The Murder of Shireen Abu Akleh: How Does Law Protect the Journalist in a War?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Shireen Abu Akleh, an esteemed Al Jazeera journalist, was sadly killed by Israeli army gunfire in May 2022 while reporting on the Israel-Palestine military war. To pursue justice for this horrific act, the Palestinian administration filed a formal complaint with the International Criminal Court (ICC). Despite the presence of strong proof, the Israeli government maintains that the charges are false. This study looks thoroughly into the Abu Akleh murder case, examining it from the standpoint of international law. Using normative legal research methods, the paper thoroughly examines the historical features of the murder as well as the legal procedures specified by international law to assure the administration of justice. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the critical importance of the Palestinian government's ICC complaint as a critical first step in initiating the judicial procedure. Notably, the United Nations has formally declared the Israeli army guilty of Abu Akleh's death, heightening the gravity of the situation. This research states categorically that the Israeli government must be held liable for this heinous act after exhaustively evaluating the most recent facts and prestigious international legal frameworks. It is fervently hoped that by unraveling the multifaceted dimensions inherent in this case, justice will ultimately prevail, steadfastly reaffirming the indispensable principles that safeguard press freedom and protect journalists worldwide, including within Indonesia as an integral member of the international community.
Article Details
How to Cite
Gunawan, Y., Ihsan, F., & Anderson, P. A. (2023). The Murder of Shireen Abu Akleh: How Does Law Protect the Journalist in a War?. Lex Scientia Law Review, 7(2), 375-412. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i2.59534
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References
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Waisbord, Silvio. “Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism.” Digital Journalism 8, no. 8 (October 6, 2020): 1030–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1818111.
Zelizer, Barbie. “Why Journalism Is About More Than Digital Technology.” Digital Journalism 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 343–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1571932.
Ziyodullaevich, Yulchi, and Ruziev Head. “Role and Importance of Limiting Institutional Autonomy in the Relationship between Journalism and Politics in Public Practice.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.18415/IJMMU.V9I7.3937.
Agustinus, Eko. “Individual Freedom in the Legal Discourse in Indonesia”. Indonesia Media Law Review 1, No. 1 (2022): 41-62. https://doi.org/10.15294/imrev.v1i1.56677.
Anderson, Chris W. “‘A Journalism of Fear.’” Journalism 22, no. 8 (2021): 1912–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920913383.
Ayalew, Yohannes Eneyew. “The Internet Shutdown Muzzle(s) Freedom of Expression in Ethiopia: Competing Narratives.” Information & Communications Technology Law 28, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 208–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2019.1619906.
Bartman, Jos Midas. “Murder in Mexico: Are Journalists Victims of General Violence or Targeted Political Violence?” Democratization 25, no. 7 (October 3, 2018): 1093–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1445998.
Birkett, Daley J. “Twenty Years of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Appraising the State of National Implementing Legislation in Asia.” Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 353–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/CHINESEJIL/JMZ014.
Calleja, Thomas. “The Assassinations of Investigative Journalists Daphne Caruana Galizia and Veronica Guerin and the Male-to-Female Birth Ratio.” Early Human Development 141 (February 1, 2020): 104950. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2019.104950.
Carey, Sabine C., and Anita R. Gohdes. “Understanding Journalist Killings.” The Journal of Politics 83, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 1216–28. https://doi.org/10.1086/715172.
Carlson, Matt. “The Information Politics of Journalism in a Post-Truth Age.” Journalism Studies 19, no. 13 (October 3, 2018): 1879–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513.
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Dahal, Pukar. “Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflict:” GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 4, no. 06 (June 26, 2021): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.6860198.
Delanthamajalu, Shwetha. “Nation, Gender and the Killing of an Indian Journalist.” Gender, Place & Culture 27, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 1115–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2019.1618797.
Gregorio, Giovanni De, and Nicole Stremlau. “Internet Shutdowns and the Limits of Law.” Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.CH-001.
Guilfoyle, Douglas. “The ICC Pre-Trial Chamber Decision on Jurisdiction over the Situation in Myanmar.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 73, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2018.1538316.
Hadi, Irnasya Shafira, Riza Noer Arfani, and Hakimul Ikhwan. “Internet Shutdown Policy at Papua and West Papua through the Public Policy Perspective.” Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.11594/IJSSR.03.01.01.
Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Tim P. Vos. “Journalism beyond Democracy: A New Look into Journalistic Roles in Political and Everyday Life.” Journalism 19, no. 2 (November 11, 2016): 146–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916673386.
Hashmi, Maaz Akhtar. “The Political Media - A Critical Analysis of the Current Indian Media.” Supremo Amicus 17 (2020).
Hathaway, Oona A., Paul K. Strauch, Beatrice A. Walton, and Zoe A. Y. Weinberg. “What Is a War Crime.” Yale Journal of International Law 44 (2019).
Helm, Rebecca K., and Hitoshi Nasu. “Regulatory Responses to ‘Fake News’ and Freedom of Expression: Normative and Empirical Evaluation.” Human Rights Law Review 21, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 302–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/HRLR/NGAA060.
Høiby, Marte, and Rune Ottosen. “Journalism under Pressure in Conflict Zones: A Study of Journalists and Editors in Seven Countries.” Media, War & Conflict 12, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217728092.
Hughes, Sallie, and Yulia Vorobyeva. “Explaining the Killing of Journalists in the Contemporary Era: The Importance of Hybrid Regimes and Subnational Variations.” Journalism 22, no. 8 (November 5, 2019): 1873–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919885588.
KA, Kassaye. “The Long Road towards Justice in Syria: Challenges and Perspectives on War Crimes.” Journal of Civil & Legal Sciences 07, no. 01 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000233.
Kasper, Sebastian. “Protecting the Messenger:” Journal of Mediation and Applied Conflict Analysis 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 38–58. https://doi.org/10.33232/JMACA.8.1.56.
Koirala, Samiksha. “Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassment: A Case Study of Nepal.” Media and Communication 8, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 47–56. https://doi.org/10.17645/MAC.V8I1.2541.
Kuvvet, Emre. “When a Journalist Is Assassinated, Do Financial Markets Care? The Market’s Reaction to Journalist Murders.” Applied Economics 52, no. 60 (2020): 6552–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1803490.
Mathias, Jerico. "Hate speech and its threat to law enforcement." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 1 (2021): 15-26. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i1.43172
Milanovic, Marko. “The Murder of Jamal Khashoggi: Immunities, Inviolability and the Human Right to Life.” Human Rights Law Review 20, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/HRLR/NGAA007.
Nygren, Gunnar, Michal Glowacki, Jöran Hök, Ilya Kiria, Dariya Orlova, and Daria Taradai. “Journalism in the Crossfire: Media coverage of the war in Ukraine in 2014,” Journalism Studies 19, no. 7 (May 19, 2016): 1059–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1251332.
Ogunnoiki, Adeleke Olumide. “International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecution of Africans For War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: A Witch-Hunt?” African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 2, no. 1 (2019): 1–15. www.abjournals.org.
“Palestine Asks ICC to Investigate Shireen Abu Akleh’s Killing | Israel-Palestine Conflict News | Al Jazeera.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/23/palestine-requests-icc-to-investigate-shireen-abu-akleh-killing.
Pickard, Victor. “Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis.” Digital Journalism 8, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 704–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1733433.
Politkovskaya, Anna. “Standing Alone.” Index on Censorship 51, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 93–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064220221084546.
Pratiwi, Cekli Setya. “Bridging the Gap Between Cultural Relativism and Universality of Human Rights: Indonesia Attitudes”. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (2020): 449-78. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.39271.
Rahman, Rofi Aulia, and Shu Mei Tang. “Fake News and Internet Shutdowns in Indonesia: Symptoms of Failure to Uphold Democracy.” Constitutional Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 151–83. https://doi.org/10.31078/CONSREV816.
Rahma Sabela, Amira, and Dina Wahyu Pritaningtias. “Study of Freedom of Speech and Expression in Legal Protection for Demonstrants in Indonesia [Kajian Freedom of Speech and Expression dalam Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Demonstran di Indonesia]”. Lex Scientia Law Review 1, no. 1 (2017): 81-92. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v1i01.19484.
Rickenbacher, Daniel. “The Arab League’s Propaganda Campaign in the Us against the Establishment of a Jewish State (1944-1947).” Israel Studies 25, no. 1 (2020): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.25.1.01.
Satriawan, Iwan, Tareq Muhammad, Aziz Elven, and Tanto Lailam. “Internet Shutdown in Indonesia: An Appropriate Response or A Threat to Human Rights?” Sriwijaya Law Review 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 19–46. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss1.
“Shireen Abu Akleh, Palestinian Journalist, Dies, Aged 51 - The New York Times.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/11/world/middleeast/shireen-abu-akleh-al-jazeera-dead.html/.
“Shireen Abu Aqla: Violence at Al Jazeera Reporter’s Funeral in Jerusalem - BBC News.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61437601.
“Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, Respecting an Investigation of the Situation in Palestine | International Criminal Court.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-fatou-bensouda-respecting-investigation-situation-palestine.
“UN: Israelis Fired Shots That Killed Journalist Shireen Abu Akleh | News | Al Jazeera.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/24/un-israelis-fired-shots-that-killed-journalist-abu-akleh.
“UN Experts Condemn Journalist Killing amid Rising West Bank Violence | OHCHR.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/05/un-experts-condemn-journalist-killing-amid-rising-west-bank-violence.
“Unlawful Killing of Palestinian-American Journalist - Shireen Abu Akleh – Statement Submitted to the Human Rights Council by Palestine Return Center (A/HRC/50/NGO/114) - Question of Palestine.” Accessed August 7, 2022. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killing-of-palestinian-american-journalist-shireen-abu-akleh-statement-submitted-to-the-human-rights-council-by-palestine-return-center-a-hrc-50-ngo-114/.
Veracini, Lorenzo. “Israel-Palestine Through a Settler-Colonial Studies Lens.” Interventions 21, no. 4 (May 19, 2018): 568–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2018.1547213.
Viererbl, Benno, and Thomas Koch. “Once a Journalist, Not Always a Journalist? Causes and Consequences of Job Changes from Journalism to Public Relations,” Journalism 22, no. 8 (May 17, 2019): 1947–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919829647.
Waisbord, Silvio. “Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism.” Digital Journalism 8, no. 8 (October 6, 2020): 1030–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1818111.
Zelizer, Barbie. “Why Journalism Is About More Than Digital Technology.” Digital Journalism 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 343–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1571932.
Ziyodullaevich, Yulchi, and Ruziev Head. “Role and Importance of Limiting Institutional Autonomy in the Relationship between Journalism and Politics in Public Practice.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.18415/IJMMU.V9I7.3937.