Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches and Mahogany Sawdust

Ria Yolanda Arundina, Indri Permana, Ester Rimma Suryani Togatorop, Ismadi Ismadi, Sukma Surya Kusumah, Ismail Budiman, Subyakto Subyakto, Resti Marlina

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass is a biological residue from the agricultural or forestry industry which is composed of polymeric cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other extractive components. One of the products in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass waste is activated carbon products. In this study, two types of lignocellulosic biomass waste were used, namely Empty Palm Oil Bunches (OPEFB) and Mahogany Sawdust (MS) to be converted into activated carbon using the hydrothermal-pyrolysis method. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as an activating agent at high concentrations (50% w/w) to improve the adsorption mechanism in activated carbon material. Proximate analysis was carried out to obtain information related to yield, moisture content, and ash content. In addition, activated carbon samples were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and FESEM to observe the chemical bonds, structure, and morphology of activated carbon, respectively. The proximate analysis showed that the activated carbon sample had met the SNI 63-3730-1995 standard for technical activated carbon on the parameters of water content and ash content, while the FTIR spectrum showed the mechanism of biomass conversion from raw materials to activated carbon on a chemical bond approach. Furthermore, the XRD graph shows a reduction in the crystal size of the material from raw material to activated carbon material. Finally, the FESEM image shows a significant increase in the quality and quantity of pores on the carbon material before and after activation.

Keywords

activated carbon; lignocellulosic biomass; mahogany sawdust; oil palm empty fruit bunches

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahmad Kuthi, F. A., Haji Badri, K., Mohmad Azman, A. 2015. X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers with Varying Crystallinity. Advanced Materials Research. 1087: 321–328.

Ali, R., Aslam, Z., Shawabkeh, R. A., Asghar, A., Hussein, I. A. 2020. BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from waste oil fly ash. Turkish journal of chemistry. 44(2): 279–295.

Azubuike, C. P., Okhamafe, A. O. 2012. Physicochemical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of microcrystalline cellulose derived from corn cobs. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 1(1): 1–7.

Cai, J., He , Y., Yu, X., Banks, S. W., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Liu, R., Bridgwater, A. V. 2017. Review of physicochemical properties and analytical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 76. 309-322.

Cuhadaroglu, D., Uygun, O. A. 2008. Production and characterization of activated carbon from a bituminous coal by chemical activation. African Jounal of Biotechnology. 7( 20): 3706–3713.

Godbout, J. R. E.-T. van de V. E.-L. 2013. Effect of Polymorphism on the Particle and Compaction Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose (p. Ch. 2). IntechOpen.

Guclu, C., Alper, K., Erdem, M., Tekin, K., Karagoz, S. 2021. Activated carbons from co-carbonization of waste truck tires and spent tea leaves. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 21: 100410.

Haghighi Mood, S., Hossein Golfeshan, A., Tabatabaei, M., Salehi Jouzani, G., Najafi, G. H., Gholami, M., Ardjmand, M. 2013. Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 27(C): 77–93.

Indayaningsih, N., Destyorini, F., Purawiardi, R. I., Insiyanda, D. R., Widodo, H. 2017. Production of activated carbon by using pyrolysis process in an ammonia atmosphere. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 817(1): 12006.

Jiang, L., Sheng, L., Fan, Z. 2018. Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage. Science China Materials. 61(2): 133–158.

Karlinasari, L., Nawawi, D., Widyani, M. 2010. Study of Anatomic and Mechanical Properties of Wood Relation With Acoustical Properties. Bionatura Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati Dan Fisik. 12(3): 110–116.

Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.-P., Bohn, A. 2005. Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44(22): 3358–3393.

Limayem, A., Ricke, S.C. 2012. Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production: Current Perspectives, Potential Issues and Future Prospects. Progress in Energy & Combustion Science. 38. 449-467.

Lin, F., Liu, X., Ma, M., Qi, F., Pan, Y., Wang, L., Ma, P., Zhang, Y. 2021. Real-time monitoring the carbonization and activation process of activated carbon prepared from Chinese parasol via zinc chloride activation. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 155: 105089.

M Roganda L Lumban Gaol, Roganda Sitorus, Yanthi S, Indra Surya, Renita Manurung. 2013. Pembuatan Selulosa Asetat Dari Α -Selulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU. 2(3): 33–39.

Mistar, E. M., Alfatah, T., Supardan, M. D. 2020. Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from Bambusa vulgaris striata using two-step KOH activation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 9(3): 6278–6286.

Sevilla, M., Titirici, M. 2012. Hydrothermal carbonization: A greener route towards the synthesis of advanced carbon materials. Bol Grup. Español Carbón. 25: 7–17.

Viena, V., Elvitriana, Nizar, M., Wardani, S., Suhendrayatna. 2018. Preparation of Activated Carbons From Banana ( L.) peels for Carbon Monoxide Adsorption. In Proceedings of MICoMS 2017. 1:381–386.

Vladimir, K. F., Vladimir, A., Sinelshchikov, Sytchev, G. A., Zaichenko, V. M. 2013. Bionature 2013: The Fourth International Conference on Bioenvironment, Biodiversity and Renewable Energies (Lisbon) (Wilmington: International Academy, Research, and Industry Association). 29-32.

Wang, S., Dai, G., Yang, H., Luo, Z. 2017. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: A state-of-the-art review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 62: 33–86.

Waters, C. L., Janupala, R. R., Mallinson, R. G., Lobban, L. L. 2017. Staged thermal fractionation for segregation of lignin and cellulose pyrolysis products: An experimental study of residence time and temperature effects. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 126: 380–389.

Wei, L., Yushin, G. 2012. Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors. Nano Energy. 1(4): 552–565.

Wertz, J. L., Bedue, O., Mercier, J. P. 2010. Cellulose Science and Technology. EPFL Press.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v10i2.33488

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share