Estimasi Tingkat Urgensi Konservasi Air melalui Analisis Kebutuhan dan Ketersediaan Air Pulau-pulau Besar di Indonesia

Maria Agatha Hertiavi

Abstract

Tujuan artikel ini mengidentifikasi konsumsi air di Indonesia khususnya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan irigasi dan konsumsi rumah tangga di pulau-pulau besar di Indonesia. Jumlah konsumsi air ini dibandingkan dengan sumber daya air yang tersedia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan studi literature untuk mengkajinya. Sumber data dari penelitian ini dari publikasi jurnal internasional dan jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang utamanya terbit pada sepuluh tahun terakhir, yaitu antara tahun 2011-2021. Selain artikel publikasi, data diambil dari situs-situs resmi terkait dengan pengelolaan air, data pertanian, dan data kependudukan. Hasilnya menunjukkan kebutuhan air dalam sektor pertanian dan konsumsi rumah tangga sebanding dengan jumlah luas lahan pertanian dan jumlah penduduk. Sebaran ketersediaan air selalu berkurang setiap tahunnya karena faktor dari sumber air tersebut maupun faktor lingkungannya. Pulau Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, dan Papua mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air untuk penduduknya. Pulau Jawa, Bali, dan Nusa Tenggara mengalami persoalan penggunaan air lebih besar dari pada ketersediaan air. Ini mengindikasikan bahwa seiring berjalanannya waktu dengan populasi penduduk yang semakin bertambah maka bisa terjadi defisit air. Oleh karena itu perlu konservasi air yang lebih baik untuk keberlangsungan kehidupan berikutnya.

Keywords

konservasi air, analisis kebutuhan, ketersediaan air, pulau besar di Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References

ADB. (2016). Indonesia Country Water assessment. Asian Development Bank. www.adb.org

Adeyemi, O., Grove, I., Peets, S., & Norton, T. (2017). Advanced monitoring and management systems for improving sustainability in precision irrigation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030353

Ait-Kadi, M. (2016). Water for Development and Development for Water: Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Vision. Aquatic Procedia, 6, 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2016.06.013

Alaerts, G. J. (2020). Adaptive policy implementation: Process and impact of Indonesia’s national irrigation reform 1999–2018. World Development, 129, 104880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104880

Bhaduri, A., Bogardi, J., Siddiqi, A., Voigt, H., Vörösmarty, C., Pahl-Wostl, C., Bunn, S. E., Shrivastava, P., Lawford, R., Foster, S., Kremer, H., Renaud, F. G., Bruns, A., & Osuna, V. R. (2016). Achieving sustainable development goals from a water perspective. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00064

Bisung, E., & Elliott, S. J. (2018). Improvement in access to safe water, household water insecurity, and time savings: A cross-sectional retrospective study in Kenya. Social Science and Medicine, 200(May 2017), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.001

BPS. (2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html#:~:text=Hasil Sensus Penduduk (SP2020) pada,sebesar 270%2C20 juta jiwa.&text=Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk per Tahun,yang sebesar 1%2C49 persen.

Damkjaer, S., & Taylor, R. (2017). The measurement of water scarcity: Defining a meaningful indicator. Ambio, 46(5), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0912-z

Dessalew, T., Ayalew, A., Desalegn, T., Mathewos, M., & Alemu, G. (2016). Performance Evaluation of Bedene Alemtena Small Scale Irrigation Scheme in Hallaba Special Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. OALib, 03(02), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102021

FAO. (2013). Irrigation in Central Asia in figures. AQUASTAT Survey-2012. In FAO Water Reports (Vol. 39). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2007.00685.x

Fielding, K. S., Russell, S., Spinks, A., & Mankad, A. (2012). Determinants of household water conservation: The role of demographic, infrastructure, behavior, and psychosocial variables. Water Resources Research, 48(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012398

Flávio, H. M., Ferreira, P., Formigo, N., & Svendsen, J. C. (2017). Reconciling agriculture and stream restoration in Europe: A review relating to the EU Water Framework Directive. Science of the Total Environment, 596–597, 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.057

Forouzani, M., & Karami, E. (2011). Agricultural water poverty index and sustainability. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31(2), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010026

Fu, H. Z., Wang, M. H., & Ho, Y. S. (2013). Mapping of drinking water research: A bibliometric analysis of research output during 1992-2011. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.061

Fulazzaky, M. A. (2010). Water quality evaluation system to assess the status and the suitability of the Citarum river water to different uses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168(1–4), 669–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1142-z

Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). Challenges of integrated water resources management in Indonesia. Water (Switzerland), 6(7), 2000–2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6072000

Gassert, F., Reig, P., Luo, T., & Maddocks, A. (2013). Aqueduct country and river basin rankings: a weighted aggregation of spatially distinct hydrological indicators (Issue December). wri.org/publication/ aqueduct-country-river-basin-rankings.

Gufran, M., & Mawardi, M. (2019). Dampak Pembuangan Limbah Domestik terhadap Pencemaran Air Tanah di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya. Jurnal Serambi Engineering, 4(1), 416. https://doi.org/10.32672/jse.v4i1.852

Hossain, M. S., Pogue, S. J., Trenchard, L., Van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., Washbourne, C. L., Muiruri, E. W., Tomczyk, A. M., García-Llorente, M., Hale, R., Hevia, V., Adams, T., Tavallali, L., De Bell, S., Pye, M., & Resende, F. (2018). Identifying future research directions for biodiversity, ecosystem services and sustainability: perspectives from early-career researchers. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 25(3), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2017.1361480

Hutagalung, S. M. (2017). Penetapan Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI): Manfaatnya Dan Ancaman Bagi Keamanan Pelayaran Di. Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies, Vol. 1(No. 1), 75–91.

Jaramillo, F., Desormeaux, A., Hedlund, J., Jawitz, J. W., Clerici, N., Piemontese, L., Rodríguez-Rodriguez, J. A., Anaya, J. A., Blanco-Libreros, J. F., Borja, S., Celi, J., Chalov, S., Chun, K. P., Cresso, M., Destouni, G., Dessu, S. B., Di Baldassarre, G., Downing, A., Espinosa, L., … Åhlén, I. (2019). Priorities and interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with focus on wetlands. Water (Switzerland), 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030619

Kementerian PUPR. (2020). Informasi Statistik Infrastruktur PUPR 2020.

KLH. (2019). Infografis daya dukung & daya tampung air nasional.

Koç, C. (2016). A Study on Planned and Applied Irrigation Modules in Irrigation Networks: A Case Study at Büyük Menderes Basin, Turkey. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 05(04), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.4236/cweee.2016.54011

Laghari, A. N., & Rauch, W. (2011). The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 8(2), 2263–2288. https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-2263-2011

Liu, J., Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Cao, X., Tian, L., Sun, S., & Wu, P. (2017). A comprehensive analysis of blue water scarcity from the production, consumption, and water transfer perspectives. Ecological Indicators, 72, 870–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.021

Liu, Z., & Cao, S. (2021). Analysis of Water Resources Change and Water Use Structure in Shaanxi Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 651(3), 032080. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/651/3/032080

Manju, S., & Sagar, N. (2017). Renewable energy integrated desalination: A sustainable solution to overcome future fresh-water scarcity in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73(January 2016), 594–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.164

Mulligan, M., van Soesbergen, A., Hole, D. G., Brooks, T. M., Burke, S., & Hutton, J. (2020). Mapping nature’s contribution to SDG 6 and implications for other SDGs at policy relevant scales. Remote Sensing of Environment, 239(December 2019), 111671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111671

Mulyani, A., Kuncoro, D., Nursyamsi, D., & Agus, F. (2016). Analisis Konversi Lahan Sawah: Penggunaan Data Spasial Resolusi Tinggi Memperlihatkan Laju Konversi yang Mengkhawatirkan. Jurnal Tanah Dan Iklim, 40(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-II.40.329-b

OECD. (2012). OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264122246-en

Panuju, D. R., Mizuno, K., & Trisasongko, B. H. (2013). The dynamics of rice production in Indonesia 1961–2009. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 12(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2012.05.002

Pedro-Monzonís, M., Solera, A., Ferrer, J., Estrela, T., & Paredes-Arquiola, J. (2015). A review of water scarcity and drought indexes in water resources planning and management. Journal of Hydrology, 527, 482–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.003

Phengphaengsy, F., & Hiroshi, O. (2011). Improvement of irrigation efficiency in Paddy field in the lower Mekong Basin project (IIEPF). Mekong Research for the People of the Mekong, 128.

Qureshi, A. S. (2011). Water management in the Indus basin in Pakistan: Challenges and opportunities. Mountain Research and Development, 31(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00019.1

Radhika, R., Firmansyah, R., & Hatmoko, W. (2017). Perhitungan ketersediaan air permukaan di Indonesia berdasarkan data satelit. Jurnal Sumber Daya Air, 13(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v13i2.206

Reba, M. L., Daniels, M., Chen, Y., Sharpley, A., Bouldin, J., Teague, T. G., Daniel, P., & Henry, C. G. (2013). A statewide network for monitoring agricultural water quality and water quantity in Arkansas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 68(2), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.68.2.45A

Rodriguez-Sanchez, C., & Sarabia-Sanchez, F. J. (2020). Does water context matter in water conservation decision behaviour? Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073026

Sallata, M. K. (2015). Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Berdasarkan Keberadaannya sebagai Sumber Daya Alam. Info Teknis EBONI, 12(1), 75–86. http://balithutmakassar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/7_Konservasi-Air-berdasarkan-SDA_Info-Teknis-Eboni-Vol-12-No-1-2015.pdf

Sivakumar, B. (2014). Planning and management of shared waters: hydropolitics and hydropsychology - two sides of the same coin. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30(2), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2013.841072

SMI. (2017). Insight SMI 2017-kuartal 2: Sumber daya air.

SNI. (2002). Penyusunan Neraca Sumber Daya - Bagian 1_ Sumber Daya Air Spasial (Issues 19-6728.1-2002).

Soomro, Z. A., Arshad, M. D., Ejaz, K., Bhatti, A. Z., & Ashraf, M. (2015). Watershed Rehabilitation and Irrigation Improvement in Pakistan Rice Cultivation on Beds - An Efficient and Viable Irrigation Practice. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR).

Strauß, S. (2011). Water Conflicts among Different User Groups in South Bali, Indonesia. Human Ecology, 39(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9381-3

Tidwell, V. C., Moreland, B. D., Zemlick, K. M., Roberts, B. L., Passell, H. D., Jensen, D., Forsgren, C., Sehlke, G., Cook, M. A., King, C. W., & Larsen, S. (2014). Mapping water availability, projected use and cost in the western United States. Environmental Research Letters, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064009

UNWater. (2006). Water, a Shared Responsibility: The United Nations World Water Development Report 2. https://doi.org/10.18356/bfe5ad83-en

Vermillion, D. L., Lengkong, S. R., & Atmanto, S. D. (2011). Time for Innovation in Indonesia’ s Irrigation Sector. Publication of Theh Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 1–22.

Wang, M. H., Li, J., & Ho, Y. S. (2011). Research articles published in water resources journals: A bibliometric analysis. Desalination and Water Treatment, 28(1–3), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2412

Willis, R. M., Stewart, R. A., Giurco, D. P., Talebpour, M. R., & Mousavinejad, A. (2013). End use water consumption in households: Impact of socio-demographic factors and efficient devices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.006

World Economic Forum. (2013). Global risks. In Canadian Mining Journal (8th ed.). World Economic Forum. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118739044.ch27

Wu, W., & Ma, B. (2015). Integrated nutrient management (INM) for sustaining crop productivity and reducing environmental impact: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 512–513, 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.101

York, A. M., Barnett, A., Wutich, A., & Crona, B. I. (2011). Household bottled water consumption in Phoenix: A lifestyle choice. Water International, 36(6), 708–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.610727

Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Lu, J., & Zhang, G. (2017). Detecting and predicting the topic change of Knowledge-based Systems: A topic-based bibliometric analysis from 1991 to 2016. Knowledge-Based Systems, 133(July), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.07.011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/ijc.v10i2.31080

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.