Robot Lawyer in Indonesian Criminal Justice System: Problems and Challenges for Future Law Enforcement
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Abstract
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) introduces unprecedented opportunities and complexities, particularly in its intersection with the legal domain. This study envisions a future where autonomous decision-making robot lawyers play a pivotal role in legal proceedings, providing counsel and representation. Examining the implications of AI’s scientific progress on Indonesian law, normative legal research methods were employed, encompassing statutory, conceptual, comparative, and futuristic analyses. Qualitative scrutiny and content analysis were applied to collected materials. The study reveals the potential of robot lawyers to enhance efficiency in Indonesia’s criminal justice system, aiding in evidence gathering, case analysis, and indictment drafting. This technological integration promises to alleviate the workload of legal professionals and expedite case resolutions, thereby improving public access to legal services. However, challenges loom, including ethical concerns, data security, and professional qualifications. To address these challenges, the study advocates for collaborative efforts among the government, industry, and academia. This cooperation is crucial for formulating regulations and establishing supportive infrastructure for the seamless integration of robot lawyers. Additionally, enhancing digital literacy and public understanding of AI in the legal sphere is emphasized as a vital step toward maximizing the benefits of this technology. In essence, the study underscores the transformative potential of AI in reshaping legal processes, emphasizing the need for a concerted, informed effort to navigate the challenges and optimize the benefits of this evolving technological landscape.
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Fernando, Z. J., Kristanto, K., Anditya, A. W., Hartati, S. Y., & Baskara, A. (2023). Robot Lawyer in Indonesian Criminal Justice System: Problems and Challenges for Future Law Enforcement. Lex Scientia Law Review, 7(2), 489-528. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i2.69423
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Aydede, Murat, dan Guven Guzeldere. “Consciousness, Intentionality and Intelligence: Some Foundational Issues for Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 12, no. 3 (2010): 263–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130050111437.
Barresi, John. “On Building a Person: Benchmarks for Robotic Personhood.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 32, no. 4 (3 Juli 2019): 581–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813X.2019.1653386.
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Fernando, Zico Junius. “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103944.
Futurism. “AI Lawyer ‘Ross’ Has Been Hired By Its First Official Law Firm.” https://futurism.com/, 2023. https://futurism.com/artificially-intelligent-lawyer-ross-hired-first-official-law-firm.
Goertzel, Ted. “The Path to More General Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 3 (3 Juli 2014): 343–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813X.2014.895106.
Guardian, The. “Ready for Robot Lawyers? How Students Can Prepare for The Future of Law.” https://www.theguardian.com/, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/jul/31/ready-for-robot-lawyers-how-students-can-prepare-for-the-future-of-law.
Hadi, I Gusti Ayu Apsari. “Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dalam Pertanggungjawaban Dokter Terhadap Tindakan Malpraktik Medis.” Jurnal Yuridis 5, no. 1 (2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35586/.v5i1.318.
Hayes, Patrick J., Kenneth M. Ford, dan Jack R. Adams-Webber. “Human Reasoning about Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 4, no. 4 (2007): 247–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528139208953750.
Jacobowitz, Jan L., dan Justin Ortiz. “Happy Birthday Siri! Dialing in Legal Ethics for Artificial Intelligence, Smartphones, and Real Time Lawyers.” Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 4, no. 5 (2018): 407–42. https://doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v4.i5.1.
Jeff Larson et al. “How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm.” https://www.propublica.org/, 2023. https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm.
Joshua Park. “Your Honor, AI.” https://hir.harvard.edu, 2023. https://hir.harvard.edu/your-honor-ai/.
Law, Above the. “ROSS Intelligence Offers A New Take On Legal Research.” https://abovethelaw.com, 2019. https://abovethelaw.com/2019/05/ross-intelligence-offers-a-new-take-on-legal-research/.
Liu, Tao, Biao Fan, He Hu, dan Xiao-Yong Du. “Lawyer Information Integration and Recommendation by Multi-Source Information Validation.” In 2011 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 4:1909–13, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2011.6016956.
McKeown, Tara, Jamila Mustafina, Rustem Magizov, dan Camila Gataullina. “AI in Law Practices.” In 2020 13th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), 27–32, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/DeSE51703.2020.9450780.
Megan Cerullo. “AI-Powered ‘Robot’ Lawyer Won’t Argue In Court After Jail Threats.” https://www.cbsnews.com, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robot-lawyer-wont-argue-court-jail-threats-do-not-pay/.
Mohsen Klasik. “Robot Lawyer Beracara di Indonesia Suatu Hil yang Mustahal.” https://klikhukum.id, 2023. https://klikhukum.id/robot-lawyer-beracara-di-indonesia-suatu-hil-yang-mustahal/.
Müller, Vincent C. “Risks of General Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. Taylor & Francis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813X.2014.895110.
Nur Azmi, Rama Halim. “Indonesian Cyber Law Formulation in The Development of National Laws In 4.0 Era.” Lex Scientia Law Review 4, no. 1 (2020): 49–62. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v4i1.38109.
Oscar Williams. “Fourth Industrial Revolution: AI Startups Like RAVN, Luminance, and Ravelin Mean Less Boring Paperwork.” https://www.businessinsider.com, 2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/fourth-industrial-revolution-ai-ravn-luminance-ravelin-automation-less-boring-paperwork-2017-3.
Padraig Belton. “Would you let a robot lawyer defend you? - BBC News.” https://www.bbc.com, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58158820.
Putra, Panca Sarjana, Zico Junius Fernando, Bhanu Prakash Nunna, dan Rizaldy Anggriawan. “Judicial Transformation: Integration of AI Judges in Innovating Indonesia’s Criminal Justice System.” Kosmik Hukum 23, no. 3 (2023): 233–47. https://doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v23i3.18711.
Ross Intelligence. “Features - ROSS Intelligence.” https://www.rossintelligence.com/features, 2023.
Soekanto, Soerjono, dan Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2001).
Stockdale, Michael, dan Rebecca Mitchell. “Legal Advice Privilege and Artificial Legal Intelligence: Can Robots Give Privileged Legal Advice?” The International Journal of Evidence & Proof 23, no. 4 (2019): 422–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712719862296.
Thomson Reuters. “Thomson Reuters and Blue J Legal Deliver Artificial Intelligence-Based Tax Foresight.” https://www.thomsonreuters.com/, 2016. https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2016/november/thomson-reuters-and-blue-j-legal-deliver-artificial-intelligence-based-tax-foresight.html.
United States Sentencing Commission. “The First Step Act of 2018: One Year of Implementation.” https://www.ussc.gov/, 2023. https://www.ussc.gov/research/research-reports/first-step-act-2018-one-year-implementation.
Wasis Wibowo. “Pertama Kali Robot Pengacara Digunakan dalam Persidangan, Dikendalikan Lewat Aplikasi Ponsel.” tekno.sindonews.com, 2023. https://tekno.sindonews.com/read/992483/123/pertama-kali-robot-pengacara-digunakan-dalam-persidangan-dikendalikan-lewat-aplikasi-ponsel-1673391663.
Widyawati, Anis, Pujiyono Pujiyono, Nur Rochaeti, Genjie Ompoy, dan Nurul Natasha Binti Muhammad Zaki. “Urgency of the Legal Structure Reformation for Law in Execution of Criminal Sanctions.” Lex Scientia Law Review 6, no. 2 (2022): 327–58. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i2.58131.