Inclusive Education, Disability, and Interfaith Justice: Legal and Religious Barriers in Plural Indonesian Society
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v4i2.32547Keywords:
Inclusive education, disability rights, misconceptions and stigma, interfaith perspectives , social marginalizationAbstract
Inclusive education is widely recognized as a fundamental human right; however, its realization for persons with disabilities remains uneven in plural societies such as Indonesia. This study examines inclusive education as an interfaith legal issue, arguing that the persistent failure to achieve substantive equality is not merely a problem of weak policy implementation but a consequence of normative dissonance among state law, religious norms, and social practices. Employing a juridical-empirical approach within a legal pluralism framework, the study draws on qualitative data from interviews, observations, and document analysis to explore how stigma and exclusion are socially and normatively produced. The findings reveal that disability stigma is reinforced through paternalistic religious interpretations, institutional routines in schools, and the lack of harmonization between Law No. 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities and the National Education System Law. At the same time, religious values across faith traditions possess significant normative potential to function as modalities of inclusion when mobilized through interfaith engagement. This study contributes to socio-legal scholarship by reframing inclusive education as a contested normative space shaped by interfaith dynamics and legal pluralism, and by highlighting the necessity of legal reform alongside cross-religious collaboration to achieve substantive justice in education.
References
Amelia, Delora Jantung, Ichsan Anshory, and Vivi Kurnia Herviani. “Analysis of Facilities Management on Inclusion Education School in Batu City.” Journal of Science and Education (JSE) 2, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.56003/JSE.V2I2.110.
Arkadi Toritsyn, and A. H. Monjurul Kabir. “Promoting The Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Guide,” 2013. http://europeandcis.undp.orghttp//europeandcis.undp.org.
Arnaiz-Sánchez, Pilar, Remedios De Haro-Rodríguez, Carmen María Caballero, and Rogelio Martínez-Abellán. “Barriers to Educational Inclusion in Initial Teacher Training.” Societies 2023, Vol. 13, Page 31 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOC13020031.
Barnes, Colin. “Rethinking Care from the Perspective of Disabled People : Conference Report and Recommendations / Colin Barnes,” 2001. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/67768.
Baroroh, Esny, and Rukiyati Rukiyati. “Pandangan Guru Dan Orang Tua Tentang Pendidikan Inklusif Di Taman Kanak-Kanak.” Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 6, no. 5 (March 27, 2022): 3944–52. https://doi.org/10.31004/OBSESI.V6I5.2510.
Bensley, D. Alan, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. “Psychological Misconceptions: Recent Scientific Advances and Unresolved Issues.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 377–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417699026;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER.
Biermann, Julia. “Translating Human Rights in Education: The Influence of Article 24 UN CRPD in Nigeria and Germany.” Translating Human Rights in Education: The Influence of Article 24 UN CRPD in Nigeria and Germany, January 1, 2022, 1–190. https://doi.org/10.3998/MPUB.12000946.
Blecker, Norma S., and Norma J. Boakes. “Creating a Learning Environment for All Children: Are Teachers Able and Willing?” International Journal of Inclusive Education 14, no. 5 (August 2010): 435–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110802504937.
Brandt, Lasse, Shuyan Liu, Christine Heim, and Andreas Heinz. “The Effects of Social Isolation Stress and Discrimination on Mental Health.” Translational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/S41398-022-02178-4.
Caceffo, Ricardo, Pablo Frank-Bolton, Renan Souza, and Rodolfo Azevedo. “Identifying and Validating Java Misconceptions toward a CS1 Concept Inventory.” Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ITiCSE, July 2, 2019, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3304221.3319771.
Fajarwati, Erliana. “Marginalisasi Sosial Dan Tantangan Para Penyandang Disabilitas Terhadap Akses Pekerjaan Di Era Society 5.0.” Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Dan Edukasi Teknik 1, no. 12 (December 26, 2021): 887–93. https://doi.org/10.17977/UM068V1I122021P887-893.
Fang, Yuqiong. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Inclusive Education.” International Journal of New Developments in Education 4, no. 14 (November 20, 2022): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDE.2022.041409.
Furrer, Vitus, Stefan Valkanover, Michael Eckhart, and Siegfried Nagel. “The Role of Teaching Strategies in Social Acceptance and Interactions; Considering Students With Intellectual Disabilities in Inclusive Physical Education.” Frontiers in Education 5 (October 23, 2020): 586960. https://doi.org/10.3389/FEDUC.2020.586960/BIBTEX.
Garrote, Ariana, Franziska Felder, Helena Krähenmann, Susanne Schnepel, Rachel Sermier Dessemontet, and Elisabeth Moser Opitz. “Corrigendum: Social Acceptance in Inclusive Classrooms: The Role of Teacher Attitudes Toward Inclusion and Classroom Management (Frontiers in Education, (2020), 5, (582873), 10.3389/Feduc.2020.582873).” Frontiers in Education 6 (April 20, 2021): 677881. https://doi.org/10.3389/FEDUC.2021.677881/BIBTEX.
Griffin, Christopher L., and Michael Ashley Stein. “Self-Perception of Disability and Prospects for Employment among U.S. Veterans.” Work 50, no. 1 (2015): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141929.
Hajisoteriou, Christina, and Georgios Sorkos. “Towards a New Paradigm of ‘Sustainable Intercultural and Inclusive Education’: A Comparative ‘Blended’ Approach.” Education Inquiry 14, no. 4 (October 2, 2023): 496–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2022.2071016.
Hermita, Neni, Erlisnawati, Jesi Alexander Alim, Zetra Hainul Putra, Ira Mahartika, and Urip Sulistiyo. “Hybrid Learning, Blended Learning or Face-to-Face Learning: Which One Is More Effective in Remediating Misconception?” Quality Assurance in Education 32, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-02-2023-0019.
Irawati, Sri Ayu. “Sekolah Inklusi Antara Kenyataan Dan Realita.” Dikmas: Jurnal Pendidikan Masyarakat Dan Pengabdian 3, no. 2 (June 2, 2023): 355–62. https://doi.org/10.37905/DIKMAS.3.2.355-362.2023.
Jokić, Claire Sangster, Andreja Bartolac, Zdravstveno Veleučilište, and Hrvatska Zagreb. “The Stress Experience and Mental Health among Persons with Physical Disabilities: A Minority Stress Perspective.” Socijalna Psihijatrija 46, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 26–57. https://doi.org/10.24869/spsih.2018.26.
Kamilla Azhar, Jihan, Eva Nuriyah Hidayat2, and Santoso Tri Raharjo2. “Kekerasan Seksual: Perempuan Disabilitas Rentan Menjadi Korban.” Share : Social Work Journal 13, no. 1 (August 11, 2023): 82–91. https://doi.org/10.24198/SHARE.V13I1.46543.
Kasiyati, Siti, and Abdullah Tri Wahyudi. “Disabilitas Dan Pendidikan: Aksesibilitas Pendidikan Bagi Anak Difabel Korban Kekerasan.” Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.22515/ALAHKAM.V6I1.4031.
Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. “Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook.” Sage Publications Ltd., 2014. https://study.sagepub.com/miles3e.
Menezes, Joyceane Bezerra de, and Luana Adriano Araújo. “Assistive Technology and the Right to Education of Children with Disabilities: Criticism and Challenges of Online Educational Mediation.” A e C - Revista de Direito Administrativo e Constitucional, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21056/aec.v22i88.1596.
Nathan, Marco J., and Jeffrey M. Brown. “An Ecological Approach to Modeling Disability.” Bioethics 32, no. 9 (November 1, 2018): 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/BIOE.12497.
Nuić, Ines, and Saša A. Glažar. “The Effects of E-Learning Units on 13–14-Year-Old Students’ Misconceptions Regarding Some Elementary Chemical Concepts.” Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 88, no. 4 (2023): 451–65. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC220704092N.
Oliver, Michael, and Bob Sapey. “Living with Disabilities.” In Social Work with Disabled People, edited by Michael Oliver and Bob Sapey, 108–32. Palgrave, London, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14823-3_5.
Onalu, Chinyere, Ngozi Chukwu, Chinwe Ulaebuchukwu Nnama-Okechukwu, Anthony Iwuagwu, Agha Agha, Nkemdilim Anazonwu, Paulinus Okah, and Uzoma Odera Okoye. “An Exploratory Study of the Situation of Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria: Practice Consideration for Social Workers.” Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work (United States) 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2023.2265920;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER.
Penton, J. “Living with Disability: Housing.” Nursing Times 75, no. 34 (1979).
Ruseva, Margarita, and Vesela Kazashka. “The Attitudes of Students in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic Towards People with Special Educational Needs.” CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 27, 2018): 728–33. https://doi.org/10.12955/CBUP.V6.1240.
Sari, Zola Permata, Riska Sarofah, and Yusuf Fadli. “The Implementation of Inclusive Education in Indonesia: Challenges and Achievements.” Jurnal Public Policy 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2022): 264–69. https://doi.org/10.35308/JPP.V8I4.5420.
Setianingsih, Eka Sari. “Implementasi Pendidikan Inklusi: Manajemen Tenaga Kependidikan (GPK).” Malih Peddas (Majalah Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar) 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2017): 126. https://doi.org/10.26877/MALIHPEDDAS.V7I2.1808.
Shmeleva, Zh N., and V. I. Litovchenko. “The Use of Digital Technologies in the Inclusive Education Implementation at the University.” AIP Conference Proceedings 2647, no. 1 (November 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105269/2831887.
Silvers, Anita. “An Essay on Modeling: The Social Model of Disability.” In Philosophy and Medicine, edited by Søren Holm and Lisa M. Rasmussen, 104:19–36. Springer, Dordrecht, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2477-0_2.
Soeharto, B. Csapó, E. Sarimanah, F. I. Dewi, and T. Sabri. “A Review of Students’ Common Misconceptions in Science and Their Diagnostic Assessment Tools.” Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i2.18649.
Stein, Penelope J.S., Michael Ashley Stein, Nora Groce, Maria Kett, Emmanuel K. Akyeampong, Willliam P. Alford, Jayajit Chakraborty, et al. “Advancing Disability-Inclusive Climate Research and Action, Climate Justice, and Climate-Resilient Development.” The Lancet Planetary Health 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): e242–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00024-X.
Tjokro, Gunawan, Zaenuri Zaenuri, Heri Yanto, Fathur Rokhman, Abdul Rajagukguk, and Souad Ezzerouali. “The Role of Interfaith Law and Policy in Managing Human Resources: Addressing Religious Diversity in the Workplace.” Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2025): 1–44. https://doi.org/10.15294/0DKS2W56.
Triviño-Amigo, Natalia, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Carlos Mañanas-Iglesias, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, María Mendoza-Muñoz, José Carmelo Adsuar, Ángel Acevedo-Duque, and Jorge Rojo-Ramos. “Spanish Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Preparation for Inclusive Education: The Relationship between Age and Years of Teaching Experience.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022, Vol. 19, Page 5750 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5750. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19095750.
Triyanto, Dewi Gunawati, Itok Dwi Kurniawan, Rima Vien Permata Hartanto, Triana Rejekiningsih, Hassan Suryono, and Yudi Ariana. “Teachers’ Perspectives Concerning Students with Disabilities in Indonesian Inclusive Schools.” Asia Pacific Education Review 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12564-022-09745-W/FIGURES/1.
Wahyuni, Putri. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Untuk Memperoleh Kesempatan Kerja Di CV. Surya Pelangi Sebagai Bentuk Pemenuhan Kuota 1% Oleh Perusahaan Dalam Mempekerjakan Tenaga Kerja Disabilitas,” 2021.
Ware, Linda. “The Aftermath of the Articulate Debate: The Invention of Inclusive Education.” Towards Inclusive Schools?, January 1, 2018, 127–46. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429469084-10/AFTERMATH-ARTICULATE-DEBATE-INVENTION-INCLUSIVE-EDUCATION-LINDA-WARE.
Wibowo, S B, and J A Muin. “Inclusive Education in Indonesia: Equality Education Access for Disabilities.” KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 484-493–484–493. https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V3I5.2351.
Zagona, Alison L., Jennifer A. Kurth, and Stephanie Z.C. MacFarland. “Teachers’ Views of Their Preparation for Inclusive Education and Collaboration.” Teacher Education and Special Education 40, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 163–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406417692969;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:TESA;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER.
Zwane, Sifiso L., and Matome M. Malale. “Investigating Barriers Teachers Face in the Implementation of Inclusive Education in High Schools in Gege Branch, Swaziland.” African Journal of Disability 7, no. 0 (December 6, 2018): 12. https://doi.org/10.4102/AJOD.V7I0.391.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
32547Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Eta Lestari , Ani Purwanti , Ratna Herawati , Danang Puji Atmojo, Meidi Saputra (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the author and do not represent the views of this journal and the author’s affiliated institutions.
