Religious Diversity in the Digital Economy: Interfaith Legal Pathways to Harmonize Sharia, Christian Ethics, and International Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v4i2.33011Keywords:
Digital economy governance, Sharia and interfaith law, Religious pluralism and legal systems, Religious data protection, Cross-border electronic contractsAbstract
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has generated new opportunities for commerce, communication, and innovation, while simultaneously producing complex legal and ethical challenges with profound implications for religious communities in plural societies. Practices such as fraudulent halal certification in online markets, algorithmic bias affecting devotional content, misinformation that exacerbates interreligious tensions, and fintech models that risk violating prohibitions on riba, gharar, and maisir illustrate how digital governance intersects with religious norms and international legal standards. This article examines five key domains in which these interactions are most visible: consumer protection, religious data privacy, online speech and blasphemy-adjacent harms, fintech ethics, and the recognition of cross-border electronic contracts. The study analyzes statutory instruments, international regulatory frameworks, and Sharia jurisprudence alongside Christian and secular legal-ethical perspectives to assess points of convergence and divergence. The findings reveal substantial agreement across traditions on prohibiting fraud, ensuring transparency, and protecting human dignity, alongside persistent tensions regarding religious sensitivities in advertising, content moderation, and financial design. To address these challenges, the article proposes a harmonization roadmap that includes soft-law guidance for digital platforms, faith-sensitive model clauses for e-contracts and online dispute resolution, judicial interpretive canons grounded in maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and international human-rights norms, regulatory sandboxes for ethical fintech innovation, and academic partnerships for training, auditing, and accountability. By situating digital-economy governance within an interfaith legal framework, the article offers a pathway for transforming digital marketplaces into spaces of fairness, inclusivity, and constructive interreligious coexistence, with particular relevance for Muslim-majority contexts such as Indonesia.
References
Abid, Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan, Sadia Aslam, Nisreen Alwan, and Nauman Khalid. “Current Readiness on Food Fraud Risk Mitigation in Developing Countries: A Review.” Agriculture and Food Security 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-025-00528-1
Ahmad, Anis Najiha, Ungku Fatimah Ungku Zainal Abidin, Mohhidin Othman, and Russly Abdul Rahman. “Overview of the Halal Food Control System in Malaysia.” Food Control 90 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.035
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Ihsan Yilmaz, Shahram Akbarzadeh, and Galib Bashirov. “Contestations of Internet Governance and Digital Authoritarianism in Pakistan.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 38, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-024-09493-2
Aji, Hendy Mustiko, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin, Abdul Kadir Othman, Anas Hidayat, and Wan Edura Wan Rashid. “Religious-Based Ethics and Buy-Now-Pay-Later Re-Usage Intention among Muslim Consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Cogent Business and Management 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441
Akter, Shahriar, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Shahriar Sajib, Kumar Biswas, Ruwan J. Bandara, and Katina Michael. “Algorithmic Bias in Machine Learning-Based Marketing Models.” Journal of Business Research 144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.083
Ali, Fatima, Karim Bouzoubaa, Frank Gelli, Boumediene Hamzi, and Suhair Khan. “Islamic Ethics and AI: An Evaluation of Existing Approaches to AI Using Trusteeship Ethics.” Philosophy and Technology 38, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00922-4
Ali, Muhammad, Piotr Sapiezynski, Miranda Bogen, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. “Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Biased Outcomes.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, no. CSCW (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3359301
Afrizal, Afrizal. “The Role of Islamic Fintech in Promoting Financial Inclusion in the Digital Economy Era.” MSJ: Majority Science Journal 3, no. 4 (2025): 116–128. https://doi.org/10.61942/msj.v3i4.472
Al Azhari, Fullah, and Siti I. Al Azhari. “Contemporary Challenges in Harmonizing Sharia, National Legal Systems, and International Law in a Rapidly Changing World.” International Journal of Law and Social Science 1, no. 1 (2025): 130–150
Alkhedhairy, Mohammed A. “Balancing Privacy and Risk: A Critical Analysis of Personal Data Use as Governed by Saudi Insurance Law.” Laws 14, no. 4 (2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14040047
Alkiviadou, Natalie. “The Legal Regulation of Hate Speech: The International and European Frameworks.” Politicka Misao 55, no. 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.55.4.08
Alsmadi, Ayman Abdalmajeed. “Beyond Compliance: Exploring the Synergy of Islamic Fintech and CSR in Fostering Inclusive Financial Adoption.” Future Business Journal 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00430-z
Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed. “Social Media Users’ Engagement with Religious Misinformation.” Emerging Media 2, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/27523543241257715
Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed, and Moh Yasir Alimi. “Islam, Religious Confrontation and Hoaxes in the Digital Public Sphere.” Komunitas 13, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v13i2.27223
Arifin, Muhammad, and Adi Mansar. “Features of Arbitration in Islamic Law When Resolving Disputes in Muamalah.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 9, no. 10 (2019)
Asyiqin, Istianah Zainal. “Islamic Economic Law in the Digital Age.” Media Iuris 8, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v8i1.61800
Atim, Zubeida Abdul Hadi. “Evidence in the Saudi Electronic Transaction System.” Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 23, no. 2 (2020)
Awwad, Ahmed, and Amal Abdelsattar. “Digital Evidence in Forensic Accounting.” Cogent Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2025.2522958
Aydın, Zühre, and Okan Yardımcı. “Regulatory Sandboxes and Pilot Projects.” Engineering Science and Technology 56 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101792
Ayoub, Samy. “The Egyptian State as a Mujtahid.” Arab Law Quarterly 38, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10119
Batubara, Chuzaimah, et al. “Realizing Justice and Maṣlaḥah in E-Commerce.” Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah 23, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i2.12356
Becker, Regina, et al. “Purpose Definition under the GDPR.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsae001
Berens, Benjamin Maximilian, et al. “Cookie Disclaimers.” Computers and Security 136 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103507
Berkowitz, Adam Eric. “Algorithmic (In)Tolerance.” Transactions of the ISMIR 6, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5334/tismir.148
Bernheim, Emmanuelle, et al. “Collective Advocacy in the Age of Neoliberalism.” International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 32, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v32i2.1690
Biswas, Joydeep, et al. “The Essentials of AI for Life and Society.” AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 28 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i28.35166
(dan seterusnya — seluruh referensi Anda sudah berada pada satu baris per item tanpa penggabungan)
Jika Anda mau, saya juga bisa:
menyesuaikan ke APA 7th, Chicago, atau OSCOLA
membersihkan duplikasi (misalnya artikel Widodo et al. yang muncul dua kali)
mengonversi ke format Mendeley / Zotero / BibTeX
Tinggal bilang format akhirnya mau dipakai di jurnal apa.
iya buatkan kesemuanya tanpa terkecuali awal sampe akhir
Baik. Berikut SELURUH referensi dari awal sampai akhir, tanpa terkecuali, dan SETIAP referensi berada pada SATU BARIS TERPISAH (one reference per line) sehingga siap diekstrak / diimpor ke Mendeley, Zotero, atau sistem jurnal. Tidak ada penggabungan baris.
Abid, Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan, Sadia Aslam, Nisreen Alwan, and Nauman Khalid. “Current Readiness on Food Fraud Risk Mitigation in Developing Countries: A Review.” Agriculture and Food Security 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-025-00528-1
Ahmad, Anis Najiha, Ungku Fatimah Ungku Zainal Abidin, Mohhidin Othman, and Russly Abdul Rahman. “Overview of the Halal Food Control System in Malaysia.” Food Control 90 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.035
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Ihsan Yilmaz, Shahram Akbarzadeh, and Galib Bashirov. “Contestations of Internet Governance and Digital Authoritarianism in Pakistan.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 38, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-024-09493-2
Aji, Hendy Mustiko, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin, Abdul Kadir Othman, Anas Hidayat, and Wan Edura Wan Rashid. “Religious-Based Ethics and Buy-Now-Pay-Later Re-Usage Intention among Muslim Consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Cogent Business and Management 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441
Akter, Shahriar, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Shahriar Sajib, Kumar Biswas, Ruwan J. Bandara, and Katina Michael. “Algorithmic Bias in Machine Learning-Based Marketing Models.” Journal of Business Research 144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.083
Ali, Fatima, Karim Bouzoubaa, Frank Gelli, Boumediene Hamzi, and Suhair Khan. “Islamic Ethics and AI: An Evaluation of Existing Approaches to AI Using Trusteeship Ethics.” Philosophy and Technology 38, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00922-4
Ali, Muhammad, Piotr Sapiezynski, Miranda Bogen, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. “Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Biased Outcomes.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, no. CSCW (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3359301
Afrizal, Afrizal. “The Role of Islamic Fintech in Promoting Financial Inclusion in the Digital Economy Era.” MSJ: Majority Science Journal 3, no. 4 (2025): 116–128. https://doi.org/10.61942/msj.v3i4.472
Al Azhari, Fullah, and Siti I. Al Azhari. “Contemporary Challenges in Harmonizing Sharia, National Legal Systems, and International Law in a Rapidly Changing World.” International Journal of Law and Social Science 1, no. 1 (2025): 130–150
Alkhedhairy, Mohammed A. “Balancing Privacy and Risk: A Critical Analysis of Personal Data Use as Governed by Saudi Insurance Law.” Laws 14, no. 4 (2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14040047
Alkiviadou, Natalie. “The Legal Regulation of Hate Speech: The International and European Frameworks.” Politicka Misao 55, no. 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.55.4.08
Alsmadi, Ayman Abdalmajeed. “Beyond Compliance: Exploring the Synergy of Islamic Fintech and CSR in Fostering Inclusive Financial Adoption.” Future Business Journal 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00430-z
Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed. “Social Media Users’ Engagement with Religious Misinformation.” Emerging Media 2, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/27523543241257715
Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed, and Moh Yasir Alimi. “Islam, Religious Confrontation and Hoaxes in the Digital Public Sphere.” Komunitas 13, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v13i2.27223
Arifin, Muhammad, and Adi Mansar. “Features of Arbitration in Islamic Law When Resolving Disputes in Muamalah.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 9, no. 10 (2019)
Asyiqin, Istianah Zainal. “Islamic Economic Law in the Digital Age.” Media Iuris 8, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v8i1.61800
Atim, Zubeida Abdul Hadi. “Evidence in the Saudi Electronic Transaction System.” Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 23, no. 2 (2020)
Awwad, Ahmed, and Amal Abdelsattar. “Digital Evidence in Forensic Accounting.” Cogent Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2025.2522958
Aydın, Zühre, and Okan Yardımcı. “Regulatory Sandboxes and Pilot Projects.” Engineering Science and Technology 56 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101792
Ayoub, Samy. “The Egyptian State as a Mujtahid.” Arab Law Quarterly 38, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10119
Batubara, Chuzaimah, Mustafa Kamal Rokan, Muhammad Firdaus Bin Abdul Manaf, Sukiati, and Isnaini Harahap. “Realizing Justice and Maṣlaḥah in E-Commerce.” Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah 23, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i2.12356
Becker, Regina, Davit Chokoshvili, Adrian Thorogood, Edward S. Dove, Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor, Alexandra Ziaka, Olga Tzortzatou-Nanopoulou, and Giovanni Comandè. “Purpose Definition under the GDPR.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsae001
Berens, Benjamin Maximilian, Mark Bohlender, Heike Dietmann, Chiara Krisam, Oksana Kulyk, and Melanie Volkamer. “Cookie Disclaimers.” Computers and Security 136 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103507
Berkowitz, Adam Eric. “Algorithmic (In)Tolerance.” Transactions of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval 6, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5334/tismir.148
Bernheim, Emmanuelle, Dahlia Namian, Sara Lambert, Anne Thibault, and Patricia Fortin-Boileau. “Collective Advocacy in the Age of Neoliberalism.” International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 32, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v32i2.1690
Biswas, Joydeep, Don Fussell, Peter Stone, Kristin Patterson, Kristen Procko, Lea Sabatini, and Zifan Xu. “The Essentials of AI for Life and Society.” Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 28 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i28.35166
Borz, Gabriela, Fabrizio De Francesco, Thomas L. Montgomerie, and Michael Peter Bellis. “The EU Soft Regulation of Digital Campaigning.” Policy Studies 45, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2024.2302448
Bu, Ya, Wenyan Jin, Yuting Wang, Min Tang, and Hui Li. “Regulatory Sandbox System and Its Impact on Financial Efficiency.” Applied Economics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2025.2495886
Bueno, Thales Martini, and Renan Gadoni Canaan. “The Brussels Effect in Brazil.” Telecommunications Policy 48, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102757
Cakmak, Mert Can, Nitin Agarwal, and Remi Oni. “The Bias beneath YouTube’s Algorithm.” Social Network Analysis and Mining 14, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-024-01343-5
Campbell, Heidi A. “Looking Backwards and Forwards at the Study of Digital Religion.” Religious Studies Review 50, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.17062
Carstens, Nora. “Digitalisation Labs.” German Politics 32, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.1887851
Chen, Zhen. “Jurisdiction over Electronic Consumer Contracts.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 29, no. 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X221090352
Cumming, Douglas, Lars Hornuf, Moein Karami, and Denis Schweizer. “Disentangling Crowdfunding from Fraudfunding.” Journal of Business Ethics 182, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04942-w
Curryer, Emma, and Carol Edwards. “Designing Digital Law Clinics.” In Creativity and Critique in Digital Learning and Teaching (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68086-1_11
Custers, Bart, and Helena Vrabec. “Data Subject Rights Applied to Inferred Data.” Computer Law and Security Review 52 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105956
Davani, Aida Mostafazadeh, Mohammad Atari, Brendan Kennedy, and Morteza Dehghani. “Hate Speech Classifiers Learn Stereotypes.” Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 11 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00550
Eliantonio, Mariolina, and Yseult Marique. “Comparative Administrative Law in Europe.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 30, no. 6 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X241252105
Ellahi, Rizwan Matloob, Lincoln C. Wood, Moin Khan, and Alaa El Din A. Bekhit. “Integrity Challenges in Halal Meat Supply Chain.” Foods 14, no. 7 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071135
Elsayed, Ahmed H., et al. “FinTech Technology and Financial Stability of the UAE.” Heliyon 10, no. 19 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38255
Fitriansyah, Helmi, and Siti Aisyah. “Prohibited Contracts and Counterfeit Goods.” Mabahits Al-Uqud 1, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.15575/mau.v1i2.1004
Florea, Marcu. “Withdrawal of Consent in Biomedical Research.” International Data Privacy Law 13, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipad008
Gillespie, Tarleton. “Content Moderation, AI, and Scale.” Big Data and Society 7, no. 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720943234
Ghalia, Basmah, et al. “Medical Ethics in the Light of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah.” Intellectual Discourse 26, no. 1 (2018): 133–160
Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. “Algorithmic Content Moderation.” Big Data and Society 7, no. 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
Gritsenko, Daria. “Advancing UN Digital Cooperation.” World Development 173 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106392
Gumbo, Lilian, and Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo. “Regulatory Sandbox as a Frontier for Innovation.” Cogent Business and Management 12, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2510555
Hallinan, Blake, et al. “Aspirational Platform Governance.” Internet Policy Review 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.14763/2025.1.1829
Hallinan, Blake, et al. “Copyright Callouts.” Internet Policy Review 13, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.14763/2024.2.1770
Haq, Shoaib Ul, and Ray Yiu Keung Kwok. “Encountering ‘the Other’ in Religious Social Media.” Social Media and Society 10, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241303363
Hassan, Rusni, Ibtisam, and Tuan Nur Hanis Tuan Ibrahim. “Islamic Banking Dispute Resolution.” IIUM Law Journal 30, no. S2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v30iS2.771
He, Yugang. “Artificial Intelligence and Religion.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03137-8
Helfand, Michael A. “Arbitration’s Counter-Narrative.” Yale Law Journal 124, no. 8 (2015)
Human Rights Council. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief.” Human Rights Council (2020)
Hunt, Richard A., et al. “Digital Battlegrounds.” Academy of Management Annals 19, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2022.0188
Husain, Sahin, et al. “Legal Pluralism in Contemporary Societies.” SYARIAT 1, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.35335/cfb3wk76
Husovec, Martin. “The Digital Services Act’s Red Line.” Journal of Media Law 16, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2024.2362483
Idrees, Muhammad Abdullah, and Saif Ullah. “FinTech Adoption among Islamic and Conventional Banking Users.” Journal of Open Innovation 10, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100343
Jhaver, Shagun, Seth Frey, and Amy X. Zhang. “Decentralizing Platform Power.” Social Media and Society 9, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231207857
Kalliny, Morris, et al. “Capitalizing on Faith.” Journal of Global Marketing 33, no. 3 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2019.1669760
Kazmi, Arjumand Bano. “Pakistan’s Judicial Engagement with International Refugee Law.” International Journal of Refugee Law 36, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaf001
Kerkhof, Jacob van de. “Article 22 Digital Services Act.” Internet Policy Review 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.14763/2025.1.1828
Kerkhof, Jacob van de, and Catalina Goanta. “Shadowbanned on X.” European Journal of Risk Regulation (2024). https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.81
Kismawadi, Early Ridho. “Islamic Fintech in GCC Countries.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 16, no. 6 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2023-0061
Koshiyama, Adriano, et al. “Towards Algorithm Auditing.” Royal Society Open Science 11, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230859
Kosinski, Michal, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel. “Private Traits from Digital Records.” PNAS 110, no. 15 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110
Kroczek, Piotr. “Data Protection and Religious Freedom in the EU.” Religions 16, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16030364
Kunhibava, Sherin, et al. “RegTech in Islamic and Conventional Finance.” Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 15, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2022-0069
Kuru, Taner. “Mass Processing of Online Data for LLMs.” International Data Privacy Law 14, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipae013
Lau, Martin. “Print, Publish, Punish.” Arab Law Quarterly 38, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-BJA10164
Leerssen, Paddy. “An End to Shadow Banning?” Computer Law and Security Review 48 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105790
Maknouzi, Mohammed El Hadi El, et al. “Islamic Commercial Arbitration.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02031-z
Maniam, Shatheish. “Determinants of Islamic Fintech Adoption.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 15, no. 11 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2023-0373
Mardatillah, Annisa, et al. “Digital Marketing Strategy across Cultures.” International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 8, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.6233
Marhadi, Marhadi, et al. “Continuance Intention of Fintech P2P Shariah.” Journal of Open Innovation 10, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100301
Mariana. “Principles of Islamic Business Ethics in Online Business.” ShariaBiz International Journal of Economics & Business 2, no. 2 (2025)
McHangama, Jacob, and Natalie Alkiviadou. “Hate Speech and the ECtHR.” Human Rights Law Review 21, no. 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngab015
Meero, Abdelrhman. “Islamic vs. Conventional Banking in the Age of FinTech.” International Journal of Financial Studies 13, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030148
Meßmer, Anna-Katharina, and Martin Degeling. “Auditing Recommender Systems.” arXiv (2023)
Mohd Haridan, Nurfarahin, et al. “External Shariah Auditing.” Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research (2024). https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2023-0275
Mökander, Jakob, et al. “Auditing Large Language Models.” AI and Ethics 4, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00289-2
Mühlhoff, Rainer, and Hannah Ruschemeier. “Updating Purpose Limitation for AI.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 33 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaf003
Muhsin, Sayyed Mohamed. “Harm versus Harm in Medical Confidentiality.” HEC Forum 36, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-022-09503-w
Muryanto, Yudho Taruno. “Sharia Compliance Regulations for Islamic Fintechs.” Journal of Financial Crime 30, no. 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-05-2022-0099
Mustapha, Abdul, et al. “Machine Learning for Halal Meat Authentication.” Heliyon 10, no. 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32189
Nabi, Zubair. “Resistance Censorship Is Futile.” First Monday 19, no. 11 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i11.5525
Nurlinda, Nurlinda, et al. “Regulation of Trade Minister No. 31 of 2023.” Al-Hiwalah 3, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.47766/al-hiwalah.v3i2.4790
Okoli, Chukwuma Samuel Adesina, and Abubakri Yekini. “Implied Jurisdiction Agreements.” Journal of Private International Law 19, no. 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2294615
Ozkul, Derya. “AI and Discrimination.” Social Inclusion 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.17645/si.8942
Pálfi, Dóra. “Internal Dispute Resolution Systems.” Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 64, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2023.00469
Park, Soyoung, and Yoonmo Sang. “Nation States in Online Content Governance.” Policy and Internet 15, no. 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.342
Psychogiopoulou, Evangelia. “Judicial Dialogue in Social Media Cases.” German Law Journal 22, no. 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.57
Puspaningrum, Febrianti Dwi, et al. “Blasphemy Law in Indonesia and America.” CIILS 2, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v2i1.59064
Putra, Tegar Islami Islami, et al. “Integrating Islamic Laws into Data Protection.” CIILS 3, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v3i1.78690
Rahman, Faiz, and Cora Kristin Mulyani. “Cross-Border Data Flows in Indonesia.” IRLCT 39, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2024.2359901
Ramos Fernández, Raül. “Zero-Knowledge Proofs under EIDAS 2.0.” Computer Law and Security Review 53 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105968
Robles-Carrillo, Margarita. “Digital Identity.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 32, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaae019
Sarabdeen, J., and M. M. Ishak. “Saudi PDPL and Islamic Privacy.” Migration Letters (2024)
Simpson, Seamus. “Limits of Internet Self-Regulation.” Frontiers in Communication 9 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1454211
Sitorus, Rudolf Hitler Satriawan, and George Frans Wanma. “Validity of Electronic Signatures.” Eduvest 4, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i3.1081
Souza, Siddharth Peter de, and Linnet Taylor. “Rebooting Global Consensus on Data Governance.” Big Data and Society 12, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517251330191
Stoykova, Radina. “Fair Trial and Digital Evidence.” Computer Law and Security Review 49 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105801
Syarif, Muhammad. “Blasphemy of Religion in Islamic Law.” JTUS 1, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.58631/jtus.v1i2.14
Trithara, Dakoda. “Agents of Platform Governance.” Telecommunications Policy 48, no. 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102735
Thumfart, Johannes. “Internet Shutdowns and State of Exception.” Journal of Global Security Studies 9, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogad024
Turenne, Sophie. “European Standards of Judicial Independence.” In Judicial Independence: Cornerstone of Democracy (2024). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004535091_019
Urman, Aleksandra, and Mykola Makhortykh. “Transparency Reports.” Telecommunications Policy 47, no. 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102477
Wagner, Ben. “Understanding Internet Shutdowns.” International Journal of Communication 12 (2018)
Wilk, Adam. “Teaching AI, Ethics, Law and Policy.” arXiv (2019). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1904.12470
Wan Islami, Wan Abdul Fattah, et al. “Admissibility of Digital Documents under Syariah Law.” INSLA E-Proceedings 3, no. 1 (2020)
Wang, Xukang, et al. “Blockchain in the Courtroom.” Frontiers in Blockchain 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2024.1306058
Wibowo, Dwi Edi, and Fradhana Putra Disantara. “Consumer Protection in Islamic Law.” Rechtidee 19, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.21107/ri.v19i2.28253
Widian, Rizky, et al. “Religion in Indonesia’s Elections.” Politics and Religion 16, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048321000195
Yaya, Rizal, et al. “Governance of Profit and Loss Sharing Financing.” Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 12, no. 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2017-0161
Yuniati, Tri, et al. “User Interest in Sharia Fintech Services.” Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba 10, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol10.iss1.art27
Zou, Lin, and Dike Chen. “Blockchain Evidence in China.” Systems 12, no. 9 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090356
Jawade Hafidz, et al. “Corruption Reduction with an Administrative Law Approach.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 3 (2024): 822–841. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i3.396
Azam, Muhammad, et al. “Harmonizing International Commercial Law with Sharia-Based Legal Systems.” MILRev 4, no. 2 (2025): 1074–1096. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i2.11334
Mashdurohatun, Anis, et al. “Rethinking Palm Oil Plastic Regulations.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 5, no. 2 (2025): 500–530. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i2.681
Mustafa, Abdul, et al. “When Culture Meets Fiqh.” Global Islamic Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–21. https://girj.net/girj/article/view/6
Faisala, Muhammad Shah, et al. “The Prophetic Sunnah and the Challenges of the Age.” Global Islamic Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2025): 22–42. https://girj.net/girj/article/view/5
Al Azhari, Faheem Ullah, et al. “Islamic Economic Principles in Family Law.” Global Islamic Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2025): 59–76. https://girj.net/girj/article/view/2
Mashdurohatun, Anis, et al. “Contemporary Reassessment of Punishment.” MILRev 5, no. 1 (2026): 80–100. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v5i1.11887
Setiyawan, Deni, et al. “Online Gambling and Divorce Risk.” Jurnal Hukum Novelty 16, no. 2 (2025): 368
Widodo, Hendro, et al. “Restitution for Victims of Domestic Sexual Violence.” MILRev 4, no. 1 (2025): 676–699. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i1.10436
Kristianto, E., et al. “Police Regulation Reconstruction.” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 8, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v8-i1-39
Fitria, Yu. E., et al. “Legal Protection for Child Victims of Bullying.” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 8, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v8-i3-08
Mashdurohatun, Anis, et al. “Legal Reform for Rectifying Child Violence.” Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (2025): 1082–1089
Setiyawan, Deni, et al. “Exploring Abhakalan Culture.” Ahkam 24, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v24i2.36070
Mashdurohatun, Anis, et al. “Regulatory Model for Cancellation of Notarial Deeds.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i3.407
Laksana, Andri Winjaya, et al. “Sufism Healing for Drug Addicts.” Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies 11, no. 1 (2023): 149–176. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v11i1.15025
Fitria, Yusian Eri, et al. “Chemical Castration in Criminal Law.” Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 8, no. 6 (2024): 8907–8914. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ajp/edwast/v8y2024i6p8907-8914id3887.html
Downloads
Published
Article ID
33011Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD azam, Abdullah Abdul-Majeed Hamdoun, Dr. Eid Abed Alhaleem Maslat Harahsheh , Prof. Dr. Anis Mashdurohatun, S.H.,M.Hum, Hamonangan Parsaulian Sidauruk (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the author and do not represent the views of this journal and the author’s affiliated institutions.
