Separation of Powers in the Palestinian Law: Does it Reflect the Democratic System? (A Comparative Approach with Indonesia)
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Dec 20, 2022
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Abstract
The principle of separation of powers among the three organs of government i.e., the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary are one of the main pillars of the democratic system. This principle guarantees a balance of powers between these three organs. However, in Palestine, the issue arises as a result of a lack of commitment from these organs to practically apply this principle in accordance with the Palestinian Basic Law of 2003. Nevertheless, in Indonesian Constitution of 1945 has stated that is a democratic country with the foundation of a separation of powers. In addition, the practice in Indonesia shows that there is various constitutional mechanism to split the power. The objectives of this article are to examine the practice of separation of powers in Palestine and Indonesia and to harmonize the theoretical and practical aspects. In order to achieve these objectives, doctrinal legal research using the qualitative approach was engaged. Findings show that the principle of separation of powers was not fully practiced in Palestine between the three organs, especially the Executive and there is an absence of constitutional oversight. This article recommends that the role of the Palestinian Supreme Constitutional Court be activated to monitor all three governmental organs to ensure that this principle is fully implemented.
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Hamad, A. M. A., Indriyani, R., Al Ramadan, A. M. M., & Fitriono, R. A. (2022). Separation of Powers in the Palestinian Law: Does it Reflect the Democratic System? (A Comparative Approach with Indonesia). Lex Scientia Law Review, 6(2), 265-298. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i2.58038
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References
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The Law of Service in the Palestinian Security Forces, Section 7-8 (2005).
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The Law of the Supreme Constitutional Court No. (3) (2006).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 2 (2002).
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The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 39 (2003).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 69 (2003).
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The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizen’s Rights. “Legal Report on Parliamentary Oversight on the Performance of Security Services.” Accessed January 24, 2021. https://www.ichr.ps.
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Youssef, Ayman, and Omar Rahal. Separation of Powers and the Rule of Law in a Democratic System. (Palestine: Centre for Human Rights and Democracy Media, 2010).
Youssef, Ghassan. “The Effect of Dual Power on The Political Development of The Palestinian National Authority after The Second Election.” Thesis. (An-Najah National University, Palestine, 2009).
Alhajri, Abdulrahman F S H. “Separation of Powers in the Kuwaiti Criminal Justice System: A Case Study.” European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, No. 2 (July 24, 2018): 59. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i2a.p59-79.
Bou-Alshayer, Said. Constitutional Law and Comparative Political Systems. (Palestine: University Press of Publications, 2010).
Bushnaq, Basim Sobhi. “Separation of Powers in The Palestinian Political System, and Its Impact on The Implementation of Human Rights.” Thesis. (International Islamic University, Malaysia, 2011).
Chandranegara, Ibnu Sina. “Architecture of Indonesia’s Checks and Balances.” Constitutional Review 2, No. 2 (2016): 270.
Dayyeh, Ahmad Abu, and Jihad Harb. “The Second Palestinian Presidential, Legislative and Local Elections 2005-2006,” 2007.
Efendi, Ahmad Mustarudin. "An Overlapping Legislative Authority: Parliament versus the Indonesian Constitutional Court." Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal Of Law) 5, No. 1 (2018): 50-69.
Febrian, Febrian, Iza Rumesten, Nurhidayatuloh Nurhidayatuloh, and Neisa Angrum Adisti. “Phenomenon of the Increasing Single Candidates and Backsliding Democratic Values in Indonesia”. Hasanuddin Law Review 8, No. 3 (2022): 248-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i3.2880
Hamad, Ahmed M A, Haslinda binti Mohd. Anuar, and Rohizan binti Halim. “Parliamentary Oversight Over the Acts of Government Under The Palestinian Basic Law of 2003.” Journal of Critical Reviews 7, No. 11 (2020): 2623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.19.383.
Hijab, Hanin Muhammad. The Role of the Legislative President in the Palestinian Political System. (An-Najah University, Palestine, 2011).
Idais, Maan. “The Status of Separation of Powers in the Palestinian System and Its Impact on Human Rights and the Rule of Law.” Palestine, 2010.
Kayed, Aziz. Overlapping of Powers in the Palestinian National Authority Institution. (Ramallah, 1999).
Khalil, A. “Beyond The Written Constitution: Constitutional Crisis of, and The Institutional Deadlock In, The Palestinian Political System as Entrenched in The Basic Law.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, No. 1 (January 1, 2013): 34–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mos022.
Matar, Mohammed Abu. Constitutional Law and Political Systems. (Palestine: Al-Azhar University, 2017).
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, and Kardiansyah Afkar. “President’s Power, Transition, and Good Governance”. Bestuur 10, No. 1 (2022): 68-84. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i1.59098
Musa, Khalid. “Abbas Dismisses The Supreme Judicial Council and Creates a Transitional Body with The Aim of Reform.” Independent Arabia, 2019. www.independentarabia.com.
Palestinian Civil Society Institutions and the Independent Commission for Human Rights. “Position Paper Issued on The Constitutional Court’s Decision to Dissolve The Legislative Council And Call for Legislative Elections,” 2018. https://goo.gl/FWUbkR.
Persson, Torsten, Gerard Roland, and Guido Tabellini. "Separation of powers and political accountability." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, No. 4 (1997): 1163-1202. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555457.
Rakaj, Adelina, and Armend Podvorica. “Does the State Fail to Protect Defendant Rights in the Criminal Justice Process? A Case in Kosovo.” Sriwijaya Law Review 4, No. 2 (2020): 172–86. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol4.Iss2.595.pp172-186.
Robinson, Glenn E. “The Politics of Legal Reform in Palestine.” Journal of Palestine Studies 27, No. 1 (October 1, 1997): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/2537809.
Said, Muhtar, Ahasanul Minan, and Muhammad Nurul Huda. “Problems of Horizontal and Vertical Political Accountability of Elected Officials in Indonesia”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 6, No. 1 (2021): 83-124. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v6i1.43403.
Sasmito, Hery Abduh. “Ultra Petita Decision of Constitutional Court on Judicial Review (The Perspective of Progressive Law)”. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies) 1, No. 1 (2017): 47-68. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v1i01.16568.
Shiha, Ibrahim Abdel-Aziz. Political System and Constitutional Law: An Analysis of the Egyptian Constitutional System. (Alexandria: Al Maaref Foundation for Publishing and Distribution, 2000).
Sultana, Tasneem. “Montesquieu’s Doctrine of Separation of Powers: A Case Study of Pakistan.” Journal of European Studies 28, No. 2 (2012): 55–71.
Supriady Bratakusumah, Deddy. “Actualization of Checks and Balances between Executive, Legislative and Judicial in Indonesia.” Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning 2, No. 3 (December 22, 2018): 219–26. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v2i3.47.
Sway, Muhammad Abu. Separation of Powers and The Independence of The Judiciary in Palestine. (Palestine: Birzeit University, 2015).
The Basic Law of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Sections 7-13 (1991).
The Civil Service Law, Section 9 (1998).
The Independent Commission for Human Rights. “The Situation of Human Rights in The West Bank and Gaza,” 2000. https://www.ichr.ps/en.
The Law of Service in the Palestinian Security Forces, Section 7-8 (2005).
The Law of Service in the Palestinian Security Forces No. 8 (2005).
The Law of the Supreme Constitutional Court No. (3) (2006).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 2 (2002).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 2 (2003).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 39 (2003).
The Palestinian Basic Law, Article 69 (2003).
The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights. “The Palestinian Legislative Council, Ten Years of Absence of Issue and Accountability, the Palestinian Legislative Council,” 2006. https://www.pchrgaza.org/en/.
The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizen’s Rights. “Legal Report on Parliamentary Oversight on the Performance of Security Services.” Accessed January 24, 2021. https://www.ichr.ps.
———. “The Powers of the President of the Palestinian National Authority in Comparison with the Powers of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Council in the Basic Law,” 2006. https://www.ichr.ps.
Youssef, Ayman, and Omar Rahal. Separation of Powers and the Rule of Law in a Democratic System. (Palestine: Centre for Human Rights and Democracy Media, 2010).
Youssef, Ghassan. “The Effect of Dual Power on The Political Development of The Palestinian National Authority after The Second Election.” Thesis. (An-Najah National University, Palestine, 2009).