Dynamics of Education Quality Assurance Policy Implementation in Indonesia’s National Education System

Abstract

This study analyzes the dynamics of educational quality assurance policy implementation in Indonesia, particularly the challenges and strengthening strategies within the national education system. The study is based on the premise that educational quality is influenced not only by regulatory frameworks but also by institutional capacity, educational leadership, technological readiness, and governance effectiveness. A qualitative approach employing the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was used to examine relevant literature, policy documents, accredited journals, and academic publications published between 2015 and 2026. The analysis process included literature identification, source selection, quality evaluation, coding, descriptive-critical analysis, and narrative synthesis. The findings indicate that Indonesia has developed a relatively comprehensive educational quality assurance system through the National Education Standards (SNP), Internal Quality Assurance System (SPMI), and External Quality Assurance System (SPME) implemented through accreditation mechanisms. These policies have contributed to strengthening educational governance, improving evaluation systems, and encouraging competency-based learning transformation. However, the implementation process remains constrained by structural and contextual challenges, including regional disparities in educational quality, limited educational infrastructure, low digital literacy among educators, weak organizational quality culture, and ineffective coordination between central and local governments. The study further reveals that the effectiveness of educational quality assurance policies depends on the integration of adaptive regulations, institutional capacity, digital transformation, and collaborative governance. Therefore, strengthening the national education system requires more contextual, inclusive, and sustainable educational policies to reduce inequality and improve educational quality across regions in Indonesia.