OPERANT CONDITIONING: SHAPING DANPOSITIVE REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES “DARI PERILAKU OFF-TASK MENJADI ON-TASKâ€

Abstract

Abstrak. Pendidikan informal pada jenjang taman kanak-kanak menjadi latihan bagi anak untuk belajar berbagai hal melalui kegiatan bermain. Perilaku off-task kerap muncul pada anak-anak tertentu pada proses tersebut. Perbedaan individu yang dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal masing-masing anak menjadi penyebab perilaku off-task.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji efektivitas metode Operant Conditioning dengan teknik Shaping dan Positive Reinforcement Contingenciesdalam meningkatkan perilaku On-task pada anak TK.Subjek penelitian adalah seorang anak laki-laki berusia 4 tahun 7 bulan dengan ditentukan secara purposif berdasarkan hasil observasi awal pada kegiatan inti di TK. Subjek adalah siswa di kelas TK A dan belum pernah mengikuti kelompok bermain sebelum TK. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan subjek tunggal (single case experiment).Pengukuran menggunakan observasi dengan menghitung jumlah tugas yang berhasil diselesaikan pada kegiatan inti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan rata-rata jumlah ketuntasan tugas yang dilakukan subjek pada kegiata inti. Rata-rata fase baseline 2 tugas terselesaikan, dua minggu pertama pelaksanaan intervensi rata-rata  4 tugas terselesaikan, dua minggu terakhir pelaksanaan intervensi 4 tugas terselesaikan, dan mampu bertahan pada rata-rata 4 tugas terselesaikan pada saat follow up.

 

Kata kunci: operant conditioning, shaping, positive reinforcement contingencies, off-task, on-task

 

Abstract.Informal education at the kindergarten level becomes an exercise for children to learn various things through play activities. Off-task behavior often appears in certain children in the process. The individual differences that are influenced by the internal and external factors of each child become the cause of the off-task behavior. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of Operant Conditioning method with Shaping technique and Positive Reinforcement Contingencies in improving On-task behavior in kindergarten children. The subject of the study was a boy aged 4 years and 7 months determined purposively based on preliminary observations on core activities in kindergarten. Subjects are students in kindergarten class A and have never attended play group before kindergarten. The research design used was experiment with single subject (single case experiment). Measurement used was observation by counting the number of tasks completed successfully in the core activities. The results showed an increase in the average number of tasks done by subjects on the core activities. Two On-task behaviour showed by subjek in baseline phase, Four on-task behaviour was completed in the first two weeks intervention phase, Four on-task behaviour was completed in the last two weeks intervention phase, and able to withstand an average of 4 on-taskbehaviour completed during follow-up.