An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Selected News From Tempo.Co

English words are formed by morphemes which are combined in various ways in transforming the meaning or function of its words (Coelho, 2004, p. 98). Morphemes are classified into three categories, such as word root (stem), inflectional morpheme, and derivational morpheme. In morphology, a derivational morpheme related to the affixs (a group of letters) which usually added before the beginning (or prefix) or after the end (or suffix) of a root word or base form to create a new word or a new form of an existing word (Nordquist, 2019c). According to Yule (2010, p. 69), in derivational morphemes, we use bound morphemes to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem or base. Derivational morphemes related to being only partially productive. Therefore, they can be affixed to a set of the roots (Whaley, 1997, p. 121). Guzzetti (2007, p. 81) defines that derivational morpheme is used to change the grammatical categories of words. Derivational morphemes in the English language related to the RAINBOW Vol. 9 (2) 2020 Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow


INTRODUCTION
English words are formed by morphemes which are combined in various ways in transforming the meaning or function of its words (Coelho, 2004, p. 98). Morphemes are classified into three categories, such as word root (stem), inflectional morpheme, and derivational morpheme.
In morphology, a derivational morpheme related to the affixs (a group of letters) which usually added before the beginning (or prefix) or morphemes include the derivational suffix and derivational prefix. Suffix is a word element that is added at the end of a word to for other words. Suffix is more complex than prefixes and numerous (O'Dwyer, 2006). While, the prefix is a word element that is added at the beginning of a word for other words (Alhaj, 2016, p. 15).
Derivational suffixes such as in the nounforming, adjective-forming, and verb-forming. First, Noun-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to nouns. For example suffix -acy to indicate state/quality, -al to indicate act or process, -ance or -ence to indicate state/quality, -dom to indicate a place or state of being, -er oror to indicate one who, -ism to indicate doctrine or belief, -ist to indicate one who, -ity or -ty to indicate the quality of, -ment to indicate condition of,-sion or -tion to indicate a state of being, and -hood generates abstract noun such as child-childhood, neighbor-neighbourhood (Harris et al., 1999, p. 112). While, suffix -ion related to verbs to form nouns.
Second, Verb-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to verbs. For example suffix -ate to indicate become, -en to indicate become,ify or -fy to indicate make or become, and -ize or -ise to indicate become. Third, Adjective-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to adjectives. For example suffix -able to indicate being 'able', -al to indicate relating to, -en to indicate made of, -ful to indicate full of, -ic to indicate characteristic, -ive to indicate tending to, -less to indicate lack of/without, -ous to indicate full of, and -y to indicate a state or having, -er related to a verb which changes a verb to a noun. It indicates the meaning 'a person who performs an action', -ment related to some verbs to form nouns. It indicates the meaning 'abstract noun',ness is related to the adjectives to form nouns. It indicates a state or a condition. Fourth, adverbforming suffixes change the words or morphemes to the adverb. For example suffix -ly. So that, it can be said that those suffixes not only change the meaning of the morpheme they attached, but also change its part of speech (McGregor, 2015, p. 60).
While, in the derivational prefix, the examples are 1) un-is related to an adjective to form a new adjective, and related to the verb to form a new verb. 2) in-is related to adjectives. The meaning indicates 'not'. It does not change the part of speech. 3) re-is related to the verb to form a new verb. The meaning indicates 'again'. 4) dis-is related to verbs to form new verbs. It indicates several meanings but its basic meaning is 'not'. 5) mis-is related to the verb to form a new verb. It indicates the meaning 'wrong'. 6) re-is related to the verb to form a new verb. It indicates 'before'. So, it can be said that those derivational prefixes do not change the part of speech of a root (McGregor, 2015, p. 60).
In morphology, inflectional morphology is the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories (Nordquist, 2019b). An inflectional morpheme is generally a bound morpheme which when added to the root or stem of a word does not result in a change in the grammatical category of that word. Grammatical category is nothing but the part of speech of that word.
In most cases, inflectional morphemes mark the number, person, and gender features on the nouns, and their agreement on verbs, adjectives, etc. in a language (Khullar, 2018). Nordquist (2019c) Inflectional morphemes define certain aspects pertaining to the grammatical function of a word. An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that's added to a word (a noun, verb, adjective, or an adverb) to assign a particular grammatical property to that word, such as its tense, number, possession, or comparison (Nordquist, 2019a).
There are eight inflectional morphemes in the English language in the form of suffixes. There are two inflectional morphemes that can be added to nouns are -'s (apostrophe + s) to refers the possessive case and -es to refers the plural case. There are four inflections that can be added to verbs are -(e)d to refers the past tense, -ing to refers the present participle, -en, to refers the past participle, and -s, for the third-person singular. There are two inflections that can be added to adjectives are such as -er, for the comparative form and -est, for the superlative form. Yule (2010, p. 69) states that in inflectional morphemes, these bound morphemes are usually not used to produce new words in the language, but to refer/indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
Both derivational and inflectional morpheme can be found in writing, such as in spoken and writing. In speaking, it can be found in language, while in writing, it can be found in any texts, such as in lyric song, book/textbook, magazines, or newspaper. One of the example of news is Tempo.co. Tempo.co (formerly called Tempo Interaktif) is an online news and article web portal founded by PT Tempo Inti Media, Tbk. The news content is divided based on the types of news, including: national, metro, business, sports, technology, lifestyle, international, arts and entertainment, celebrities, and automotive (Wikipedia, 2019).
The significance of this study is related to why discuss about morpheme. Studying morphemes can help the learners in crosscurricular word study. Morphemes will help them, especially in science, to identify the meaning of new vocabulary. Studying morphemes will help the learners begin to connect words based on meaning which will help them orthographically map words within the brain for better understanding and retention.
Some previous research also related to this research which focuses on derivational and inflectional morpheme. First, research is written by Endang (2015), entitled "The Analysis Of Derivational And Inflectional Morphemes In Lyric Of Songs Adele Albums. Second, research is written by Ella (2018), entitled "The Analysis On Derivational And Inflectional Morphemes In Reading Texts Of English Textbook For Senior High Schools Published By Ministry Of Education And Culture". Third, research is written by (Situmorang & Arifin, 2012) entitled "Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in English and Pak-Pak Language". Three previous studies have the same research goals to find the derivational and inflectional morpheme. This research has similarities with those of previous studies. But, this research has objectives to know the derivational and inflectional morpheme used in the selected news of Tempo.co and to know the functions of the morpheme. Therefore, the researcher writes research entitled "An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Selected News from Tempo.co".

METHODS
This research applies qualitative method. In qualitative, the researcher place more emphasis on generating and developing descriptions and explanations that testing predefines hypotheses like in quantitative (Hammersley, 2013, p. 12). Here, the researcher is an important part of the research process (Gibbs, 2008).
Technique of collecting data in this research uses document analysis. As (Hammersley, 2013, p. 12) states that qualitative researchers can use any documentary data such as official reports, magazines, newspapers, maps, photographs, notes/fieldnotes, diaries without searching to quantify their content in the manner. This document used in this research is taken from the online newspaper named Tempo.co. The researcher takes selected 15 news from the news section Life & Style, Food and Art & Culture in year 2019 and 2020. The reason of choosing Tempo.co because it is one of popular media in Indonesia whose news content is divided based on various news types such as national, metro, business, sports, technology, lifestyle, international, arts and entertainment, celebrity, and automotive.
Technique of analyzing data in this research uses three steps of qualitative analysis, they are reducing data, displaying data, and making conclusions (Silverman, 2009, p. 234). In this research, the research collects data analysis and reduces unimportant data or information. In displaying data, the researcher displays the data analysis into a table. Then, in conclusion, the researcher summarizes the result of this study descriptively.

Results
Based on the findings of this research, the researcher finds some derivational and inflectional morphemes which are found in the selected news of Tempo.co and to know the roots or functions of the morpheme. The descriptions are as follow:

Derivational Morpheme
Derivational morpheme changes the grammatical categories of words. It consists of the derivational suffix (ending word) and derivational prefix (beginning word). For example:

Noun-forming Suffix
Noun-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to nouns. For example: Based on the table above, it shows that adjective-forming suffixes consist of -ion, -ment, -al, -ist, -ship, and -er. 1) Suffix -ion, for example, the word "education, production, consideration, conversation, provision, discussion, infection, appreciation, communication, information, collection, operation, restriction, and presentation. Those verbs have a main verb added by the suffix -ion. For example, the word 'education' has a base form 'educate' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'education'. The word 'production' has a base form 'product' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'production'. The word 'consideration' has a base form 'product' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'consideration'. The word 'conversation' has a base form 'conversate' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'conversation'. The word 'provision' has a base form 'provise' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'provision'. The word 'discussion' has a base form 'discuss' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'discussion'. The word 'infection' has a base form 'infect' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'infection'. The word 'appreciation' has a base form 'appreciate' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'appreciation'. The word 'communication' has a base form 'communicate' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'communication'. The word 'information' has a base form 'inform' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'information'. The word 'collection' has a base form 'collect' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'collection'. The word 'operation' has a base form 'operate' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'operation'. The word 'restriction' has a base form 'restrict' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'restriction'. The word 'presentation' has a base form 'present' and added by the suffix -ion to be 'presentation'.
2) Suffix -ment, for example, the words, "management, government, development, agreement, enactment, employment. Those verbs have a main verb added by the suffix -ment. The word 'management' has a base form 'manage' and added by the suffix -ment to be 'management'. The word 'government' has a base form 'govern' and added by the suffix -ment to be 'government'. The word 'development' has a base form 'develop' and added by the suffixment to be 'development'. The word 'agreement' has a base form 'agree' and added by the suffixment to be 'agreement'. The word 'enactment' has a base form 'enact' and added by the suffixment to be 'enactment'. The word 'employment' has a base form 'employ' and added by the suffix -ment to be 'employment'.
3) Suffix -ist, for example, the word "psychologist. The word 'psychologist' has a base form 'psychology' and added by the suffix -ist to be 'psychologist'.
4) Suffix -ship, for example, the word "partnership". The word 'partnership' has a base form 'partner' and added by the suffix -ship to be 'partnership'. 5) Suffix -er, for example the word "producer". The word 'producer' has a base form 'produce' and added by the suffix -er to be 'producer'. 'Produce' is a verb that means to produce, when we get the "er" affix it turns into the noun "producer" which means producer.

Adjective-forming Suffixes
Adjective-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to adjectives. For example: Based on the table above, it shows that adjective-forming suffixes consist of "-able, -al,ful, -ic, -cal, and -ous". 1) Suffix -able, for example, the words "reasonable, comfortable". The word 'reasonable' has a base form 'reason' and added by the suffix -able to be 'reasonable'. The word 'comfortable' has a base form 'comfort' and added by the suffix -able to be 'comfortable'.
2) Suffix -al, for examples, the words cultural, official, nutritional, educational, personal. The word 'cultural' has a base form 'culture' and added by the suffix -al to be 'cultural'. The word 'official' has a base form 'office' and added by the suffix -al to be 'official'. The word 'nutritional' has a base form 'nutrition' and added by the suffix -al to be 'educational'. The word 'education' has a base form 'education' and added by the suffixal to be 'educational'. The word 'personal' has a base form 'person' and added by the suffix -al to be 'personal'. The word 'cultural' has a base form 'culture' and added by the suffix -al to be 'cultural'.3) Suffix -ful, for example, the words "plentiful, peaceful, beautiful". The word 'plentiful' has a base form 'plenty' and added by the suffix -ful to be 'plentiful'. The word 'peaceful' has a base form 'peace' and added by the suffix -ful to be 'peaceful'. The word 'beautiful' has a base form 'beauty' and added by the suffix -ful to be 'beautiful'. 4) Suffix -ic, for example, the words "economic, artistic". The word 'economic' has a base form 'economy' and added by the suffix -ic to be 'economic'. The word 'artistic' has a base form 'artist' and added by the suffix -ic to be 'artistic'. 5) Suffix -cal, for example, the words "psychological, physical, historical". The word 'psychological' has a base form 'psychology' and added by the suffix -cal to be 'psychological'. The word 'physical' has a base form 'physic' and added by the suffix -al to be 'physical'. For example, the words "cultural, physical, official, historical". 6) Suffix -ous, for example, the word "religious". The word 'religious' has a base form 'religy' and added by the suffix -ous to be 'religious'.

Adverb-forming Suffixes
Adverb-forming suffixes change the words or morphemes to the adverb. For example: certainly, productively, healthily, swiftly, uniquely, commonly, previously, temporarily, nearly, widely, normally, financially, badly, relatively, increasingly and specifically Based on the table above, it shows that adverb-forming suffix only consists of "-ly". Suffix -ly, for example, the words "digitally, physically, mentally, properly, specifically, heavily, regularly, equally, elderly, constantly, generally, especially, potentially, collectively, certainly, productively, healthily, swiftly, uniquely, commonly, previously, temporarily, nearly, widely, normally, financially, badly, relatively, increasingly and specifically". The word 'digitally' has a base form 'digital' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'digitally'. The word 'mentally' has a base form 'mental' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'mentally'. The word 'properly' has a base form 'proper' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'properly'. The word 'specifically' has a base form 'specifical' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'specifically'. The word 'heavily' has a base form 'heavy' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'heavily'. The word 'regularly' has a base form 'regular' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'regularly'. The word 'equally' has a base form 'equal' and added by the suffixly to be 'equally'. The word 'elderly' has a base form 'elder' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'elderly'. The word 'constantly' has a base form 'constant' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'constantly'. The word 'generally' has a base form 'general' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'generally'. So, it can be said that the suffix does not only change the meaning of the morpheme they attached to, but they also change its part of speech.

Verb-forming prefix
Prefix -un related to an adjective to form a new adjective, or related to the verb to form a new verb. For example: Based on the table above, it shows that the adverb-forming prefix consists of "un-" and "mis-". Prefix un-, for example the word 'unwanted". The word 'unwanted' has a base form 'wanted' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'unwanted'. The word 'misconception' has a base form 'conception' and added by the suffix -ly to be 'misconception'.
3) Suffix -er means comparative. In forming comparative adjectives, we can add '-er' to the positive form (Obrien, 2018, p. 23). For example the words "further, higher". The adjective 'further' is the irregular form which has the base form 'far' then added by 'er' to be 'further' or can be 'farther'. The adjective 'higher' which has the base form 'high' then added by 'er' to be 'higher'.
4) Suffix -est means superlative. In forming a superlative adjective, we can add '-est' to the positive form (Obrien, 2018, p. 23). For example, the words "largest, highest, nearest". The adjective 'largest' which has the base form 'large' then added by '-est' to be 'largest'. The adjective 'highest' which has the base form 'high' then added by '-est' to be 'highest'. The adjective 'nearest' which has the base form 'near' then added by '-est' to be 'nearest'. 5) Suffix -ed or -d means verb 2, which used in the past tense. Regular verbs form their past tense by adding '-ed' or '-d' in base or simple present form (Joshi, 2016). For example, the words "downloaded, caused, believed, experienced, advised, scheduled". 6) Suffix -ing means that Ving refers to progressive or continuous. It can be said present participle. The -ing form of a verb which shows an action as being in progress or continuous (Raimes & Miller-Cochran, 2013, p. 609). For example the words 'urging, visiting, producing, maintaining, welcoming, fasting, failing, preparing, examining, looking, ordering, roasting, grilling, preparing, cooking, handling, cutting down, calculating, fighting, impacting, supporting, wearing, committing, keeping, using, creating, meeting, performing, working, accepting, enjoying, making, teaching, spending, listening, showing, developing, containing, looking,, downloading, curating, tagging, happening, ensuring, complaining, starting, searching, questioning, looking, focusing, increasing, staying, eating, doing, watching, working". Examples of inflections on verbs include the word "study" which changes to "studies", "studied" and "studying". Affixes to the process of forming the word (verb) into several words do not change the word class, they are still a verb. 7) Suffix -en means participle. Past participle is a form of participle obtained by adding suffix in the form of: -ed, -d, -t, -n or -en, to the regular verb in the form of a bare infinitive or basic verb. In addition to the aforementioned suffix, past participle can also have irregular changes, when the basic verb is an irregular verb. For example the word "chosen". This verb has the base form 'choose', and the verb 3 is 'chosen'.

Discussion
Related to the findings above, there are some derivational and inflectional morphemes which are found in the selected news of Tempo.co. Inflectional morpheme related to the process of forming new words by adding affixes to a word that does not change the class of words. Other morphemes do not change the meaning or classification of words, but only filter and provide extra grammatical information about the meaning of words that already exist.
Derivation is the process of adding to a syllable which results in changing the class of words. When a morpheme is added to a word that results in different word classifications or the same word classification with different lexical meanings, this morpheme is called a derivational morpheme, or a morpheme that produces a word (derivative). The tables above shows that both the derivational and inflectional morpheme used in the selected news of Tempo.co. The total morphemes found as 357 words. In derivational morpheme, there are 97 data or 27.17 %. In inflectional data, there are 260 data or 72.83 %. It also shows that the most dominant morpheme found in the selected news of Tempo.co is an inflectional morpheme.
Derivational morpheme changes the grammatical categories of words. It consists of the derivational suffix (ending word) and derivational prefix (beginning word). For example: 1) Noun-forming suffix. It changes the words or morphemes to nouns. For example, suffix -ion, -ment, -al, -ist, -ship and -er. 2) Adjective-forming suffixes. It changes the words or morphemes to adjectives. For example: suffix -able, -al, -ful, -ic, -cal, and -ous. 3) Adverbforming suffixes. It changes the words or morphemes to the adverb. For example, suffixly. 4) Verb-forming prefix. It relates to an adjective to form new adjectives, or related to the verb to form new verbs. For example, prefix unand mis-.
Derivational morphemes are morphemes that, if attached to other morphemes, will form new morphemes/words or to form words with grammar (lexeme) that are different from the previous word. In derivational there are 2 types, namely, there can be at the beginning of a word (prefixes) or the end of a word (suffixes), in Indonesian we are used to knowing them as affixes. This morpheme changes the meaning of the morpheme it attaches, for example from positive to negative / the opposite of the morpheme attached, forms a new term, and changes its word class, for example from noun to adjective, from adjective to noun, from the verb to noun, from the verb to noun-adjective, etc. Patterns that change the meaning, similar to ir, in, eg, un, re, hood, ship. Then, a pattern that changes the word class, usually in the form of suffixes similar to ness, ly, al, able, ity, ment, er.
Inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical categories of words. It consists of "-s, -'s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and -en". 1) Suffix -s means plural. However, the plural words and singular words as same as a noun. 2) Suffix -'s,s' means possessive. 3) Suffix -er means comparative. 4) Suffix -est means superlative. 5) Suffix -ed means verb 2, which used in past tense. 6) Suffix -ing means that Ving refers to continuous tense. 7) Suffix -en means participle. For example, the word "chosen". Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are attached to other morphemes that are only to identify the grammar, not to produce new words or form words with grammar (lexeme) that are different from the previous word. This morpheme does not change the meaning of the free morpheme it attaches, nor does it change the word class, for example from noun to noun, from the verb to verb, etc. Some inflectional morpheme is er, est, s, es, ed, en, and ing. Inflectional morpheme functions include superlative and comparative degrees (est, er), forming V2 and V3 (ed, en), making things plural (s, es), for verbs on 3rd singular person (s, es) and the present participle (V1 + ing).

CONCLUSION
The tables above show that both the derivational and inflectional morpheme used in the selected news of Tempo.co. The total morphemes found as 357 words. In derivational morpheme, there are 97 data or 27.17 %. In inflectional data, there are 260 data or 72.83 %. It also shows that the most dominant morpheme found in the selected news of Tempo.co is an inflectional morpheme. Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are attached to other morphemes that are only to identify the grammar, not to produce new words or form words with grammar (lexeme) that are different from the previous word. This morpheme does not change the meaning of the free morpheme it attaches, nor does it change the word class, for example from noun to noun, from the verb to verb, etc. Some inflectional morpheme is er, est, s, es, ed, en, and ing. Inflectional morpheme functions include superlative and comparative degrees (est, er), forming V2 and V3 (ed, en), making things plural (s, es), for verbs on 3rd singular person (s, es) and the present participle (V1 + ing). Derivational morphemes are morphemes that, if attached to other morphemes, will form new morphemes/words or to form words with grammar (lexeme) that are different from the previous word. In derivational there are 2 types, namely, there can be at the beginning of a word (prefixes) or the end of a word (suffixes), in Indonesian we are used to knowing them as affixes. This morpheme changes the meaning of the morpheme it attaches, for example from positive to negative / the opposite of the morpheme attached, forms a new term, and changes its word class, for example from noun to adjective, from adjective to noun, from the verb to noun, from the verb to noun-adjective, etc. Patterns that change the meaning, similar to ir, in, eg, un, re, hood, ship. Then, a pattern that changes the word class, usually in the form of suffixes similar to ness, ly, al, able, ity, ment, er.