Rejection of Former Shia Community in Sampang Perspective on Human Rights Law: Discourse of Religious Rights and Freedom in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Tajul Muluk and 274 former Shia have not been able to return to their hometowns in Sampang District, even though they have pledged repentance to return to Sunni teachings on November 5, 2020. The formulated research problems consisted of: first, what was the position of former Shia adherents in Sampang District based on the perspective of rights and freedom of religion in Indonesia? And second, what was the form of violation of the right to freedom of religion in the case of community rejection of former Shia in Sampang District? This research utilizes empirical legal research methods combined with sociological and anthropological approaches. The research results concluded: First, the existence of former Shia adherents as refugees should be treated as a violation of the constitutional mandate of Indonesia which forbids acts of violence and violations of religious rights and freedoms, of all Indonesian citizens. Second that they were accused of embracing a deviant religious sect, is evidence to their religious minority status; and third the expulsion of the former Shia adherents was a violation of the right to freedom of religion. which had been regulated in the constitution, laws, and regulations under the constitution and the spirit of the Indonesian nation.
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Mukhlis, M., Jackson-Ortiz, R. D., Jufri, M., Garunja, E., & Aidonojie, P. A. (2023). Rejection of Former Shia Community in Sampang Perspective on Human Rights Law: Discourse of Religious Rights and Freedom in Indonesia. Lex Scientia Law Review, 7(2), 959-994. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i2.72156
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Adawiyah, D P R, D M A Zakirah, and Dessy Dwi Lestari. “Sampang Regency Government Strategy in Reconciliation of Sunni-Shia People.” Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 33, no. 2 (2022): 359–70.
Al-Humaidy, Mohammad Ali, and et.al. Etnis Tionghoa Di Madura; Interaksi Sosial Etnis Tionghoa Dengan Etnis Madura Di Sumenep. Surabaya: Jakad Media Publishing, 2020.
Amiruddin dan Zainal Asikin. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2018.
Ansori et al. “Politik Hukum Penyelesaian Konflik Berbasis Agama Di Indonesia.” Journal Diversi. Vol. 2, 2016.
Damai, Andry Hikari. “Toleransi Beragama Pada Masa Mataram Kuna.” In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bahasa Dan Budaya IV, 24–28. Denpasar, 2019.
Fahmi, Agung Ali. Implementasi Jaminan Hukum HAM Atas Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Interpena, 2011.
Fahmi, Agung Ali. “Implementasi Kebebasan Beragama Dalam UUD Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.” Universitas Indonesia, 2010.
Fahmi, Agung Ali. “The Implementation of Islamic Value Absorption in Regional Regulations on Districts at Madura.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 15, no. 1 (2020): 157–58. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-ihkam.v15i1.2682.
Faridah, Siti. “Kebebasan Beragama Dan Ranah Toleransinya.” Lex Scientia Law Review 2, no. 2 (2018): 199–214. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v2i2.27585.
H Situmorang, Victorio. “Kebebasan Beragama Sebagai Bagian Dari Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 57–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2019.10.57-67.
Hakim, Muhammad Lukman, Indah Dwi Qurbani, and Abdul Wahid. “A Paradox between Religious Conviction and Recognizing the Freedom of Others on Measuring Religious (in) Tolerance Index in East Java, Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2191443.
Hallaq, Wael B. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Hamdi, Ahmad Zainul. “Klaim Religious Authority Dalam Konflik Sunni-Syi‘i Sampang Madura.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 6, no. 2 (2014): 215. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2012.6.2.215-231.
Ibrahim, Johny. Teori Dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing, 2006.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. “Analisis Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Sampang Nomor 69/Pid.B/2012/PN.Spg. Prespektif Hak Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan 1, no. 2 (2016): 102–10.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. “Regulation Model of Religious Rights and Freedoms for Local Religious Believers in the Majapahit Constitution.” HAM 1, no. 1 (2022): 57–67.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. “Urgensi Amandemen Kelima Pada Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Terkait Hak Dan Kebebasan Beragama.” HAM, no. 1 (2021): 636–37. https://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.627-644.
Jufri, Muwaffiq, and Mukhlish Mukhlish. “Akibat Hukum Pemisahan Hak Beragama Dengan Hak Berkepercayaan Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 2 (2019): 274–87. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1624.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia; Dasar Teori Dan Praktiknya. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2023.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. “Kontribusi Konstitusi Madinah Dan Konstitusi Nagarakretagama Terhadap Rancangan Amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Terkait Hak Dan Kebebasan Beragama.” Brawijaya University, 2016.
Jufri, Muwaffiq. Metode Penyelesaian Konflik Agama; Optik Hukum, HAM, Dan Nilai Kearifan Lokal. Surabaya: Scopindo, 2021.
Kayane, Yuka. “Understanding Sunni-Shi’a Sectarianism in Contemporary Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 48, no. 140 (2020): 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2020.1675277.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2019.
Marzuki, Suparman. Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Hukum Pidana. Makassar: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muslim Indonesia, 2017.
Marzuki, Suparman. “Politik Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Tentang Kebebasan Beragama Pasca Orde Baru.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 26, no. 2 (2019): 215–37. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol26.iss2.art1.
Miichi Ken, Yuka Kayane. “The Politics of Religious Pluralism in Indonesia: The Shi’a Response to the Sampang Incidents of 2011–12.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 1 (2019): 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.12.
Muljana, Slamet. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan; Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara, 2012.
Muljana, Slamet. Tafsir Sejarah Nagara Kretagama. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara, 2012.
Nayu, Moh., and Agung Ali Fahmi. “Efforts to Realize a Halal Lifestyle in Madura Through The Synergy of Islamic Boarding Schools and The Halal Center of University Trunojoyo of Madura.” Trunojoyo Law Review 4, no. 2 (2022): 98–111. https://doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v4i2.18616.
Purwanto, Muhammad Roy, Nur Kholish, Supriadi Tamyiz Mukahrrom, and Hamidullah Marazi. “The Significance of Maqasid Syariah Principles in Improving Islamic.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 13, no. 3 (2020): 1–13.
Ramadhan, Gilang. “Majority Religious Politics: The Struggle for Religious Rights of Minorities in Sampang, Madura.” Simulacra 5, no. 1 (2022): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v5i1.13427.
Riyanto, Sigit, and Fajri Matahati Muhammadin. “The Urgency to Incorporate the Islamic Concept of Rights into The International Human Rights Law Course in Indonesian Law Schools.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 14, no. 1 (2019): 178–200. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v14i1.2166.
Rokhmad, Abu. “The Sunni-Shia Conflict in Madura Indonesia: Judging Individual Faith as Blasphemy.” Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 27, no. 3 (2019): 2081–97.
Safa’at, Muchamad Ali. Dinamika Negara Dan Islam Dalam Perkembangan Hukum Dan Politik Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2018.
Sunyoto, Agus. Atlas Walisongo; Buku Pertama Yang Mengungkap Wali Songo Sebagai Fakta Sejarah. VII. Tanggerang Selatan: Imania, 2017.
Tamsir, Siti Nashrah binti, and Zaini. “Ijtihad As A Method of Legal Discovery in The Islamic Legal System.” Trunojoyo Law Review 5, no. 2 (2023): 129–43. https://doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v5i2.21051.
Tripathi, Neha, and Anubhav Kumar. “The Constitutional Struggle for Religious Freedom: A Comparative Study of India and Indonesia.” Constitutional Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev811.
Wan, Mohammad Ali Hisyam & Wan Zailan Kamaruddin Wan Ali. “Membaca Tantangan Kerukunan Antaragama Di Indonesia.” Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 5, no. 1 (2015): 197.
Wening Purbatin Palupi Soenjoto. “Islam Kejawen as an Adoption of Local Wisdom and Islamic Development in Javanese Communities.” Shahih: Journal of Islamicate Multidisiplinary 7, no. 1 (2022): 67–76.
Whaley, Joachim. The Thirty Years War 1618–1648; Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0008.
Wildhan Ichza Maulana. “Walisongo’s Concept of Religious Moderation in the History of Islamization of Java in the 15th Century AD.” Fuaduna: Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan 6, no. 1 (2022): 30–44. https://dx.doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v6i1.5521.