Non-Penal Conflict Resolution and Islamic Legal Culture: Evidence from Sunni–Shia in Indonesia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v12i1.48337

Keywords:

Islamic Legal Culture, Religious Conflict, Sunni-Shia, Post-Conflict Reconciliation

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the potential success of a religion-based conflict-resolution approach grounded in non-penal policies of Islamic legal culture. The use of this method is important for resolving the Sunni-Shia conflict in Sampang Regency. This study contributes to the development of guidelines for regional governments on the use of non-legal policies to resolve religious conflicts. This study uses empirical legal research methods with a socio-legal and anthropo-legal approach. The findings of this study reveal that penal policies for conflict resolution are ineffective in resolving conflicts quickly and only perpetuate stigma regarding which religious sects are right and which are heretical. This study also reveals that, when attempting to resolve and prevent disputes, non-penal methods grounded in Islamic legal culture are more effective in resolving religious conflicts more quickly and peacefully, with a familial approach, while avoiding violent means in resolving religious sectarian differences. This study concludes that the non-penal approach should be strengthened by assigning a role to local actors within the Madurese tradition to conduct the resolution process, so that former Shia followers, who are still being rejected, can be appropriately addressed. This study recommends that the government adopt a non-penal approach to facilitate the immediate completion of the post-conflict reconciliation and reconstruction process.

Author Biographies

  • Muwaffiq Jufri, Faculty of Law, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

    Muwaffiq Jufri, born in Pamekasan on 26 September 1991, completed his Bachelor of Laws at Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura in 2013 and his Master of Laws at Brawijaya University in 2016. He is currently a lecturer in the Department of Constitutional Law, Faculty of Law, Trunojoyo University of Madura, having previously served as a lecturer at the Islamic University of Madura (2017–2019). The author actively conducts research on law and human rights issues, particularly those related to religious freedom and religiously motivated conflicts. The author is also the editor-in-chief of the Trunojoyo Law Review.

  • Paul Atagamen Aidonojie, School of Law, Kampala International University

    Paul Atagamen Aidonojie is the Associate Dean of Research at Kampala International University School of Law, Uganda. He completed his Ph.D in Law at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria

  • Ousu Mendy, Faculty of Law, Victoria University of Wellington

    Ousu Mendy is doctoral researcher on constitutional law at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He completed his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from University of The Gambia and Master of Laws (Magister Hukum) from Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta in Indonesia. His current research interest is on constitution-making for protection of minorities and diversity, especially on religion and ethnicity.

  • Ebrima Sarr, Australian African Foundation for Retention & Opportunity

    Ebrima Sarr is a senior manager at department of Organisational Development, Operations, Compliance & Child Safety at  Australian African Foundation for Retention and Opportunity, Australia. He holds an advanced diploma in teaching from Gambia College, The Gambia. He also holds three Master’s degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada in Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam and Univeristy of Melbourne in Australia. He further completed a PhD on religious studies at Universitas Gadjah Mada. He is a researcher on religion conflict resolution. 

  • Raphael Daoud Jackson-Ortiz, The George Washington University

    Raphael D. Jackson-Ortiz joined the Jacob Burns Library in 2024 as the Head of Legal Technology Services in the Faculty of Law, The George Washington University (GW), United States. Before joining GW, he served as a Librarian Assistant Professor at the University of Miami School of Law. Prior to that, he was the Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Librarian at the InterAmerican University Law Library. He holds a JD from InterAmerican University and an MLS from the University of South Florida. As Head of Legal Technology Services, Raphael leads the development and delivery of services related to technology, curriculum support, scholarly communications, and digital initiatives.

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2026-05-15

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48337

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Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): May, 2026

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