Attardo, S. (1994). Linguistic theories of humour. Mouton de Gruyter.
Attardo, S. (2001). Humorous texts: A Semantic and pragmatic analysis. Mouton de Gruyter.
Balakrishnan, V., Venkat, V., & Manickam, M. (2019). Virality in the environment of political cartoons: when history intersects representation. The European Journal of Humour Research, 7(2), 137–152.https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2019.7.2.balakrishnan
Blommaert, J., & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29(1), 447-466. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.447
Boukes, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., Moorman, M., & De Vreese, C. H. (2015). At odds: Laughing and thinking? The appreciation, processing, and persuasiveness of political satire. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 721-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12173
Daniels, T. P. (2007). Liberals, moderates and jihadists: protesting Danish cartoons in Indonesia. Contemporary Islam, 1, 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-007-0020-0
Droog, E., & Burgers, C. (2023). Metaphorical Humor in Satirical News Shows: A Content Analysis. Metaphor and Symbol, 38(3), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10926488.2022.2160252
Dynel, M. (2013). Humorous phenomena in dramatic discourse. The European Journal of Humour Research, 1(1), 22–60. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2013.1.1.dynel
Dynel, M. & Chovanec, J. (2021). Creating and sharing public humour across traditional and new media. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.020.
Echeverria, M., & Rodelo, F. V. (2023). Political Entertainment in a Post-Authoritarian Democracy: Humor and the Mexican Media. Taylor & Francis.
Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis. In J. P. Gee & M. Handford, M. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 9-20). Routledge.
Feldman, O. (1995). Political reality and editorial cartoons in Japan: How the national dailies illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(3), 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200308
Feldman, O. (2000). Non-oratorical discourse and political humor in Japan: Editorial cartoons, satire and attitudes toward authority. In C. De Landtsheer & O. Feldman (Eds.), Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media (pp. 165-191). Praeger.
Feldman, O. (2023). Assessing the politics of debasement: From impoliteness to demonization in political communication. In Political debasement: Incivility, contempt, and humiliation in parliamentary and public discourse (pp. 1-28). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Fuchs, C. (2010). Alternative media as critical media. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), 173-192. https://doi:10.1177/1368431010362294
Harun, A., Razak, M. R. A., Ali, A., Nasir, M. N. F., & Radzuan, L. E. M. (2015). Anthropomorphism in political cartoon: Case study of the 1965 Malaysia-Indonesia confrontation. In O. Hassan, S. Abidin, R. Legino, R. Anwar, & M. Kamaruzaman (Eds.), International colloquium of art and design education research (i-CADER 2014) (pp. 53-60). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-332-3_6
Hasanah, N., & Hidayat, D. N. (2020). A semiotic analysis of political cartoons on the first 100 days of Anies Baswedan government. EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture, 5(2), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.5.2.322-333
Hill, M. R. (2013). Developing a normative approach to political satire: A critical perspective. International Journal of Communication, 7, 14. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1934/856
Holbert, R. L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., & Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on juvenalian satire versus horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210392156
Kompas (n.d.). Collection of cartoons by Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/kategori/humor/kartun-humor (in Indonesian).
Lalancette, M., & Small, T. A. (2020). Justin Trudeau: I don’t know her: An analysis of leadership memes of justin trudeau. Canadian Journal of Communication, 45(2), 305-325. https://doi:10.22230/CJC.2020V45N2A3445
Landreville, K. D. (2015). Satire as uncertain territory: Uncertainty expression in discussion about political satire, opinion, and news. Humor, 28(4), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0105
Lent, J. A. (2014). Cartooning in Indonesia: An overview. In J. A. Lent (Ed.), Southeast Asian cartoon art: History, trends and problems (pp. 6-38). McFarland.
Mahadian, A. B., & Hashim, R. (2022). Political internet memes in Indonesia: Insulting the President in the 2019 presidential election Adi Bayu. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC), 2, 27-57.
Meibauer, J. (2019). Book Review: Irony, deception, and humour: Seeking the truth about overt and covert untruthfulness, by Marta Dynel. Journal of Pragmatics, 147, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.05.009.
Morgan, M. (2010). The presentation of indirectness and power in everyday life. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.06.011.
Nugraha, D. S. (2020). The vlog registers in Bahasa Indonesia: an Ethnolinguistics study. International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies, 4(1), 92-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30575/2017/IJLRES-2020010408
Nugraha, D. S. (2022). On silent laughter: The political humour depicted in Indonesian cartoons. VELES: Voices of English Language Education Society, 6(1), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v6i1.5022
Ostrom, R. (2007). Risky business: Three political cartooning lessons from Indonesia during Suharto’s authoritarian rule. PS: Political Science & Politics, 40(2), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096507070473
Piata, A. (2016). When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal of Pragmatics, 106, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.10.003.
Putri, S. A. (2018). A semiotic analysis of Joko Widodo political cartoons in the Jakarta Post e-paper. Master thesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Rahman, A. F. N. (2022). Multiliteracy in the Millennial Generation: A Case Study of Political Cartoons on Instagram Tempodotco. PERSPEKTIF, 11(4), 1291-1300. https://doi.org/10.31289/perspektif.v11i4.7312
Sen, K., & Hill, D. T. (2007). Media, culture and politics in Indonesia. Equinox Publ.
Sonay, A. (2023). A Revolution of Smiles? The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019–2020 Protests. The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East, 340-351.
Stewart, R. (2015). Breaking the mainstream mold: The birth of a local political cartoonist in post-3.11 Japan. The European Journal of Humour Research, 2(4), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2014.2.4.stewart
Surahmat, S., Wijana, I. D. P., & Baskoro, S. (2023). Humor as a Political Act: Study of Indonesian Presidents’ Humor. Journal of Language and Literature, 23(1), 125-139.
Triputra, P., & Sugita, F. (2016). Culture jamming phenomenon in politics (the Jokowi’s memes in TIME publication’s cover and TokoBagus.com Advertisement). Journal of US-China Public Administration, 13(6), 386-396. https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6591/2016.06.002
Tsakona, V. (2009). Language and image interaction in cartoons: Towards a multimodal theory of humor. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(6), 1171-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.12.003.
Wang, Y., & Feng, D. (2023). History, modernity, and city branding in China: a multimodal critical discourse analysis of Xi’an’s promotional videos on social media. Social Semiotics, 33(2), 402-425.
Weiss, G., & Wodak, R. (Eds.). (2007). Critical discourse analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
Weydmann, N., & Großmann, K. (2020). Corona in Indonesian and German cartoons: Contested medical pluralism, distrust in the state and radicalization in times of crisis. Philologie im Netz: PhiN; Beiheft, (24), 523-546.
Witek, M. (2022). Irony as a speech action. Journal of Pragmatics, 190, 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.01.010.
Young, D. G. (2017). Theories and effects of political humor: Discounting cues, gateways, and the impact of incongruities. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication (pp. 881-884). Oxford University Press.
Attardo, S. (2001). Humorous texts: A Semantic and pragmatic analysis. Mouton de Gruyter.
Balakrishnan, V., Venkat, V., & Manickam, M. (2019). Virality in the environment of political cartoons: when history intersects representation. The European Journal of Humour Research, 7(2), 137–152.https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2019.7.2.balakrishnan
Blommaert, J., & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29(1), 447-466. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.447
Boukes, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., Moorman, M., & De Vreese, C. H. (2015). At odds: Laughing and thinking? The appreciation, processing, and persuasiveness of political satire. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 721-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12173
Daniels, T. P. (2007). Liberals, moderates and jihadists: protesting Danish cartoons in Indonesia. Contemporary Islam, 1, 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-007-0020-0
Droog, E., & Burgers, C. (2023). Metaphorical Humor in Satirical News Shows: A Content Analysis. Metaphor and Symbol, 38(3), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10926488.2022.2160252
Dynel, M. (2013). Humorous phenomena in dramatic discourse. The European Journal of Humour Research, 1(1), 22–60. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2013.1.1.dynel
Dynel, M. & Chovanec, J. (2021). Creating and sharing public humour across traditional and new media. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.020.
Echeverria, M., & Rodelo, F. V. (2023). Political Entertainment in a Post-Authoritarian Democracy: Humor and the Mexican Media. Taylor & Francis.
Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis. In J. P. Gee & M. Handford, M. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 9-20). Routledge.
Feldman, O. (1995). Political reality and editorial cartoons in Japan: How the national dailies illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(3), 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200308
Feldman, O. (2000). Non-oratorical discourse and political humor in Japan: Editorial cartoons, satire and attitudes toward authority. In C. De Landtsheer & O. Feldman (Eds.), Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media (pp. 165-191). Praeger.
Feldman, O. (2023). Assessing the politics of debasement: From impoliteness to demonization in political communication. In Political debasement: Incivility, contempt, and humiliation in parliamentary and public discourse (pp. 1-28). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Fuchs, C. (2010). Alternative media as critical media. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), 173-192. https://doi:10.1177/1368431010362294
Harun, A., Razak, M. R. A., Ali, A., Nasir, M. N. F., & Radzuan, L. E. M. (2015). Anthropomorphism in political cartoon: Case study of the 1965 Malaysia-Indonesia confrontation. In O. Hassan, S. Abidin, R. Legino, R. Anwar, & M. Kamaruzaman (Eds.), International colloquium of art and design education research (i-CADER 2014) (pp. 53-60). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-332-3_6
Hasanah, N., & Hidayat, D. N. (2020). A semiotic analysis of political cartoons on the first 100 days of Anies Baswedan government. EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture, 5(2), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.5.2.322-333
Hill, M. R. (2013). Developing a normative approach to political satire: A critical perspective. International Journal of Communication, 7, 14. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1934/856
Holbert, R. L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., & Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on juvenalian satire versus horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210392156
Kompas (n.d.). Collection of cartoons by Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/kategori/humor/kartun-humor (in Indonesian).
Lalancette, M., & Small, T. A. (2020). Justin Trudeau: I don’t know her: An analysis of leadership memes of justin trudeau. Canadian Journal of Communication, 45(2), 305-325. https://doi:10.22230/CJC.2020V45N2A3445
Landreville, K. D. (2015). Satire as uncertain territory: Uncertainty expression in discussion about political satire, opinion, and news. Humor, 28(4), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0105
Lent, J. A. (2014). Cartooning in Indonesia: An overview. In J. A. Lent (Ed.), Southeast Asian cartoon art: History, trends and problems (pp. 6-38). McFarland.
Mahadian, A. B., & Hashim, R. (2022). Political internet memes in Indonesia: Insulting the President in the 2019 presidential election Adi Bayu. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC), 2, 27-57.
Meibauer, J. (2019). Book Review: Irony, deception, and humour: Seeking the truth about overt and covert untruthfulness, by Marta Dynel. Journal of Pragmatics, 147, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.05.009.
Morgan, M. (2010). The presentation of indirectness and power in everyday life. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.06.011.
Nugraha, D. S. (2020). The vlog registers in Bahasa Indonesia: an Ethnolinguistics study. International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies, 4(1), 92-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30575/2017/IJLRES-2020010408
Nugraha, D. S. (2022). On silent laughter: The political humour depicted in Indonesian cartoons. VELES: Voices of English Language Education Society, 6(1), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v6i1.5022
Ostrom, R. (2007). Risky business: Three political cartooning lessons from Indonesia during Suharto’s authoritarian rule. PS: Political Science & Politics, 40(2), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096507070473
Piata, A. (2016). When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal of Pragmatics, 106, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.10.003.
Putri, S. A. (2018). A semiotic analysis of Joko Widodo political cartoons in the Jakarta Post e-paper. Master thesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Rahman, A. F. N. (2022). Multiliteracy in the Millennial Generation: A Case Study of Political Cartoons on Instagram Tempodotco. PERSPEKTIF, 11(4), 1291-1300. https://doi.org/10.31289/perspektif.v11i4.7312
Sen, K., & Hill, D. T. (2007). Media, culture and politics in Indonesia. Equinox Publ.
Sonay, A. (2023). A Revolution of Smiles? The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019–2020 Protests. The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East, 340-351.
Stewart, R. (2015). Breaking the mainstream mold: The birth of a local political cartoonist in post-3.11 Japan. The European Journal of Humour Research, 2(4), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2014.2.4.stewart
Surahmat, S., Wijana, I. D. P., & Baskoro, S. (2023). Humor as a Political Act: Study of Indonesian Presidents’ Humor. Journal of Language and Literature, 23(1), 125-139.
Triputra, P., & Sugita, F. (2016). Culture jamming phenomenon in politics (the Jokowi’s memes in TIME publication’s cover and TokoBagus.com Advertisement). Journal of US-China Public Administration, 13(6), 386-396. https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6591/2016.06.002
Tsakona, V. (2009). Language and image interaction in cartoons: Towards a multimodal theory of humor. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(6), 1171-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.12.003.
Wang, Y., & Feng, D. (2023). History, modernity, and city branding in China: a multimodal critical discourse analysis of Xi’an’s promotional videos on social media. Social Semiotics, 33(2), 402-425.
Weiss, G., & Wodak, R. (Eds.). (2007). Critical discourse analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
Weydmann, N., & Großmann, K. (2020). Corona in Indonesian and German cartoons: Contested medical pluralism, distrust in the state and radicalization in times of crisis. Philologie im Netz: PhiN; Beiheft, (24), 523-546.
Witek, M. (2022). Irony as a speech action. Journal of Pragmatics, 190, 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.01.010.
Young, D. G. (2017). Theories and effects of political humor: Discounting cues, gateways, and the impact of incongruities. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication (pp. 881-884). Oxford University Press.
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Affiliations
Danang Satria Nugraha
Sanata Dharma University
How to Cite
Nugraha, D. (2023). Mocking Laughter: The Political Humor of Indonesians Portrayed in Newspaper Cartoons. Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 12(3), 266-278. https://doi.org/10.15294/seloka.v12i3.71615
Mocking Laughter: The Political Humor of Indonesians Portrayed in Newspaper Cartoons
Vol 12 No 3 (2023): December 2023
Submitted: Jul 19, 2023
Published: Dec 30, 2023
Abstract
This study delves into the crucial role of political humor in Indonesian society by conducting a thorough analysis of newspaper cartoons through critical discourse analysis. Humor is a potent tool for expressing social commentary and political critique in a less confrontational manner. The study focuses on meticulously chosen cartoons published in major Indonesian newspapers, i.e. Kompas, to uncover the underlying political themes, satirical techniques, and social implications conveyed through humor. The study examines how these cartoons shape public discourse, challenge power structures, and influence public opinion. By thoroughly analyzing linguistic and visual elements, the study offers valuable insights into how political humor functions as a form of resistance, social commentary, and cultural expression in Indonesia. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between humor, politics, and society, highlighting how Indonesians use satire to navigate and negotiate their socio-political landscape. This study significantly contributes to the critical discourse analysis field by emphasizing the multifaceted role of political humor in shaping public discourse and fostering critical engagement within a specific cultural and political context in Indonesia.