also does not change the kind of sentences from SL into TL. For example in code 005, "I like white blue red…anything" in SL is translated into "Aku suka yang putih, biru, merah... semuanya". In code 012, the sentence "It's too white...make brown!" in SL is translated into "Itu terlalu putih….jadikan coklat!". In code 053, the sentence "I just have one passion.." in SL is translated into "Aku hanya punya satu kesukaan…". In code 071, the sentence "What will I say there?" in SL is translated into "Apa yang akan aku katakana disana?" in TL. While, in code 091, the sentence "Every time Rupal comes to eat at your house she comes back home and tells me that I have to learn how to cook from you" in SL is translated into "Setiap kali Rupal dating untuk makan di rumahmu, dia pulang kerumah dan bilang padaku bahwa aku harus belajar cara masak darimu".

Borrowing
Borrowing is a general translation technique (Grassilli, 2015a). In borrowing, the SL is directly transferred to the TL. This procedure means that one language borrows an expression form from another language. According to Molina & Albir (2002), borrowing is divided into two kinds; pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. When a word/phrase is taken over purely into TL (without changing), it is called pure borrowing. While when a word/phrase is similar in the TL, it is called naturalized borrowing. The example above shows that bold words are translated by using a borrowing technique. In code 007, 011, 014, and 215 show a pure borrowing. Here, the translator translated the word/phrase by copying the same words in SL into TL. The translator does not translate the words in SL into TL by description or explanation of the meaning of the words. In code 007, the word "parantha" in SL is translated the same with TL. In code 011, the word "bournvita" in SL is translated the same with TL. In code 014, the word "ladoo" in SL is translated the same with TL. In code 215, the word "Shashi" in SL is translated the same with TL. These examples show the pure borrowing. While in code 021, 176, 251, 357 show naturalized borrowing. Here, the translator translated the word/phrase by copying the words in SL into TL but still in a different way, by naturalizing the words, for example adding/reducing or changing the letter of the words. In code 021, the word "omelette" in SL is translated into "omelet. The translator reduces the letter "t" and "e". In code 076, the word "quiz" in SL is translated into "kuis". The translator changes the letter "q" into "k". In code 251 the word "terrorist" in SL is translated into "teroris". The translator reduces the letter "r" and "t". While in code 357, the word "America" in SL is translated into "Amerika". The translator changes the letter "c" into "k".

Oblique Translation
Ramirez (2016) states when the source language cannot be translated to the target language without altering the grammatical structure or style, oblique translation techniques must be used. Oblique translation occurs when the word for word translation is impossible. Oblique translation procedures by (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000) consist of four types. The first is a transposition, the second is modulation, the third is equivalence, and the last is adaptation. The example is as follow:

Transposition/Shift
Transposition is the first technique or step towards oblique translation (Grassilli, 2016b). (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000) define transposition is a procedure that involves replacing one-word class with another without changing the meaning of the message or the sense. Transposition also involves replacing one-word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. On the other hand, a transposition is also a change in the grammar from the source language to the target language (singular to plural; the position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech The example above shows that the bold words are translated by using the transposition technique. In code 226, 258, 261, 286, and 352 show transposition technique. Here, the translator transfers the source language text into the target language text by paying attention to various adjustments. In code 226, the phrase "You've arrived" in SL is translated into "sudah sampai". In code 258, "is attending" in SL is translated into "sedang menghadiri" in TL. In code 261, "I am going to…" in SL is translates into "aku akan…". Here, the translator use level shifts. Generally, this shift occurs around the subject of vocabulary (lexical) and grammar (grammatical). In code 286, the English word "gergous" is translated to be Indonesian phrase "sangat indah" in TL. In code 352, the English word "English" in SL is translated into the Indonesian phrase "Bahasa Inggris" in TL.

Equivalence
Vinay & Darbelnet (2000)  The example above show that the translator translates by using the equivalence technique. In code 038, 050, 090, 098, 102, 111, and 133 show the equivalence. Here, the translator uses term or expression in SL which is familiar known (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL. For example, in code 038, the term "Excuse me" in SL is translated into "Permisi". The term here a polite way of starting to say or do something. In code 050 and 133, the term "Thanks God…" and "Thank you" in SL is translated the same into "Terima kasih…". This term is used to a statement of gratitude. In code 090, the term "How nice to meet you…" in SL is translated into "Senang bertemu denganmu…". This term has a similar meaning with "nice to meet you" and "pleasure to meet you". In code "Bye... see you soon" in SL is translated into "Dah…sampai jumpa lagi" in TL. This term has similar meaning with "goodbye". In code 102, the term "How are you" in SL is translated into "Bagaimana kabarmu". This term is used to ask about the feeling or condition of a person. While, in code 111, the term "No problem' is translated into "Tak masalah" . This term has similar to "it is okay".

Modulation
Modulation is often used within the same language (Grassilli, 2016a). Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. Below The example above shows that the translator translates by using a modulation technique. In code 006, 016, 026, 039 and 184 show the modulation. Here, the translator changes the point of view in SL into TL but still in a similar meaning. In code 006, the sentence "Your porridge is ready" in SL is translated into "Makan buburmu". The speaker says that the porridge is ready. It shows that the speaker asks the listener to eat the porridge soon. In code 016, the sentence "You can eat what you like" in SL is translated into "Pilih makananmu sendiri" in TL.
Here, the speaker asks the listener to choose anything food whom she/he want to eat freely. In code 026, the sentence "Satish... is the car free?" in SL is translated into "Satish... mobil boleh kupakai?" in TL. Here, the speaker asks the listener whether the car is free or not. It is the same with the speakers who wants to borrow the car to the listener. In code 039, the sentence "Everyone loved it..." in SL is translated into "Tak ada yang tak menyukainya" in TL. Here, the speaker shows the same meaning both in SL and TL. While, in code 184, the sentence "Let me take Sagar..." in SL is translated into "Biarkan Sagar menemaniku". Here, the speaker asks for permission from the listener to ask her son to go with her.

Adaptation
Vinay & Darbelnet (2000) define adaptation as a procedure that creates a new situation to indicate a situational equivalence. It involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In this case, a translator can create a new situation that can be considered equivalent. It is necessary when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. (Grassilli, 2015b From the example above, code 050 and 241 show adaptation techniques. In code 050, the term "Thanks God…" is translated into "Terima kasih Dewa". Here, the word "God" is translated into "Dewa". The term "God" refers to the supreme being, creator deity, and principal object of faith. Because of the movie show Hinduism, God is translated into "Dewa" related to Hinduism faith related to the story. While, in code 2411, the term "cheers" in SL is translated into "bersulang" in TL. "Cheers" here as exclamation mark shout of encouragement, approval, congratulation of something. In doing translation work, there are some procedures which can be used by the translator to translate the different text, for example in the subtitle movie. Vinay & Darbelnet (2000) identify two general translation strategies, namely, the direct translation and the oblique translation (The two strategies comprise seven procedures. The direct translation covers three of them: borrowing, calque and literal translation; while Oblique translation includes transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay & Darbelnet (2000) is applied to analyze the translation procedures applied in translating the subtitle movie.
From the table above, it shows that the translation procedures used in subtitle English Vinglish movie consist of two ways both direct translation and oblique translation. In direct translation, it consists of literal translation as 148 data or 34.89%, borrowing as 82 data or 20.39 %, and calque as 0 data or 0 %. While, in oblique translation consist of transposition as 76 data or 18.67 %, equivalence as 62 data or 15.23 %, modulation as 32 data or 7.86 %, and adaptation as 6 data or 1.47 %.
In direct translation, the first rank is literal technique. In literal, translator translates word for word. It is the direct transfer of the source language (SL) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate in the target language (TL). In the second rank is borrowing technique. Borrowing has been defined as the transfer of the Source language word directly to the Target language. Sometimes borrowing is added to add color to the target language, in other instances the borrowed words may retain the source language pronunciation.
While, in oblique translation, the first rank is a transposition. Transposition is defined as the change of one part of speech for another. For example, a translator can noun in the SL to a verb in the TL without changing the sense of the word. The second rank is modulation. Modulation has been defined as the changes in semantics and point of view. The third rank is an equivalence. Equivalence refers to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. This strategy is useful when translating idioms and proverbs. The fourth rank is adaptation. Adaptation involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.

CONCLUSION
The translation procedures used in subtitle English Vinglish movie consist of direct translation and oblique translation. In direct translation, it consists of literal translation as 148 data or 34.89%, borrowing as 82 data or 20.39 %, and calque as 0 data or 0 %. While, in oblique translation consist of transposition as 76 data or 18.67 %, equivalence as 62 data or 15.23 %, modulation as 32 data or 7.86 %, and adaptation as 6 data or 1.47 %. The most dominant type of