Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: Navigating Relations Between the U.S., China, and ASEAN

Abstract

This research investigates Indonesia's foreign policy in the context of its strategic positioning between the U.S., China, and the ASEAN bloc. As one of Southeast Asia’s largest and most influential countries, Indonesia faces the challenge of balancing its relations with major global powers while maintaining its leadership role within ASEAN. This study explores Indonesia’s diplomatic approach, considering historical ties, economic interests, and security concerns. The purpose is to evaluate how Indonesia navigates the complex dynamics of great power competition between the U.S. and China, while also reinforcing regional unity and cooperation through ASEAN. Key findings highlight Indonesia’s pragmatic stance, emphasizing a policy of neutrality, non-alignment, and multilateralism, often seeking to mediate tensions and promote regional stability. However, the research also identifies challenges, such as the growing pressure from both the U.S. and China to take sides in geopolitical disputes. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of Indonesia’s strategic balancing act, focusing on how the country leverages its position to advance national interests and regional cohesion. Given the shifting global power landscape, this research is particularly urgent for understanding Indonesia’s role in shaping the future of ASEAN and its broader implications for international diplomacy. This study contributes to the discourse on Southeast Asian foreign policy by offering a nuanced perspective on Indonesia’s navigation of complex international relations and providing recommendations for policymakers in addressing these evolving challenges.