Judgment Considerations Regarding Decisions about Child Sex Abuse Crime Conducted by Military Member
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 26, 2020
Main Article Content
Abstract
TNI and Children are the two parties that are protected by special laws and regulations. Members of the TNI are committed and submit to military legislation. Apparatus who committed crimes have to follow the military’s criminal law and military court. Meanwhile, children as the victims of criminal acts have the rights that are legally protected in the legislation on child protection. The problems on this research are (1) How is Implementation of Act No. 35 of 2014 About Child Protection against child sex abuse committed by TNI in Judicial Process at Military Court II-10 Semarang? (2) How does the judge’s consideration about the Criminal adjudication to the suspect of the child sex abuse committed by TNI (Case Study of Military Court II-10 Semarang’s Verdict No. 62-K/PM.II-10/AD/IX/2016)? This study uses a qualitative method located in Indonesia with a Verdict as the object of research. The data collection techniques using document and literature study. The result of research, 1) Implementation of Act No. 35 of 2014 About Child Protection in Judicial Process at Military Court II-10 Semarang, i.e (1) Arresting the defendant (2) Giving the child as a victim an opportunity to speak up some testimony (3) The result of Visum et Repertum as a Health service (4) Giving detention and forfeit to defendant along with dismissal from military service 2) Judge's consideration of the Criminal adjudication of perpetrators of the Child Sex Crimes committed by TNI (1) Juridical considerations, i.e : Indictment, testimony of witnesses and defendants, expert's testimony, evidence and other articles in the Child Protection Law (2) Non-Juridical Considerations are mitigating and aggravating factors. The conclusion of this research is that the Implementation of Act no. 35 of 2014 has not been fully implemented in the judicial process in Military Court II-10 Semarang, the child’s identity in the previous verdict is not disguised. Suggestion from this study is the punishment of the defendant should refer to Act no. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection and after the judicial process the parties including law enforcement should provide protection for the future of the child as a victim.
Article Details
How to Cite
Putri, N. A. (2020). Judgment Considerations Regarding Decisions about Child Sex Abuse Crime Conducted by Military Member. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i2.35421
Section
Research Article
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
References
Alizadehgoradel, J., Imani, S., Nejati, V., & Fathabadi, J. (2019). Mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment (MBSAT) improves executive functions in adolescents with substance use disorders. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 34(July), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2019.08.002
Andersen, S. L. (2019). Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse. Neurobiology of Stress, 10, 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140
Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Myers, L., Valente, K., Restrepo, A. D., D’Alessio, L., Sawchuk, T., Homayoun, M., Bahrami, Z., Alessi, R., Paytan, A.A., Kochen, S., Buchhalter, J., Taha, F., Lazar, L.M., Pick, S., Nicholson, T. (2019). Sex differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A retrospective multicenter international study. Epilepsy and Behavior, 97, 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.05.045
Barlow, J., Sembi, S., Parsons, H., Kim, S., Petrou, S., Harnett, P., & Dawe, S. (2019). A randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation of the Parents Under Pressure program for parents in substance abuse treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.044
Blom, D. E., & Knudson, K. J. (2019). Paleopathology and children in the Andes: Local/situated biologies and future directions. International Journal of Paleopathology, (February), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.08.004
Boisjoli, C., Hébert, M., Gauthier-Duchesne, A., & Caron, P. O. (2019). A mediational model linking perceptions of security, alexithymia and behavior problems of sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 92(November 2017), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.017
Diegmann, A. (2019). The internet effects on sex crime offenses - Evidence from the German broadband internet expansion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 165, 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.001
Eisenbruch, M. (2019). “His body is human, but he has a tiracchÄna heartâ€: An ethnographic study of the epigenesis of child abuse in Cambodia. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88(September 2018), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.018
Fortin-Langelier, E., Daigneault, I., Achim, J., Vézina-Gagnon, P., Guérin, V., & Frappier, J. Y. (2019). A Matched Cohort Study of the Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Teenage Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.001
Gartland, D., Giallo, R., Woolhouse, H., Mensah, F., & Brown, S. J. (2019). Intergenerational Impacts of Family Violence - Mothers and Children in a Large Prospective Pregnancy Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, (xxxx). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.08.008
Gonzalez-Pons, K. M., Gezinski, L., Morzenti, H., Hendrix, E., & Graves, S. (2019). Exploring the relationship between domestic minor sex trafficking myths, victim identification, and service provision. Child Abuse & Neglect, (February), 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104093
Graham, L. M., Macy, R. J., Eckhardt, A., Rizo, C. F., & Jordan, B. L. (2019). Measures for evaluating sex trafficking aftercare and support services: A systematic review and resource compilation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47(July 2018), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.04.001
Guha, A., Luebbers, S., Papalia, N., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2019). A follow-up study of mental health service utilisation in a cohort of 2433 sexually abused Australian children utilising five years of medical data. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(August 2018), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.015
Jackson, D. B., Chilton, M., Johnson, K. R., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Household Food Insecurity: Findings From the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.004
Johnson, B. C. (2019). Trauma recovery for victims of sex trafficking. Child Abuse & Neglect, (February), 104153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104153
Khezri, M., Farokhzadian, J., Nematollahi, M., Foroughameri, G., & Sharifi, H. (2019). HIV/AIDS prevention education: An effective tool for enhancing street children’s knowledge and attitude. A randomized controlled trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 104(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.028
Klifto, C. S., Lavery, J. A., Gold, H. T., Milone, M. T., Karia, R., Palusci, V., & Chu, A. (2019). Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online Pediatric Fingertip Injuries : Association With Child Abuse. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.09.001
Komori, K., Komori, M., Eitoku, M., Joelle Muchanga, S. M., Ninomiya, H., Kobayashi, T., & Suganuma, N. (2019). Verbal abuse during pregnancy increases frequency of newborn hearing screening referral: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(February), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.025
Liu, G., Kong, L., Leslie, D. L., & Corr, T. E. (2019). A Longitudinal Healthcare Use Profile of Children with a History of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 204, 111-117.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.032
Longobardi, C., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2019). The relationship between animal cruelty in children and adolescent and interpersonal violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46(July), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.09.001
Malloy, L. C., Sutherland, J. E., & Cauffman, E. (2019). Sexual abuse disclosure among incarcerated female adolescents and young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, (July 2018), 104147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104147
Manay, N., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, (June 2018), 104192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104192
Maul, K. M., Naeem, R., Rahim Khan, U., Mian, A. I., Yousafzai, A. K., & Brown, N. (2019). Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88(September 2018), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.008
Melton-Fant, C. (2019). Childhood adversity among Black children: The role of supportive neighborhoods. Children and Youth Services Review, 105(July), 104419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104419
Muhammad, H.R. (2007). Hukum Acara Pidana Kontemporer. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Panlilio, C. C., Miyamoto, S., Font, S. A., & Schreier, H. M. C. (2019). Assessing risk of commercial sexual exploitation among children involved in the child welfare system. Child Abuse and Neglect, 87(July), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.021
Ramiro, L. S., Martinez, A. B., Tan, J. R. D., Mariano, K., Miranda, G. M. J., & Bautista, G. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96(June), 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104080
Reed, S. M., Kennedy, M. A., Decker, M. R., & Cimino, A. N. (2019). Friends, family, and boyfriends: An analysis of relationship pathways into commercial sexual exploitation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(October 2018), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.016
Republic of Indonesia. (1946). Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning the Criminal Code Act
Republic of Indonesia. (1974). Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage
Republic of Indonesia. (1979). Law Number 4 of 1979 concerning Child Welfare
Republic of Indonesia. (1981). Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code
Republic of Indonesia. (1997). Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice
Republic of Indonesia. (1999). Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights
Republic of Indonesia. (2002). Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection
Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower
Republic of Indonesia. (2004). Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army
Republic of Indonesia. (2006). Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia. (2007). Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of Trafficking in Persons
Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Basic Provisions for Judicial Power.
Republic of Indonesia. (2012). Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal System
Republic of Indonesia. (1991). Compilation of Islamic Law, retrieved from https://www.basishukum.com/khi/1/1991
Republic of Indonesia. (2014). Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection
Saito, T., Toda, H., Inoue, T., Koga, M., Tanichi, M., Takeshita, S., … Yoshino, A. (2019). Relationship between the subtypes of child abuse and affective temperaments: Comparison of depression and bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls using the reclassified Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257(June), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.043
Swiss (1937). The Swiss Criminal Code, retrieved from https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19370083/index.html
The Book of Military Criminal Law, retrieved from http://hukum.unsrat.ac.id/uu/kuhpm.htm
Verduyckt, I., Rhéault, C., Remacle, M., & Morsomme, D. (2018). Personality Traits of Children With Vocal Fold Nodules. Journal of Voice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.05.001
Vriesman, M. H., Bosschaart, T. V., Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N. N., Teeuw, A. H., Lindauer, R. J. L., & Benninga, M. A. (2019). Tu1606 – Prevalence of Child Abuse in Children with Functional Constipation. Gastroenterology, 156(6), S-1059-S-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(19)39611-8
Wang, L. Y., Wu, C. Y., Chang, Y. H., & Lu, T. H. (2019). Health care utilization pattern prior to maltreatment among children under five years of age in Taiwan. Child Abuse and Neglect, 98(1), 104202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104202
Wahid, A., & Irfan, M. (2001). Perlindungan Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual Advokasi atas Hak Asasi Perempuan. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Winstanley, E. L., & Stover, A. N. (2019). The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents. Clinical Therapeutics, xxx(xxx), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.06.003
Wismayanti, Y. F., O’Leary, P., Tilbury, C., & Tjoe, Y. (2019). Child sexual abuse in Indonesia: A systematic review of literature, law and policy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 95(June), 104034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104034
Wood, J. N., Henry, M. K., Berger, R. P., Lindberg, D. M., Anderst, J. D., Song, L., Localio, R., Feudtner, C. (2019). Use and Utility of Skeletal Surveys to Evaluate for Occult Fractures in Young Injured Children. Academic Pediatrics, 19(4), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2018.08.007
Woolf, S. M., Leventhal, J. M., Gaither, J. R., Hardikar, P., Langhan, M. L., Bechtel, K., Auerbach, M.A., Tiyyagura, G. (2019). Oral injuries in children less than 24 months of age in a pediatric emergency department. Child Abuse and Neglect, 89(October 2018), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.006
Andersen, S. L. (2019). Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse. Neurobiology of Stress, 10, 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140
Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Myers, L., Valente, K., Restrepo, A. D., D’Alessio, L., Sawchuk, T., Homayoun, M., Bahrami, Z., Alessi, R., Paytan, A.A., Kochen, S., Buchhalter, J., Taha, F., Lazar, L.M., Pick, S., Nicholson, T. (2019). Sex differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A retrospective multicenter international study. Epilepsy and Behavior, 97, 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.05.045
Barlow, J., Sembi, S., Parsons, H., Kim, S., Petrou, S., Harnett, P., & Dawe, S. (2019). A randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation of the Parents Under Pressure program for parents in substance abuse treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.044
Blom, D. E., & Knudson, K. J. (2019). Paleopathology and children in the Andes: Local/situated biologies and future directions. International Journal of Paleopathology, (February), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.08.004
Boisjoli, C., Hébert, M., Gauthier-Duchesne, A., & Caron, P. O. (2019). A mediational model linking perceptions of security, alexithymia and behavior problems of sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 92(November 2017), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.017
Diegmann, A. (2019). The internet effects on sex crime offenses - Evidence from the German broadband internet expansion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 165, 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.001
Eisenbruch, M. (2019). “His body is human, but he has a tiracchÄna heartâ€: An ethnographic study of the epigenesis of child abuse in Cambodia. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88(September 2018), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.018
Fortin-Langelier, E., Daigneault, I., Achim, J., Vézina-Gagnon, P., Guérin, V., & Frappier, J. Y. (2019). A Matched Cohort Study of the Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Teenage Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.001
Gartland, D., Giallo, R., Woolhouse, H., Mensah, F., & Brown, S. J. (2019). Intergenerational Impacts of Family Violence - Mothers and Children in a Large Prospective Pregnancy Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, (xxxx). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.08.008
Gonzalez-Pons, K. M., Gezinski, L., Morzenti, H., Hendrix, E., & Graves, S. (2019). Exploring the relationship between domestic minor sex trafficking myths, victim identification, and service provision. Child Abuse & Neglect, (February), 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104093
Graham, L. M., Macy, R. J., Eckhardt, A., Rizo, C. F., & Jordan, B. L. (2019). Measures for evaluating sex trafficking aftercare and support services: A systematic review and resource compilation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47(July 2018), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.04.001
Guha, A., Luebbers, S., Papalia, N., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2019). A follow-up study of mental health service utilisation in a cohort of 2433 sexually abused Australian children utilising five years of medical data. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(August 2018), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.015
Jackson, D. B., Chilton, M., Johnson, K. R., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Household Food Insecurity: Findings From the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.004
Johnson, B. C. (2019). Trauma recovery for victims of sex trafficking. Child Abuse & Neglect, (February), 104153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104153
Khezri, M., Farokhzadian, J., Nematollahi, M., Foroughameri, G., & Sharifi, H. (2019). HIV/AIDS prevention education: An effective tool for enhancing street children’s knowledge and attitude. A randomized controlled trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 104(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.028
Klifto, C. S., Lavery, J. A., Gold, H. T., Milone, M. T., Karia, R., Palusci, V., & Chu, A. (2019). Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online Pediatric Fingertip Injuries : Association With Child Abuse. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.09.001
Komori, K., Komori, M., Eitoku, M., Joelle Muchanga, S. M., Ninomiya, H., Kobayashi, T., & Suganuma, N. (2019). Verbal abuse during pregnancy increases frequency of newborn hearing screening referral: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(February), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.025
Liu, G., Kong, L., Leslie, D. L., & Corr, T. E. (2019). A Longitudinal Healthcare Use Profile of Children with a History of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 204, 111-117.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.032
Longobardi, C., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2019). The relationship between animal cruelty in children and adolescent and interpersonal violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46(July), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.09.001
Malloy, L. C., Sutherland, J. E., & Cauffman, E. (2019). Sexual abuse disclosure among incarcerated female adolescents and young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, (July 2018), 104147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104147
Manay, N., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, (June 2018), 104192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104192
Maul, K. M., Naeem, R., Rahim Khan, U., Mian, A. I., Yousafzai, A. K., & Brown, N. (2019). Child abuse in Pakistan: A qualitative study of knowledge, attitudes and practice amongst health professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88(September 2018), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.008
Melton-Fant, C. (2019). Childhood adversity among Black children: The role of supportive neighborhoods. Children and Youth Services Review, 105(July), 104419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104419
Muhammad, H.R. (2007). Hukum Acara Pidana Kontemporer. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Panlilio, C. C., Miyamoto, S., Font, S. A., & Schreier, H. M. C. (2019). Assessing risk of commercial sexual exploitation among children involved in the child welfare system. Child Abuse and Neglect, 87(July), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.021
Ramiro, L. S., Martinez, A. B., Tan, J. R. D., Mariano, K., Miranda, G. M. J., & Bautista, G. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96(June), 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104080
Reed, S. M., Kennedy, M. A., Decker, M. R., & Cimino, A. N. (2019). Friends, family, and boyfriends: An analysis of relationship pathways into commercial sexual exploitation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 90(October 2018), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.016
Republic of Indonesia. (1946). Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning the Criminal Code Act
Republic of Indonesia. (1974). Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage
Republic of Indonesia. (1979). Law Number 4 of 1979 concerning Child Welfare
Republic of Indonesia. (1981). Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code
Republic of Indonesia. (1997). Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice
Republic of Indonesia. (1999). Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights
Republic of Indonesia. (2002). Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection
Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower
Republic of Indonesia. (2004). Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army
Republic of Indonesia. (2006). Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia. (2007). Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of Trafficking in Persons
Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Basic Provisions for Judicial Power.
Republic of Indonesia. (2012). Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal System
Republic of Indonesia. (1991). Compilation of Islamic Law, retrieved from https://www.basishukum.com/khi/1/1991
Republic of Indonesia. (2014). Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection
Saito, T., Toda, H., Inoue, T., Koga, M., Tanichi, M., Takeshita, S., … Yoshino, A. (2019). Relationship between the subtypes of child abuse and affective temperaments: Comparison of depression and bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls using the reclassified Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257(June), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.043
Swiss (1937). The Swiss Criminal Code, retrieved from https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19370083/index.html
The Book of Military Criminal Law, retrieved from http://hukum.unsrat.ac.id/uu/kuhpm.htm
Verduyckt, I., Rhéault, C., Remacle, M., & Morsomme, D. (2018). Personality Traits of Children With Vocal Fold Nodules. Journal of Voice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.05.001
Vriesman, M. H., Bosschaart, T. V., Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N. N., Teeuw, A. H., Lindauer, R. J. L., & Benninga, M. A. (2019). Tu1606 – Prevalence of Child Abuse in Children with Functional Constipation. Gastroenterology, 156(6), S-1059-S-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(19)39611-8
Wang, L. Y., Wu, C. Y., Chang, Y. H., & Lu, T. H. (2019). Health care utilization pattern prior to maltreatment among children under five years of age in Taiwan. Child Abuse and Neglect, 98(1), 104202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104202
Wahid, A., & Irfan, M. (2001). Perlindungan Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual Advokasi atas Hak Asasi Perempuan. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Winstanley, E. L., & Stover, A. N. (2019). The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents. Clinical Therapeutics, xxx(xxx), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.06.003
Wismayanti, Y. F., O’Leary, P., Tilbury, C., & Tjoe, Y. (2019). Child sexual abuse in Indonesia: A systematic review of literature, law and policy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 95(June), 104034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104034
Wood, J. N., Henry, M. K., Berger, R. P., Lindberg, D. M., Anderst, J. D., Song, L., Localio, R., Feudtner, C. (2019). Use and Utility of Skeletal Surveys to Evaluate for Occult Fractures in Young Injured Children. Academic Pediatrics, 19(4), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2018.08.007
Woolf, S. M., Leventhal, J. M., Gaither, J. R., Hardikar, P., Langhan, M. L., Bechtel, K., Auerbach, M.A., Tiyyagura, G. (2019). Oral injuries in children less than 24 months of age in a pediatric emergency department. Child Abuse and Neglect, 89(October 2018), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.006