The Driving Factors for Recidivism of Former Terrorism Convicts in Socio-Legal Perspective
Article Sidebar
Published
May 31, 2023
Main Article Content
Abstract
The phenomenon of recidivism among former terrorism convicts presents a complex challenge within the socio-legal context. This study aims to explore the driving factors behind the recurrence of terrorism-related offenses among previously incarcerated individuals. By employing a socio-legal perspective, the research examines the interplay of social and legal factors that contribute to the re-engagement of former terrorism convicts in illegal activities. Drawing on existing literature and empirical data, this paper identifies various key factors, including societal stigma, socio-economic struggles, and deficiencies in the legal system. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive policies that address both social and legal dimensions to effectively prevent and address recidivism in the terrorism context. By understanding and addressing these driving factors, policymakers and practitioners can develop more targeted and nuanced interventions to facilitate successful rehabilitation and reintegration while safeguarding national security and promoting social cohesion.
Article Details
How to Cite
Masyhar, A., Murtadho, A., & Sabri, A. Z. S. A. (2023). The Driving Factors for Recidivism of Former Terrorism Convicts in Socio-Legal Perspective. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(1), 379-404. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i1.69445
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under the licence of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).
References
Abdullah, Asman. "Radikalisasi Gerakan Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid dan Pengaruh ISIS di Indonesia." Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 12, No. 2 (2018): 213-232. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v12i2.1295.
Adi, Agus Satmoko. "Inovasi program deradikalisasi eks narapidana teroris melalui rumah daulat buku (RUDALKU) dengan pendekatan literasi." PKn Progresif: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Kewarganegaraan 15, No. 2 (2020): 21-36. https://doi.org/10.20961/pknp.v15i2.50905.
Anindya, Chaula Rininta. "The deradicalisation programme for Indonesian deportees: A vacuum in coordination." Journal for Deradicalization 18 (2019): 217-243.
Barrett, Richard, and Laila Bokhari. "Deradicalization and rehabilitation programmes targeting religious terrorists and extremists in the Muslim world: An overview." Leaving Terrorism Behind (2008): 188-198.
Blomberg, S. Brock, Gregory D. Hess, and Athanasios Orphanides. "The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism." Journal of Monetary Economics 51, No. 5 (2004): 1007-1032.
Burhanuddin, Nunu, "Akar dan Motif Fundamentalisme Islam: Reformulasi Tipologi Fundamentalisme dan Prospeknya di Indonesia." Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya 1, No. 2 (2016): 199-210. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v1i2.831.
Crouch, Cameron I. Managing Terrorism and Insurgency: Regeneration, Recruitment and Attrition. (London: Routledge, 2009).
Damayanti, Dian. "Implementation of the Cyber Terrorism Prevention, and Rehabilitation Policy in Polda Metro Jaya Police in Central Jakarta." Journal of Information Assurance & Cybersecurity 2021, No. 1 (2021): 1-10.
Erikha, Fajar, and Any Rufaedah. "Dealing with terrorism in Indonesia: An attempt to deradicalize, disengage and reintegrate terror inmates with a social psychology approach." In Terrorist Rehabilitation and Community Engagement in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 131-138.
Fedock, Gina, and Stephanie Covington. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Criminal Psychology. (Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publication, Inc., 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483392240.n170.
Firmansyah, Hery. "Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Terorisme di Indonesia." Mimbar Hukum 23, No. 2 (2011): 376-393. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16193.
Foot, Rosemary. "The United Nations, Counter Terrorism, and Human Rights: Institutional Adaptation and Embedded Ideas." Human Rights Quarterly 29, No. 2 (2007): 489-514. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072807.
Ghafar, Muhammad, Pryla Rochmahwati, and Mukhibat Mukhibat. "Virtual pesantren: New trend of Islamic education model in Indonesia." ICONIS International Conference on Islam and Muslim Societies (2018): 189-199. http://iconis.iainsalatiga.ac.id/iconis-2018/.
Gunaratna, Rohan, and Sabariah Hussin, eds. Deradicalisation and terrorist rehabilitation: A framework for policy-making and implementation. (London: Routledge, 2018).
Gupta, Dipak K. "Exploring Roots of Terrorism." In Root Causes of Terrorism. (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 34-50.
Hasisi, Badi, et al. "Crime and Terror: Examining Criminal Risk Factors for Terrorist Recidivism." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 36 (2020): 449-472.
Hettiarachchi, Malkanthi. "Rehabilitation to deradicalise detainees and inmates: A counter-terrorism strategy." Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 13, No. 2 (2018): 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2018.1476774.
Hodwitz, Omi. "The Terrorism Recidivism Study (TRS): An Update on Data Collection and Results." Perspectives on Terrorism 15, No. 4 (2021): 27-38.
Huda, Achmad Zainal, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi, and Muhammad Syauqillah. "Social Media as An Incubator of Youth Terrorism in Indonesia: Hybrid Threat and Warfare." Jurnal Indo-Islamika 11, No. 1 (2021): 21-40. https://doi.org/10.15408/jii.v11i1.20362.
Ismed, Mohamad. "Deradikalisasi Penanganan Terorisme Secara Terintegrasi di Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Legalitas 15, No. 2 (2021): 59-64.
Kamaludin, Iip. "Efektifitas Pembinaan Narapidana Terorisme dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi di Lembaga Pemasyratakatan." Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum 12, No. 2 (2021): 373-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v12i2.4327.
Koehler, Daniel. “Violence and terrorism from the far-right: Policy options to counter an elusive threat”. ICCT Policy Brief, 2019. (The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2019).
Krieger, Tim, and Daniel Meierrieks. "What causes terrorism?." Public Choice 147 (2011): 3-27.
Mardlatillah, Edwi Azmi Mulyani, and Zainal Hidayat. "Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi Eks Napiter di Wilayah Kota Semarang." Journal of Public Policy and Management Review 8, No. 4 (2019): 539-545. https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v8i4.25128.
Masyhar, Ali, and Ridwan Arifin. "Urgensi Pembentengan Masyarakat dari Radikalisme dan Terorisme (Upaya Terhadap Jamiyyah Nahdlatul Ulama Kecamatan Bonang Kabupaten Demak)." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI 1, No. 1 (2018): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi.v1i01.27259.
Masyhar, Ali, et al. "Digital Transformation of Youth Movement for Counter Radicalism." AIP Conference Proceedings 2573, No. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0109808.
Masyhar, Ali, Rasdi Rasdi, and Fendi Setyo Harmoko. "Peran Khutbah Jum’at dalam Mengantisipasi Radikalisme Beragama." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI 1, No. 2 (2019): 178-183. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi.v1i2.28578.
Masyhar, Ali. "Regeneration Modus and Strategy of Terrorism." South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law 18, No. 4 (2019): 13-17. https://seajbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SEAJBEL-18_39.pdf.
Masyhar, Ali. Pergulatan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Ranah Tatanan Sosial. (Semarang: UNNES Press, 2008).
Maunah, Alfi. “Radicalism Among Indonesia’s Young Generation: How to Overcome It?”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 1, No. 2 (2022): 247-266. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v1i2.59803.
Mestika, Hana Fairuz. “Terrorism and Islam in the Global Perspective”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 2, No. 1 (2023): 147-178. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v2i1.66163.
Muarif, Abdul Muchzin Guntur, and Sapto Priyanto. "Pelaksanaan Pembinaan terhadap Para Narapidana Terorisme di Indonesia." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling (JPDK) 4, No. 5 (2022): 3168-3179. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v4i5.7089.
Pantuliano, Sara, et al. "Counter-Terrorism and Humanitarian Action." HPG Policy Brief 43 (2011): 1-12.
Post, Jerrold M. "The New Face of Terrorism: Socio-Cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism." Behavioral Sciences and The Law 23, No. 4 (2005): 451-465.
Quhafah, Abi. "Kebijakan Arab Saudi Terhadap Gerakan Transnasional Ikhwanul Muslimin Tahun 2017-2020 Ditinjau dari Perspektif Counter Terrorism." Thesis (Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2022).
Ramakrishna, Kumar. ""The Southeast Asian Approach" to Counter-Terrorism: Learning from Indonesia and Malaysia." Journal of Conflict Studies 25, No. 1 (2005): 27-47. https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/jcs25_1art02.
Reksoprodjo, Agus, Pujo Widodo, and Fauzia Gustarina Cempaka Timur. "Pemetaan Latar Belakang dan Motif Pelaku Tindak Kejahatan Terorisme di Indonesia." Peperangan Asimetris (PA) 4, No. 2 (2018): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.33172/pa.v4i2.236.
Republic of Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 Tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Menjadi Undang-Undang. (Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara, 2018). State Gazette 2018 Number 92, Additional State Gazette Number 6216. Available online at
Riyanta, Stanislaus, Amy YS Rahayu, and Benny J. Mamoto. "Collaborative governance in the terrorist rehabilitation programme in Indonesia." In Civil Society Organizations against Terrorism. (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 128-148.
Rogers, M. Brooke, et al. "The Role of Religious Fundamentalism in Terrorist Violence: A Social Psychological Analysis." International Review of Psychiatry 19, No. 3 (2007): 253-262.
Rosand, Eric, Alistair Millar, and Jason Ipe. Civil Society and the UN global counter-terrorism strategy: Opportunities and challenges. (Washington, DC and New York: Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, 2008).
Safii, Imam. "Strategi Komunikasi Yayasan Lingkar Perdamaian dalam Melaksanakan Deradikalisasi Terhadap Mantan Narapidana Teroris." Jurnal Dakwah 20, No. 1 (2019): 50-67. https://doi.org/10.14421/jd.1426.
Setiyawan, Arif Rudi. "Penanggulangan Terorisme Berdasarkan Konsep Poblem-Solving Approach (Kajian Pada Respons Pemerintah Terhadap Gerakan Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid)." Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik 3, No. 2 (2017): 61-76.
Webber, David, and Arie W. Kruglanski. "The Social Psychological Makings of a Terrorist." Current Opinion in Psychology 19, No. 1 (2018): 131-134.
Widya, Bella. "Pemahaman Takfiri Terhadap Kelompok Teror di Indonesia Studi Komparasi Jamaah Islamiyah dan Jamaah Ansharut Daulah." Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan 12, No. 2 (2020): 76-93. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3525.g2668.
Zulfikar, Muhammad, and Aminah Aminah. "Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dalam Pemberantasan Terorisme di Indonesia." Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 2, No. 1 (2020): 129-144. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.129-144.
Adi, Agus Satmoko. "Inovasi program deradikalisasi eks narapidana teroris melalui rumah daulat buku (RUDALKU) dengan pendekatan literasi." PKn Progresif: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Kewarganegaraan 15, No. 2 (2020): 21-36. https://doi.org/10.20961/pknp.v15i2.50905.
Anindya, Chaula Rininta. "The deradicalisation programme for Indonesian deportees: A vacuum in coordination." Journal for Deradicalization 18 (2019): 217-243.
Barrett, Richard, and Laila Bokhari. "Deradicalization and rehabilitation programmes targeting religious terrorists and extremists in the Muslim world: An overview." Leaving Terrorism Behind (2008): 188-198.
Blomberg, S. Brock, Gregory D. Hess, and Athanasios Orphanides. "The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism." Journal of Monetary Economics 51, No. 5 (2004): 1007-1032.
Burhanuddin, Nunu, "Akar dan Motif Fundamentalisme Islam: Reformulasi Tipologi Fundamentalisme dan Prospeknya di Indonesia." Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya 1, No. 2 (2016): 199-210. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v1i2.831.
Crouch, Cameron I. Managing Terrorism and Insurgency: Regeneration, Recruitment and Attrition. (London: Routledge, 2009).
Damayanti, Dian. "Implementation of the Cyber Terrorism Prevention, and Rehabilitation Policy in Polda Metro Jaya Police in Central Jakarta." Journal of Information Assurance & Cybersecurity 2021, No. 1 (2021): 1-10.
Erikha, Fajar, and Any Rufaedah. "Dealing with terrorism in Indonesia: An attempt to deradicalize, disengage and reintegrate terror inmates with a social psychology approach." In Terrorist Rehabilitation and Community Engagement in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 131-138.
Fedock, Gina, and Stephanie Covington. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Criminal Psychology. (Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publication, Inc., 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483392240.n170.
Firmansyah, Hery. "Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Terorisme di Indonesia." Mimbar Hukum 23, No. 2 (2011): 376-393. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16193.
Foot, Rosemary. "The United Nations, Counter Terrorism, and Human Rights: Institutional Adaptation and Embedded Ideas." Human Rights Quarterly 29, No. 2 (2007): 489-514. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072807.
Ghafar, Muhammad, Pryla Rochmahwati, and Mukhibat Mukhibat. "Virtual pesantren: New trend of Islamic education model in Indonesia." ICONIS International Conference on Islam and Muslim Societies (2018): 189-199. http://iconis.iainsalatiga.ac.id/iconis-2018/.
Gunaratna, Rohan, and Sabariah Hussin, eds. Deradicalisation and terrorist rehabilitation: A framework for policy-making and implementation. (London: Routledge, 2018).
Gupta, Dipak K. "Exploring Roots of Terrorism." In Root Causes of Terrorism. (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 34-50.
Hasisi, Badi, et al. "Crime and Terror: Examining Criminal Risk Factors for Terrorist Recidivism." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 36 (2020): 449-472.
Hettiarachchi, Malkanthi. "Rehabilitation to deradicalise detainees and inmates: A counter-terrorism strategy." Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 13, No. 2 (2018): 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2018.1476774.
Hodwitz, Omi. "The Terrorism Recidivism Study (TRS): An Update on Data Collection and Results." Perspectives on Terrorism 15, No. 4 (2021): 27-38.
Huda, Achmad Zainal, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi, and Muhammad Syauqillah. "Social Media as An Incubator of Youth Terrorism in Indonesia: Hybrid Threat and Warfare." Jurnal Indo-Islamika 11, No. 1 (2021): 21-40. https://doi.org/10.15408/jii.v11i1.20362.
Ismed, Mohamad. "Deradikalisasi Penanganan Terorisme Secara Terintegrasi di Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Legalitas 15, No. 2 (2021): 59-64.
Kamaludin, Iip. "Efektifitas Pembinaan Narapidana Terorisme dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi di Lembaga Pemasyratakatan." Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum 12, No. 2 (2021): 373-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v12i2.4327.
Koehler, Daniel. “Violence and terrorism from the far-right: Policy options to counter an elusive threat”. ICCT Policy Brief, 2019. (The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2019).
Krieger, Tim, and Daniel Meierrieks. "What causes terrorism?." Public Choice 147 (2011): 3-27.
Mardlatillah, Edwi Azmi Mulyani, and Zainal Hidayat. "Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi Eks Napiter di Wilayah Kota Semarang." Journal of Public Policy and Management Review 8, No. 4 (2019): 539-545. https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v8i4.25128.
Masyhar, Ali, and Ridwan Arifin. "Urgensi Pembentengan Masyarakat dari Radikalisme dan Terorisme (Upaya Terhadap Jamiyyah Nahdlatul Ulama Kecamatan Bonang Kabupaten Demak)." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI 1, No. 1 (2018): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi.v1i01.27259.
Masyhar, Ali, et al. "Digital Transformation of Youth Movement for Counter Radicalism." AIP Conference Proceedings 2573, No. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0109808.
Masyhar, Ali, Rasdi Rasdi, and Fendi Setyo Harmoko. "Peran Khutbah Jum’at dalam Mengantisipasi Radikalisme Beragama." Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI 1, No. 2 (2019): 178-183. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi.v1i2.28578.
Masyhar, Ali. "Regeneration Modus and Strategy of Terrorism." South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law 18, No. 4 (2019): 13-17. https://seajbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SEAJBEL-18_39.pdf.
Masyhar, Ali. Pergulatan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Ranah Tatanan Sosial. (Semarang: UNNES Press, 2008).
Maunah, Alfi. “Radicalism Among Indonesia’s Young Generation: How to Overcome It?”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 1, No. 2 (2022): 247-266. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v1i2.59803.
Mestika, Hana Fairuz. “Terrorism and Islam in the Global Perspective”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 2, No. 1 (2023): 147-178. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v2i1.66163.
Muarif, Abdul Muchzin Guntur, and Sapto Priyanto. "Pelaksanaan Pembinaan terhadap Para Narapidana Terorisme di Indonesia." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling (JPDK) 4, No. 5 (2022): 3168-3179. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v4i5.7089.
Pantuliano, Sara, et al. "Counter-Terrorism and Humanitarian Action." HPG Policy Brief 43 (2011): 1-12.
Post, Jerrold M. "The New Face of Terrorism: Socio-Cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism." Behavioral Sciences and The Law 23, No. 4 (2005): 451-465.
Quhafah, Abi. "Kebijakan Arab Saudi Terhadap Gerakan Transnasional Ikhwanul Muslimin Tahun 2017-2020 Ditinjau dari Perspektif Counter Terrorism." Thesis (Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2022).
Ramakrishna, Kumar. ""The Southeast Asian Approach" to Counter-Terrorism: Learning from Indonesia and Malaysia." Journal of Conflict Studies 25, No. 1 (2005): 27-47. https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/jcs25_1art02.
Reksoprodjo, Agus, Pujo Widodo, and Fauzia Gustarina Cempaka Timur. "Pemetaan Latar Belakang dan Motif Pelaku Tindak Kejahatan Terorisme di Indonesia." Peperangan Asimetris (PA) 4, No. 2 (2018): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.33172/pa.v4i2.236.
Republic of Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 Tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Menjadi Undang-Undang. (Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara, 2018). State Gazette 2018 Number 92, Additional State Gazette Number 6216. Available online at
Riyanta, Stanislaus, Amy YS Rahayu, and Benny J. Mamoto. "Collaborative governance in the terrorist rehabilitation programme in Indonesia." In Civil Society Organizations against Terrorism. (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 128-148.
Rogers, M. Brooke, et al. "The Role of Religious Fundamentalism in Terrorist Violence: A Social Psychological Analysis." International Review of Psychiatry 19, No. 3 (2007): 253-262.
Rosand, Eric, Alistair Millar, and Jason Ipe. Civil Society and the UN global counter-terrorism strategy: Opportunities and challenges. (Washington, DC and New York: Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, 2008).
Safii, Imam. "Strategi Komunikasi Yayasan Lingkar Perdamaian dalam Melaksanakan Deradikalisasi Terhadap Mantan Narapidana Teroris." Jurnal Dakwah 20, No. 1 (2019): 50-67. https://doi.org/10.14421/jd.1426.
Setiyawan, Arif Rudi. "Penanggulangan Terorisme Berdasarkan Konsep Poblem-Solving Approach (Kajian Pada Respons Pemerintah Terhadap Gerakan Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid)." Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik 3, No. 2 (2017): 61-76.
Webber, David, and Arie W. Kruglanski. "The Social Psychological Makings of a Terrorist." Current Opinion in Psychology 19, No. 1 (2018): 131-134.
Widya, Bella. "Pemahaman Takfiri Terhadap Kelompok Teror di Indonesia Studi Komparasi Jamaah Islamiyah dan Jamaah Ansharut Daulah." Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan 12, No. 2 (2020): 76-93. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3525.g2668.
Zulfikar, Muhammad, and Aminah Aminah. "Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dalam Pemberantasan Terorisme di Indonesia." Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 2, No. 1 (2020): 129-144. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.129-144.