Antitrust Law and Legal Advocacy: Perspective on Promoting Fair Competition in Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and Russia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v8i1.34027

Keywords:

Antitrust Law, Competition Law, Advocacy, Legal Services

Abstract

Antitrust law plays a critical role in ensuring fair competition, yet its effectiveness varies across different legal and institutional contexts. This paper examines the comparative regulation and implementation of antitrust law in Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and Russia, with particular attention to the role of legal advocacy and legal services in enhancing compliance and enforcement. The objective is to analyze how these three countries, with distinct political and economic systems, construct and operationalize their competition law frameworks to promote healthy market competition. Employing a normative legal research method with a comparative approach, the study relies on statutory texts, institutional documents, case law, and scholarly literature. Data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-comparative analysis. The findings reveal that Indonesia has developed a comprehensive legal framework through Law No. 5/1999, yet its enforcement remains inconsistent due to institutional limitations and judicial resistance. Uzbekistan has adopted modern competition principles in its 2012 Competition Law, but enforcement is hindered by state dominance in the economy and limited legal capacity. Russia, in contrast, possesses a mature regulatory framework and a powerful Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), though enforcement often reflects political considerations. Across all three contexts, legal advocacy and professional legal services significantly influence compliance by educating businesses, guiding merger notifications, and shaping litigation strategies. This study contributes to comparative competition law scholarship by highlighting the interplay between regulation, enforcement, and advocacy in shaping effective competition regimes. The conclusion underscores that building effective antitrust law requires not only robust statutes but also active advocacy and accessible legal services. Recommendations include strengthening compliance mechanisms in Indonesia through KPPU’s DPKPU guidelines, enhancing legal education in Uzbekistan to foster a bottom-up competition culture, and encouraging FAS Russia to sustain transparency in digital markets. 

References

Abdullaeva, Fazilat. “Enhancing Financial Stability Analysis of Economic Entities in Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance 6, no. 3 (June 21, 2025): 1001–9. https://doi.org/10.51699/cajitmf.v6i3.952.

Adinda, Fadhel Arjuna. “Assessing the Economic Impact of Competition Law Enforcement on Market Efficiency in Indonesia”. The Indonesian Journal of Economic Analysis of Law 1, no. 1 (2026): 31-60. https://inleads.id/publications/index.php/IJEAL/article/view/9.

Afuwape, K. “Regulatory Barriers in Digital Mergers and Acquisitions: Antitrust Regulation of Technology Secto.” Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 3, no. 2 (July 6, 2025): 304–37. https://doi.org/10.21202/JDTL.2025.13.

Alamsyah, Farsya Dalila, Muhammad Zayyaan Nasco, Christian Immanuel Situmorang, and Muhammad Arkan Alfarel Kuswoyo. “Penguatan Kppu Melalui Model Supervisi Untuk Mencegah Tumpang Tindih Kewenangan dalam Penegakan Hukum Persaingan Usaha.” Jurnal Hukum Statuta 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2025): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.35586/jhs.v4i2.10823.

Alamsyah, Fayhan Rafiq, and David Wilson. “The Role of Digital Economy in Promoting Economic Justice: A Case Study of Indonesia’s Tech Sector”. Indonesian Economic Justice Review 1, no. (2024). https://doi.org/10.65815/z23ttf59.

Alexandrov, Oleg. “Regulatory Guillotines: International Experience in Removing Barriers to Business and Investment.” Trade Policy 1, no. 17 (2019): 107–19. https://doi.org/10.17323/2499-9415-2019-1-17-107-119.

Alvino, Luki, Firdaus Firdaus, and Setia Putra. “Penggunaan Bukti Petunjuk Dalam Proses Pembuktian Perkara Persaingan Usaha Dan Monopoli Dalam Pengadilan Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 11, no. 4.D (April 30, 2025): 67–80. http://www.jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/JIWP/article/view/11852.

Aminah, Siti. “Kedudukan Bukti Tidak Langsung (Indirect Evidence) dalam Penyelesaian Praktik Kartel di Indonesia.” "Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI 2, no. 3 (January 4, 2023). https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/dharmasisya/vol2/iss3/34.

Anggraeni, Ulita Bella. “Menggali Peran Hukum Persaingan Usaha Dalam Mendorong Inovasi Dan Efisiensi Ekonomi.” Rechtsvacuum: Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 1 (May 22, 2024): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i2.35395.

Arifin, Firdaus, and Andika Prawira Buana. "Unfair Business Competition in the E-Commerce Ecosystem: Comparison of Indonesian and South Korean Regulations." Contemporary Issues on Indonesian Social Justice and Legal Reform 1, no. 1 (2025): 40-57. https://journals.arteslibres.org/index.php/law/article/view/3

Arifin, Ridwan, Auliya Rochman, and Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady. “The Political Economy of Corruption Law Enforcement in Indonesia”. The Indonesian Journal of Critical Legal Studies 1, no. 1 (2026): 31-60. https://inleads.id/publications/index.php/IJCLS/article/view/20.

Ashurova, Sitora. “The Importance of Commercial Law in Regulating Modern Business Transactions: The Case of Uzbekistan.” Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, Educational, Natural and Social Sciences 5, no. 4 (2025): 2181–1784. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-importance-of-commercial-law-in-regulating-modern-business-transactions-the-case-of-uzbekistan.

Bekzod Kh, Ummatov. “Antimonopoly Regulation aat the Present Stage: Challenges and Opportunities.” Scientific Journal of Actuarial Finance and Accounting 4, no. 09 (October 8, 2024): 43–47. https://doi.org/10.55439/AFA/VOL4_ISS09/534.

Bora, Salih I., and Lucas Schramm. “Intergovernmentalism in a Supranational Field: France, Germany, and EU Competition Policy Reform.” West European Politics 48, no. 6 (2025): 1270–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2024.2355812.

Committe, Competition Promotion and Consumer Protection. “Expected Changes and Innovations in the Law ‘On Competition.’” Competition Promotion and Consumer Protection Comitte, November 30, 2022. https://raqobat.gov.uz/en/expected-changes-and-innovations-in-the-law-on-competition/.

Committee, Competition Promotion and Consumer Protection. “Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Raqobatni Rivojlantirish va Iste’molchilar Huquqlarini Himoya Qilish Qoʻmitasi.” Competition Promotion and Consumer Protection Committee , 2025. https://raqobat.gov.uz/en/about-the-committee/.

Daylami, Ilham, and Nurul Huda. “Implikasi Merger Dan Akuisisi Terhadap Upaya Peningkatan Kinerja Finansial Perusahaan.” Cakrawala Repositori IMWI 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2025): 1452–60. https://doi.org/10.52851/cakrawala.v8i1.763.

Delfiana, Dinda. “Sosialisasi Dan Pelatihan Tentang Hukum Persaingan Usaha Yang Sehat.” Journal Of Human And Education (JAHE) 5, no. 2 (April 18, 2025): 432–41. https://doi.org/10.31004/JH.V5I2.2439.

Dewi, Ratna, Helmin Porang Timori, Moh. K. Aripin S, Ali Zakariya, Audrey Aulia Putri, Markus Taena, and Andiera Eko Ramadhanty. “Peran Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Sebagai Wasit Sekaligus Hakim dalam Ekonomi.” Collegium Studiosum Journal 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2024): 481–96. https://doi.org/10.56301/CSJ.V7I2.1417.

Dogonkin, Maksim. “Statism and the State Sector in the Former Soviet Union: The Competition Law Perspective.” University of East Anglia. School of Law, 2022.

Evenett, Simon J., and Niccolò Pisani. “Geopolitics, Conflict, and Decoupling: Evidence of Western Divestment from Russia during 2022.” Journal of International Business Policy 6, no. 4 (December 6, 2023): 511–40. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-023-00167-y.

Fedorova, E. A., V. G. Komletsova, M. K. Tregubova, A. Yu. Maksimova, and V. D. Emel’yanova. “The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Capital Structure of Domestic Companies.” Finance: Theory and Practice 26, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 25–37. https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-2-25-37.

Gel’man, Vladimir. The Politics of Bad Governance in Contemporary Russia. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11621795.

Harianto, Muhammad. “KPPU Dan Apindo Tingkatkan Kepatuhan Persaingan Usaha.” ANTARA News Mataram, June 15, 2024. https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/352653/kppu-dan-apindo-tingkatkan-kepatuhan-persaingan-usaha.

Ikhwan, Viranti Nur, Yulianto Syahyu, and Diana Fitriana. “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Praktik Kartel Dalam Kasus Penjualan Minyak Goreng Kemasan.” Journal of Law and Security Studies 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2025): 42–57. https://doi.org/10.31599/ZNP59K42.

Itasari, Endah Rantau, and Erwin Erwin. “Reformasi Hukum Dalam Mewujudkan Keadilan Sosial: Tantangan Dan Prospek Pengembangan Sistem Peradilan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika ISSN 2721-4796 (Online), April 17, 2024, 1657–64. https://ojs.cahayamandalika.com/index.php/jcm/article/view/2934.

Jaen, Ermina. “KPPU Beri Advokasi Perguruan Tinggi Dan UPT Kemendikbudristek.” Radio Republik Indonesia, June 12, 2024. https://rri.co.id/bisnis/820538/kppu-beri-advokasi-perguruan-tinggi-dan-upt-kemendikbudristek.

Jawani, Lunita. “Prinsip Rule of Reason Terhadap Praktik Dugaan Kartel Menurut Pasal 11 Undang-Undang Nomor. 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” Jurnal Hukum, Humaniora, Masyarakat Dan Budaya 1, no. 2 (2021): 99–106.

Karimova, Dildora, and Uygun Nigmadjanov. “Perspectives on Introducing Corporate Criminal Liability for the Crime of Bribery in Uzbekistan.” In The Political Economy of Central Asian Law, International Political Economy Series, edited by Rustamjon Urinboyev, 53–77. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55341-7_3.

Khokhlov, Evgeny. “New Competition Law in Uzbekistan.” Australian Journal of Competition and Consumer Law 31, no. 4 (2023): 345–52.

Koshel, Alexey, Yaroslav Kuzminov, Ekaterina Kruchinskaia, and Bogdan Lesiv. “In Search of the Regulatory Optimum for Digital Platforms: A Comparative Analysis.” Legal Issues in the Digital Age 6, no. 2 (July 2, 2025): 4–49. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2025.2.4.49.

Kovalenko, Inna, Yuliia Muzyka, Vadym Khashev, Nataliia Derevyanko, and Serhii Yakovchuk. “Mechanism of Protection of Business Entities from Unfair Competition.” Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 53 (July 4, 2022): 227–33. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.53.05.23.

Krickovic, Andrej, and Igor Pellicciari. “From ‘Greater Europe’ to ‘Greater Eurasia’: Status Concerns and the Evolution of Russia’s Approach to Alignment and Regional Integration.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1879366521998808.

Kvanina, Valentina. “Antitrust Compliance and Its Legal Nature.” Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series “Law” 19, no. 1 (2019): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.14529/LAW190108.

Lathifaturahmah, Irene Mariane, Sandy Victor Hukunala, Nancy Silvana Haliwela, Pangestu Tirto Santoso, I Ketut Sirna, Ina Budhiarti Supyan, Indah Susilowati, and Risma Nurmilah. HUKUM BISNIS. Edited by Cory Vidiati and Asti Sri Mulyanti. Cetakan Pe. Makassar: CV Tohar Media, 2024.

Legal, Kosta. “New Law on Competition.” Kosta Legal, July 30, 2023. https://kostalegal.com/legal-alerts/new-law-on-competition.

Li, Ruoyao. “Antitrust Regulation of Self-Preferential Behavior of Digital Platform Operators in China.” Edited by N. Mohamad Nasri, S. Amat, and Y. Chen. SHS Web of Conferences 190 (April 18, 2024): 03031. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419003031.

Lombardozzi, Lorena. “An Historical Analysis of State Capitalism through Structural Transformation: The Case of Uzbekistan.” Globalizations, June 20, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2221094.

Lubis, Zaini Munawir, Budi Sastra Panjaitan, and Arifuddin Harahap. “Aspek Hukum Pidana Dalam Persaingan Usaha Pasca UU Cipta Kerja No. 6 Tahun 2023 Dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 44 Tahun 2021 Serta Perpres Nomor 100 Tahun 2024 Tentang KPPU.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 12, no. 1 (July 2, 2025): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.31289/JIPH.V12I1.15194.

Makarov, Andrey. “Anti-Competitive Agreements in Russian Courts (2008–2012): Antitrust Law Implementation and Interpretation.” Post-Communist Economies 31, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 383–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2018.1537738.

Maldina, Zahra Ainun, and Ubaid Aisyul Hana. “Hukum Persaingan Usaha Dan Perlindungan Konsumen Mewujudkan Pasar Yang Adil Dan Transparan.” Jurnal BANSI - Jurnal Bisnis Manajemen Akutansi 5, no. 1 (August 12, 2025): 22–30. https://doi.org/10.58794/BNS.V5I1.1444.

Malinauskaite, Jurgita, and Fatih Bugra Erdem. “Digital Antitrust: The Google (Android) Decisions in Russia, Turkey and India.” Business Law Review 42, no. Issue 4 (August 1, 2021): 182–94. https://doi.org/10.54648/BULA2021026.

Mardianto, Dedi, Hamzah Haeriyah, and Muslimin Kara. “Praktik Monopoli dan Kartel di Pasar Global Dalam Metafora Keadilan.” JEBIMAN : Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Managemen Dan Akuntansi 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2025): 210–18. https://sociohum.net/index.php/JEBIMAN/article/view/133.

Markov, N. I. “Analysis of Competition and Domination in the Market of Biologically Active Supplements in Russia.” Studies on Russian Economic Development 34, no. 5 (October 26, 2023): 640–50. https://doi.org/10.1134/S107570072305009X.

Massaro, Andrea Piletta. “Competition as an Institution for Regulating Societal Transformations in the Digital Era: The Role of Social Values in Competition Law.” Digital Society 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2025): 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-025-00184-9.

Nation, United. “Maximizing Synergies between Competition and Consumer Protection Policies Contribution The FAS Russia.” In 9th United Nations Conference on Competition and Consumer Protection Room XIX, Palais Des Nations. Geneva: United Nation, 2025.

Nations, The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the United. “Competition in the Process of Transition to a Market Economy Is a Fundamental Issue | Uzbekistan.” The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the United Nations, May 28, 2020. https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/news/competition-process-transition-market-economy-fundamental-issue.

Noranisa, Farhurahman, and Nur Paikah. “Efektivitas Fungsi Pengawasan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) Kanwil VI Makassar Dalam Mencegah Praktek Monopoli Perdagangan Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Jurnal of Islamic Economic Studies 1, no. 1 (March 2025). https://journal.hamfara.com/hamfara/article/view/10.

Nováčková, Daniela, and Jana Vnuková. “Competition Issues Including in the International Agreements of the Eropean Union.” Tribuna Juridică 11, no. 2 (2021): 234–50.

Noviyanti, Putri, Rika Azizah, Jacobus Jopie Gilalo, and R. Yuniar Anisa. “Fungsi Dan Peran Lembaga KPPU Dalam Praktek Persaingan Usaha.” Karimah Tauhid 2, no. 3 (June 5, 2023): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.30997/karimahtauhid.v2i3.8789.

Nurul, Nurul, Martulus Tambunan, and Indah Noviyanti. “Strategi Ekspansi Global Perusahaan: Tantangan dan Solusi Manajemen Strategi.” ECONOMIST: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis 1, no. 3 (July 5, 2024): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.63545/ECONOMIST.V1I3.25.

Oetomo, Farhan Setyo, and Trubus Rahardiansah. “Kesenjangan Regulasi dan Praktik dalam Implementasi Hukum Bisnis di Indonesia Perspektif Ilmu Sosial.” AT-TAKLIM: Jurnal Pendidikan Multidisiplin 2, no. 6 (June 19, 2025): 702–15. https://doi.org/10.71282/AT-TAKLIM.V2I6.465.

Olivya, Olivya, and Zulfikar Judge. “Analisa Hukum Penetapan Harga Dalam Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” JHI : Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2023). https://jhi.rivierapublishing.id/index.php/rp/article/view/45.

Ongso, Seselia, Sugeng Santoso, and A. Hasnanda Sakina Maheswari. “Analisis Kasus Praktek Monopoli Terhadap Pelayanan Jasa Bongkar Muat Petikemas Disebabkan Kebijakan Stack 100% (Studi Putusan Nomor 1344 K/Pdt.Sus-KPPU/2020).” Jurnal Sosial Dan Sains 5, no. 6 (June 26, 2025): 1820–36. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsosains.v5i6.32222.

Organization, World Intellectual Property. “Federal Law No. 135-FZ of July 26, 2006, on the Protection of Competition, Russian Federation.” WIPO : World Intellectual Property Organization, 2024. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/22926.

Pertiwi, Novalia, and Annisa Azzahrah Burhan. “Efektifitas Penerapan Program Kepatuhan Persaingan Usaha Dalam Pencegahan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” Jurnal Studia Legalia : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (May 2023): 72–87.

Polontoh, Herry, and Fitri Arianti Saputri. “Regulation and Sanctions Against Unfair Business Competition: Challenges in Law Enforcement.” JHK : Jurnal Hukum Dan Keadilan 2, no. 3 (April 27, 2025): 28–43. https://doi.org/10.61942/JHK.V2I3.322.

Pratama, Muhammad Iqbal. “Pendekatan Pembuktian dalam Penegakan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Berdasarkan Undang- Undang No. 5 Tahun 1999.” Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum: Hukum Dan Kesejahteraan 9, no. 2 (July 30, 2025): 24–36. https://doi.org/10.36722/JMIH.V9I2.4582.

Putra, Yanuar Syam, Layang Sardana, Ramanata Disurya, Ning Herlina, and Suryati Suryati. “Peran Komisi Pengawasan Persaingan Usaha Dalam Menjaga Persaingan Usaha Sehat Di Indonesia.” Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2024): 5295–5302. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i10.15415.

Putri, Dhea Aulia, Muhtadi, I Gede AB Wiranata, Ria Wierma Putri, Sunaryo, and Kasmawati. “Monopoli Perdagangan Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Persaingan Usaha Yang Sehat.” Al-Zayn : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 3, no. 3 (June 27, 2025): 1845–52. https://doi.org/10.61104/ALZ.V3I3.1446.

Qizi, Erkaboyeva Jasmina Safarali. “Enhancing The Efficiency and Ensuring the Competitiveness of Uzbekistan’s Economy.” Eurasian Journal Of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy 3, no. 1 (2024): 11–15.

Rajabova, Khulkar. “Consumer Reviews and Recommendations as Factors in E-Commerce: Legal Regulation Challenges.” Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research 3, no. 3 (March 18, 2025): 122–29. https://webofjournals.com/index.php/9/article/view/3615.

Rodionova, Yuliya, Olga Balaeva, Andrei Yakovlev, and Andrey Tkachenko. “Public Procurement Efficiency and Enforcement: Evidence from Kazakhstan and Russia.” International Journal of Public Administration, February 8, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2452918.

Rose, Adam, Zhenhua Chen, and Dan Wei. “The Economic Impacts of Russia–Ukraine War Export Disruptions of Grain Commodities.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 645–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/AEPP.13351.

Roy, Nur Abdul Rahman, Elisatris Gultom, and Deviana Yuanitasari. “Eksaminasi Penerapan Rule of Reason Terhadap Persekongkolan Untuk Memperoleh Rahasia Perusahaan Kompetitor Dan Probabilitas Dominasi Perusahaan Dalam Tindakan Anti Kompetitif: Studi Kasus Putusan Perkara Nomor: 08/Kppu-L/2024.” Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia 6, no. 4 (April 27, 2025): 1985–95. https://doi.org/10.59141/japendi.v6i4.7652.

Sabirin, Ahmad, and Raafid Haidar Herfian. “Keterlambatan Pelaporan Pengambilalihan Saham Perusahaan Dalam Sistem Post Merger Notification Menurut Undang-Undang Persaingan Usaha Di Indonesia.” jurnal persaingan usaha 2 (2021): 55–63.

Saktaganova, Zauresh, Raushan Zhussupova, Marat Utegenov, Zhanar Nurkina, and Dinara Mukhambetova. “The Transition from the Formation of a Mixed Party Elite Based on Local Ethnic Groups and Client-Patronage Clan Relations in the Soviet Republics of Central Asia to National Bureaucratic Ethnocracy in the Post-Soviet Period.” Public Integrity 27, no. 3 (2025): 256–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2289877.

Saputra, Gilang Wahyu. “Analisa Yuridis Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dalam Pelaksanaan Kemitraan Antara PT Aburahmi dan Koperasi Penukal Lestari (Studi Putusan KPPU Nomor 02/KPPU-K/2023).” Universitas Islam Sultan Agung , 2025.

Sari, Nurdiani Yusnita. “Implementasi Penjatuhan Denda Dalam Putusan Perkara Pelanggaran Pasal 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.” UNES Law Review 6, no. 1 (September 10, 2023): 832–46. https://doi.org/10.31933/UNESREV.V6I1.890.

Sharipova, Kamila. “A New Competition Law was Adopted.” Vakhidov & Partners, 2024. https://vakhidovlaw.com/en/resources/news/a-new-competition-law-was-adopted.

Siddi, Marco. “The Role of Power in EU–Russia Energy Relations: The Interplay between Markets and Geopolitics.” In The European Union, Russia and the Post-Soviet Space, 10–29. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003081722-2.

Siddiq, Nakzim Khalid, and Arief Rahman. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Persaingan Usaha Yang Adil Dalam Perkembangan E-Commerce Di Indonesia.” Commerce Law 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2025): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.29303/COMMERCELAW.V5I1.7199.

Sinaga, Hasudungan. “Bantuan Hukum Sebagai Sarana Memperjuangkan Keadilan.” J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah 4, no. 1 (December 24, 2024): 2929–41. https://doi.org/10.56799/JCEKI.V4I1.7032.

Sommaliagustina, Desi, and Veoni Sinta Nosi. “Hukum Persaingan Usaha di Indonesia Agar Menjamin Pasar Yang Adil dan Efisien.” JUDAKUM: Jurnal Dedikasi Hukum 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2025): 112–23. http://103.241.192.17/~jurnalunidha/index.php/JDH/article/view/2247.

Sucahyanto, Ardhitama. “Digital Society and the Transformation of Community-Based Dispute Resolution in Indonesia”. The Indonesian Journal of Sociolegal Development 1, no. 1 (2026): 31-60. https://inleads.id/publications/index.php/IJSLD/article/view/14.

Sukarno, Karmila Sari, and Reky Nurviana. “Kajian Hukum Akuisisi Dan Merger Lintas Negara (Cross Border) Sektor Perbankan Di Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence, Economic and Legal Theory 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2025): 723–33. https://doi.org/10.62976/IJIJEL.V3I1.995.

Sunnatillaeva, Sarvinoz. “Enforcement of Rules on Abuse of Dominant Position in the EU and Uzbekistan.” International Conference of Natural and Social-Humanitarian Sciences 1, no. 7 (August 21, 2024): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8217753.

Tadjibayeva, Mahsuda. “Uzbekistan’s Competition Law and Legal Transplants.” Osteuropa Recht 70, no. 1 (2024): 4–13. https://doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2024-1-4.

Taqwa, Muhammad, Syadam Maulana, and Maulana Azani. “Kontribusi Indonesia Terhadap Stabilitas Ekonomi Dunia Dalam Kerangka G-20: Studi Atas Kebijakan Dan Komitmen Selama Krisis Global.” Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1, no. 1 (June 25, 2025): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.70716/murej.v1i1.13.

Trio Ate, Yordanius, Kanisius Nggala, Agnes Vivi Susanti, Matilda Evarista E. Goma, and Maria M. L. Sogen. “Aspek Hukum Dan Regulasi Dalam Penggabungan Usaha (Merger Dan Akuisisi).” Journal of Comprehensive Science (JCS) 4, no. 1 (January 25, 2025): 385–92. https://doi.org/10.59188/jcs.v4i1.2985.

Tsyganov, Andrey, Lesya Davydova, and Anastasia Dokukina. “Merger Control in Russia: Review and Perspectives.” In Research Handbook on Global Merger Control, 537–62. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800378193.00035.

UZ, KUN. “Antimonopoly Committee Proposes to Introduce Antitrust Compliance in GM Uzbekistan and 9 More Companies.” KUN.UZ, April 25, 2019. https://kun.uz/en/news/2019/04/25/antimonopoly-committee-proposes-to-introduce-antitrust-compliance-in-gm-uzbekistan-and-9-more-companies.

Wibowo, Ghiyats Amri, Muhammad Alfin Imanullah, Haqie Religia Saintika, and Fayza Reizha Isfany. “Pembatasan Oligarki Dalam Mewujudkan Sistem Demokrasi Di Indonesia.” Media of Law and Sharia 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2024). https://doi.org/10.18196/MLS.V5I3.102.

Widiastutie, Sophiana. “Hubungan Cina-Rusia Dalam Dinamika Geopolitik Kawasan Asia Tengah.” Journal of Political Issues 5, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 187–95. https://doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v5i2.147.

Widodo, Pratama Agus. “The Role of Indonesian Fatwa Institutions in Responding to Artificial Intelligence Technology”. 2026. The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Legal Modernism 1, no. 1 (2026): 121-50. https://inleads.id/publications/index.php/IJILM/article/view/24.

Windha, Windha, and Syarifah Lisa Andriati. “Studi Terhadap Dampak Perjanjian Integrasi Vertikal Pada Industri Farmasi Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Persaingan Usaha.” Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis 10, no. 2 (August 21, 2023): 226–37. https://doi.org/10.25077/JSFK.10.2.226-237.2023.

Downloads

Published

08-06-2026

Article ID

34027