Child Marriage Law and Women Protection: Human Rights Lessons from India, China, and Indonesia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v12i1.46184

Keywords:

Child Marriage, India, China, Indonesia

Abstract

Despite universal recognition of child marriage as a fundamental violation of human rights, ratified by global instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and CEDAW, the practice persist significantly in India, China and Indonesia, challenging the efficacy of existing national legal frameworks. The paper critically analyze and compare the legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, and normative challenges surrounding child marriage prevention in India, China, and Indonesia, assessing their compliance with international human rights standards and identifying the effectiveness of legal interventions in mitigating socio-cultural drivers of early marriage. The paper employs a normative juridical approach, and through a comparative analysis of primary legal sources like statutes, constitutions, and secondary sources like court decisions, international conventions, and reports to analyze the differences and similarities in legal protection. It utilize a comparative analytical method to identify strengths and weaknesses in each country's approach. The consequences resulting from this are: to what extent does legal exemptions, personal laws, and rural customary practices in India, China, and Indonesia create inconsistencies between national legislation and international human rights obligations? What are the primary enforcement gaps and challenges in the implementation of anti-child marriage laws in each jurisdictions, specifically regarding legal age verification and prosecution of offenders? To what extent does the current legal frameworks in all three countries prioritize the best interests of the child over parental consent or religious and cultural norms? How does the different approaches to child marriage criminalization in India, administrative control in China, and modified consent in Indonesia affect the prevalence rates and legal rights of children in rural areas against urban settings? These questions form the basis of this paper. The paper reveals that despite the 2019 reform in Indonesia, significant legal gaps exist, as religious courts often grant exemptions for under-age marriages, particularly due to out-of-wedlock pregnancy. In India, a major issue is the conflict between the secular PCMA and personal laws, while China generally maintain higher minimum age standards than its neighbors, reducing the absolute number of child brides, though it still has significant numbers concentrated in rural, lower-income regions. It concludes that while India, China, and Indonesia have significantly strengthened their national legal frameworks to align with international human rights standards, the effective prevention of child marriage is currently hindered by a widening enforcement -norm gap.

Author Biographies

  • Salim Bashir Magashi, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University

    Prof. Salim Bashir Magashi is a Professor of Law and the current Dean of the Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University. He is a distinguished legal scholar and practitioner with extensive experience in legal education, public law scholarship, academic administration, and human rights advocacy. He holds a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from Stellenbosch University, a Master of Laws (LL.M.) from University of Nottingham, a Barrister-at-Law qualification from Nigerian Law School, and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from University of Abuja. His areas of specialization include Constitutional Law, Environmental Law, International Human Rights Law, and Development Law. Prof. Magashi is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association and the Nigerian Law Teachers Association, and a Fellow of the Institute of Disaster Management and Safety Science.

  • Uche Nnawulezi, Faculty of Law, University of Lay Adventist of Kigali

    Uche Nnawulezi, Ph.D.,  is a legal practitioner and Associate Professor of Public International Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Lay Adventist Kigali. He previously served as the Head of the Department of Jurisprudence and International Law at the Faculty of Law, Alex Ekwueme Federal University. His areas of expertise include International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Law, Refugee Law, and Migration Law. He has published extensively in these fields and contributed significantly to legal scholarship through numerous academic works. Beyond teaching, he has demonstrated a strong commitment to research and community service both within and outside the university environment, earning several awards and recognitions for his contributions. He is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association, African Bar Association, Nigerian Association of Law Teachers, and the Association of International Humanitarian Law Practitioners. He is widely recognized as an approachable and collaborative professional who values teamwork in achieving institutional and professional objectives.

  • Septhian Eka Adiyatma, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

    Septhian Eka Adiyatma is a student in the Master of Notarial Law Program at Universitas Diponegoro. His scholarly works focus on various contemporary legal issues, including electronic evidence, corporate criminalization, vigilante justice, public information transparency, and international law enforcement concerning human rights violations. In addition to actively engaging in academic research and legal writing, he is also part of the contributing authors of the book chapter Routledge Handbook of Indonesian Law, which discusses Competition Law in Indonesia.

  • Oluwatobiloba Ifedolapo Ajayi, College of Law, Bowen University

    Oluwatobiloba Ifedolapo Ajayi, Ph.D, holds a teaching position with the College of Law, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. She is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), an Associate Member (ACIS) of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators of Nigeria (ICSAN) and Associate Member (ACIPM) of the Chartered Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria (CIPM). As a legal researcher, she specialises in Labour and Industrial Law, Gender   Justice; and Human Rights. Her researches focus on protecting and safeguarding the rights of employees in the workplace, addressing the challenges peculiar to the key players in industrial relations, examination of the legal framework for industrial disputes and collective bargaining in Nigeria, amongst others.

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2026-05-15

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46184

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Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): May, 2026

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