Decentralisation and Ethnic Politics: A Reflection of Two Decades of Indonesia’s Decentralisation
(1) Mukrimin is a phd candidate at the School of Social Sciences at the University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. He is also a lecturer at IAIN Sultan Amai, Jl. Gelatik No. 1, 96124 Gorontalo, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This article aims to examine what Indonesia has achieved in the last decades of decentralisation. In other words, has decentralisation brought about what its prominent advocators yearned for? How do “decentralisers”-- supporters and prominent advocators of local autonomy - play their roles in re-actualising or reinventing their local identities? How has local identity emerged within the state’s territory? Empirically, most new splitting regions (pemekaran) (both province and district) are formed through mobilisation of etnhnic and religious sentiments. Specifically, ethnic politics continue to contribute to the development of the West Sulawesi. Decentralisation, at the changing political landscape, has been seen as a new opportunity and arena for local elites to compete against others to control the local governments.
Keywords
Full Text:
Fulltext PDFReferences
References
Ahmad, E. & Mansoor, A. (2002). “Indonesia: Managing Decentralisation”, IMF Working Paper, WP/02/136, Washington DC. Retrieved 12 January, 2018, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2002/wp02136.pdf.
Alamsyah, MN. & Subekti, VS. 2017. The role of expansion movement in the establishment of new region in Indonesia: A Study of Parigi Moutong Regency. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 9(1), 115-135.
Andaya, Leonard Y. 1978. Ideas on research in South Sulawesi, Itinerario, 2(2), 59-64.
Antlov, Hans. 2003. “Not Enough Politics! Power, Participation and the Democratic Polity”, in Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy (eds.), Local Power Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation, Singapore: ISEAS.
Aragon, L.V. 2007. “Elite competition in Central Sulawesi”, in Nordholt, HS. & van Klinken, G. (2007). Renegotiating boundaries. Local politics in post-Suharto Indonesia, pp. 39-66. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Arifin, E Nurhividya, Aris A., Dewi RW Utami, Nur B Handayani, and Agus Pramono. 2015. Quantifying Indonesia’s ethnic diversity. Asian Population Studies, vol. 11(3), 233-256.
Aspinall, E. (2011). Democratisation and ethnic politics in Indonesia: nine theses. Journal of East Asian Studies, 11, 289-319.
Aspinall, E. & Fealy, G. (2003). “Introduction: decentralisation, democratisation and the rise of the local”. In: Edwar Aspinal and Greg Fealy (eds.) Local Power Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation, (pp. 1-11). Singapore: ISEAS.
Author, forthcoming1. Frontier formation in an Indonesian resource site.
Author, forthcoming2. The Bugis and their ‘Tellu Cappa’’ in decentralised Indonesia.
Author, forthcoming3. Decentralisation and democratisation in Indonesia.
Author. (2012).
Barth, F. (1994). Enduring and emerging issues in the analysis of ethnicity. In: Hans Vermaeulen and Cora Govers (eds.) The Anthropology of ethnicity, beyind ethnic grouos and boundaries (Pp. 11-32) . Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
BPS. (2015). “Statistik 70 Indonesia merdeka”. Jakarta. Katalog BPS no. 1104007.
Brown, I. (2009). The territories of Indonesia. London and New York: Routledge.
Bubandt, N. (2004), Towards a new politics of tradition? Decentralisation, conflict, and adat in Eastern Indonesia. Antropologi Indonesia, Special Volume, 11-30.
Carnegie, P. J. (2008). Democratisation and decentralisation in post-Soeharto Indonesia: Understanding transition dynamics. Pacific Affairs, 81(4), 515-525.
Colongon, Jr., A. (2003). “What is Happening on the Ground? The Progress of Decentralisation”, in Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy (eds), Local Power Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation, Singapore: ISEAS.
Crook, R. C. & Manor, J. (1998). Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability and Performance. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Diprose, R. (2009). Decentralisation, horizontal inequalities and conflict management in Indonesia. Ethnopolitics, 8(1), 107-134.
Eckardt, S. (2008). “Political accountability, fiscal conditions and local government performance-cross-sectional evidence from Indonesia”, Public Administration and Development, 28, 1-17.
Eindhoven, M. (2007). New colonisers? Identity, representation and government in the post-New Order Mentawai Archipelago. In Renegotiating boundaries. Local politics in post-Suharto Indonesia, Henk Schulte Nordholt and Gerry van Klinken (eds.) (pp. 80-89). Leiden: KITLV Press.
Erb, M, Sulistiyanto, P. & Faucher, C. (eds.). (2005). Regionalism in post-Soeharto Indonesia, Routledge Curzon, New York.
Green, K. (2005). “Decentralisation and good governance: the case of Indonesia”. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Paper No. 18097. Retrieved 21 December, 2017, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18097/
Hadiz, V. (2003). “Decentralisation and democracy in Indonesia: a critique of neo-institutionalist perspectives”. Working paper series No. 47, (Pp. 1-27). City University of Hong Kong: SEARC.
Hadiz, V. (2005). Reorganising political power in Indonesia: a reconsideration of so-call ‘democratic transitions’. In Mariberth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher (eds.) Regionalism in post-Suharto Indonesia, (pp. 36-55). London: Routledge Curzon.
Hadiz, V. (2010). Localising power in post-authoritarian Indonesia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hajar, B. (2015). Bureaucracy and governance in Indonesia: study on West Sulawesi province. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 223 – 227.
Haris, S. (2005). Pilkada Lansung dan Masa Depan Otonomi Daerah. Jurnal Politika, 1(1).
Harmantyo, D. (2011). “Desentralisasi, otonomi, pemekaran daerah, dan pola perkembangan wilayah di Indonesia”. Paper presented at the Seminar Nasional & PIT-IGI, Bali: 21-23 October. Retrieved 12 December, 2017, from http://geografi.ui.ac.id/portal/WP-content/uploads/…/harmantyo1.doc
Hidayat, S. (2005). Hidden Autonomy’: Understanding the Nature of Indonesia Decentralization on Day-to-day Basis, in M. Erb, P. Sulistiyanto and C. Faucher (eds.) Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia, Routledge Curzon, London & New York.
Hofman, B & Kaiser, K. (2002). “The making of the big bang and its aftermath: a political economy perspective”, Paper Presented at the Conference: “Can decentralisation help rebuild Indonesia?” Atlanta: Georgia State University. Retrieved 11 January, 2018, from http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/March2004Course/Hofman2.pdf
Hofman, B & Kaiser, K. (2006). “Decentralisation, democratic transition, and local governance in Indonesia” in Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjo (eds.) Decentralisation and local governance in developing countries: a comparative perspective, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Holzhacker, RL., Wiltek, R & Woltjer, J. (2016). “Introduction: decentralisation and governance for sustainable society in Indonesia”. In Holzhacker, et al. (eds.) Decentralisation and governance in Indonesia. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. E-book. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-224434-3.
Imawan, R. (2005). Desentralisasi, demokratisasi dan pembentukan good governance. In Syamsuddin Haris (ed.) Desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah, (pp. 39-50). Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Imawan, R. (2006). Urgensi politik pembentukan/pemekaran daerah otonom. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 23, 11-18.
International Crisis Group (ICG). (2003). “Indonesia: managing decentralisation and conflict in South Sulawesi”. ICG Asia Report no. 60. 18 July. Retrieved 21 January, 2018, from www.crisisgroup/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/indonesia-managing-decentralisation-and-conflict-south-sulawesi
International Crisis Group (ICG). (2005). Decentralisation and conflict in Indonesia: the Mamasa case. Crisis Group Asia Briefing no. 37, 3 May. Retrieved 11 January, 2018, from http://old.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/B037-decentralisation-and-conflict-in-indonesia-the-mamasa-case.html
Jumadi and Yakoop, M. R. (2013). Etnisitas sebagai Instrumen Politik dan Keamanan di Kalimantan Barat Pasca Rezim Orde Baru. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 17(1), 17-34.
Kaiser, K., Pattinasarany, D., & Schulze, GG. (2006). “Decentralization, governance and public services in Indonesia” in Paul Smoke, Eduardo J Gomes & George Peterson (eds.) (Pp. 164-206). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Kambo, Gustiana A. 2009. “Memahami politik identitas, pemikiran tentang pencarian identitas politik etnik: sebuah kajian dalam pembentukan provinsi Sulawesi Barat”. In: Widya P Setyanto & Halomoan Pulungan (eds.) Politik identitas: agama, etnisitas dan ruang dalam dinamika politik di Indonesia dan Asia Tenggara. Pp. 54-56. Salatiga: Percik & Ford Foundation.
Kemendagri. (2017). “Mendagri: Tidak ada pembentukan DOB hingga 2018.” Retrieved 17 November, 2017, from http://www.kemendagri.go.id/news/2017/06/20/mendagri-tidak-ada-pembentukan-dob-hingga-2018
Kimura, E. (2006). Provincial proliferation: vertical coalitions and the politics territoriality in post-authoritarian Indonesia. A dissertation at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Kimura, E. (2010). Proliferating provinces: territorial politics in post-Suharto Indonesia. Southeast Asia Research, 18(3), 415-449.
Kimura, E. (2013). Political change and territoriality in Indonesia: provincial proliferation. London and New York: Routledge.
King, V. & Wider, W. D. (2003). ‘Ethnicity, identity, and nationalism’, in Victor King & William D Wider (eds.), Modern Anthropology of Southeast Asia, (pp. 193-230). London: Routledge Curzon.
Kristiansen, S. & Pratikno. (2006). Decentralising Education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 26, 513-531.
Kumolo, T. (2017). Politik hukum pilkada serentak. Bandung: PT Mizan Publikasi.
Kuncoro, M. (2004). Iotonomi dan pembangunan daerah: reformasi, perencanaan, strategis dan peluang. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Kurniawan, R.C. (2017). Piil Pesenggiri: a concept of political power in Lampung culture. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 21(1), 74-86.
Lay, C. (2001). Otonomi daerah dan keIndonesiaan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 5(2), 139-162.
LeCompte, MD and Schensul, JJ. 2010. Designing and conducting ethnographic research. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Lele, G. (2012). The paradox of distance in decentralized Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 15(3), 220-231.
Liamputtong, P. (2013). Qualitative research methods. Sydney: Oxford University Press.
Mahardika, T. (2000). Tarik ulur relasi pusat-daerah (perkembangan pengaturan pusat dan daerah dan catatan kritis). Yogyakarta: Lapera Pustaka Utama.
Maras, B.B. (2009). Tapak-tapak perjuangan berdirinya Mamuju Utara. Yogyakarta: Annora Media & Pemda Mamuju Utara.
Matsui, K. (2003). “Decentralization in Nation State Building of Indonesia”. IDE Research Paper No. 2. Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-JETRO). Retrieved 4 January, 2018, from https://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/810/1/ARRIDE_ResearchPapers_No.2_matsui.pdf
Maurer, JL. & Dormeier-Freire, A. (2002). Le dilemme de la décentralisation en Indonésie. Archipel, 64, 255-287.
Morrell, L. (2005). “Re-drawing Sulawesi’s Map”, Inside Indonesia, 82: Apr-Jun.
Morrell, L. (2010). Local agency and region building in Indonesia’s periphery: shifting the goalposts for development. Asian Journal of Political Sciences, 18(1), 48-68.
Nasution, A. (2016). “Government decentralisation program in Indonesia”. Asian Development Bank InstituteWorking Paper Series No. 601. Retrieved 10 January, 2018, from http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/201116/adbi-wp601.pdf
Nordholt, H.S. (2005). Decentralisation in Indonesia: less state, more democracy? In John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, Olle Törnquist (eds.). Politicising democracy: the new local politics of democratisation. pp. 29-50. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nordholt, HS. & van Klinken, G. (2007). Renegotiating boundaries. Local politics in post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
OECD. (2016). “Decentralisation to promote regional development”, in OECD Economic Surveys: Indonesia 2016”. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved 11 January, 2018, from DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-idn-2016-7-en
Pepinsky, T.B. & Wihardja, M.M. (2011). Decentralisation and economic performance in Indonesia. Journal of East Asian Studies, 11, 337-371.
Person, A.G. (2004) ‘Indigenous peoples and rights to resources in Asia’, IIAS Newsletter, No. 35 November.
Pierre, J. & Peters, B. G. (2000). Governance, politics and the state, London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Pierskalla, J.H. (2016). Splitting the difference? The politics of district creation in Indonesia. Comparative Politics, 48(2), 249-260.
Pierskalla, JH. & Sacks, A. (2017). Unpacking the effect of decentralised governance on routine violence: leassons from Indonesia. World Development, 90, 213-228.
Pratikno. (2005). Exercising freedom: local autonomy and democracy in Indonesia, 1999-2001. In Mariberth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher (eds.) Regionalism in post-Suharto Indonesia. , pp. 20-35. London: Routledge Curzon.
Rasyid, M.R. (2003). “Regional autonomy and local politics in indonesia”, in Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy (eds.), Local power politics in Indonesia: decentralisation and democratisation, , pp. 63-71. Singapore: ISEAS.
Rasyid, M.R. (2005). “Otonomi daerah: latar belakng dan masa depannya. In Syamsuddin Haris (ed.) desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah. pp. 3-24. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Rondinelli, D. (1983). Implementing decentralisation: a comparative analysis. Public Administration and Development, 3, 181-207.
Rondinelli, D., Nellis, J. & Cheema, S. (1983). “Decentralisation in developing countries: a review of recent experience”. a working papers no. 581 & Management and Development Series no. 8. Washington DC: The World Bank. Retrieved 12 January, 2018, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/868391468740679709/pdf/multi0page.pdf
Roth, Dik. 2007. Many governors, no province; The struggle for a province in the Luwu-Tana Toraja area in South Sulawesi. In H.S. Nordholt and G. van Klinken (eds.). Renegotiating boundaries: local politics in post-Suharto Indonesia, pp. 121-147Leiden: KITLV Press.
Santoso, P. (2001). Merajut kohesi nasional: primordialisme dan otonomi daerah dalam proses demokratisasi. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 4(3), 265-288.
Sarundajang. (2012). Pilkada lansung: problematika dan prospek. Jakarta: Kata Hasta Pustaka.
Sidel, J.T. (2005). Bossism and democracy in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia: towards an alternative framework for the study of ‘local strongmen’, in John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, OlleTörnquist (eds.). Politicising democracy: the new local politics of democratisation. (pp. 51-74). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Smith, B. (2008). The origin of regional autonomy in Indonesia: experts and the marketing of political interests. Journal of East Asian Studies, 8, 211-234.
Smith, B.C. (1985). Decentralisation: the territorial dimension of the state. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Sriesagimoon, (2009). Manuasia Mandar. Makassar: Refleksi.
Sulistiyanto, P. & Erb, M. (2009). Deepening democracy in Indonesia? Direct elections for local leaders (Pilkada), Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Suradinata, E. (2006). Otonomi daerah dan paradigma baru kepemimpinan pemerintahan dalam politik dan bisnis. Jakarta: Suara Bebas.
Tjenreng, Z. (2016). Pilkada serentak: penguatan demokrasi di Indonesia. Depok: Pustaka Kemang.
Turner, M & Hulme, D. (1997). “Decentralisation within the state: good theory but poor practice?” in Mark Turner and David Hulme (eds.) Governance, administration and development: making the state work, London: McMillan.
Tyson, A.D. (2010). Decentralisation and adat revivalism in Indonesia: the politics of becoming indigenous. London & New York: Routledge.
Usman, S. (2001). “Indonesia's decentralization policy: initial experiences and emerging problems”. A working paper, prepared for the third EUROSEAS Conference Panel on “Decentralisation and Democratisation in Southeast Asia”. London: Smeru Research Institute. Retrieved 21 January, 2018, from http://www.smeru.or.id/sitesdefaultfilespublicationeuroseasexperience.pdf
Vel, J. & Bedner, AW. (2015). Decentralisation and village governance in Indonesia, the return to the nagari and the 2014 Village Law. The Journal of Legal and Unofficial Law, 47(3), 493-507.
Warman, R. (2016). Decentralisation and forestry in the Indonesian archipelago: beyond the big bang. South East Asia Research, 24(1), 23–40.
White, R. & Smoke, P. (eds.). (2005). East Asia decentralizes, making local government work. 34401. Washington DC: The World Bank, pp.1-23. Retrieved 10 January, 2018, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/305911468032971991/pdf/344010PAPER0Ea101official0use0only1.pdf
Widiyahseno, Bambang. (2015). Inovasi bupati di ruang demokrasi: upaya membangun kesadaran inovasi birokrasi. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 18(3), 177-195.
World Bank. (2003). “Decentralising Indonesia: a regional public expenditure review”. Report No. 26191-IND. Retrieved 12 January, 2018, from http://sitesources.worldbank.org/INTIINDONESIA/Resources/decentralisation/RPR-DeclInd-june03.pdf
Constitutions/articles: all the articles and law products on decentralisation are accessible at Dirjen Otda, Ministry of Home Affairs, RI: http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/ProdukHukum/UndangUndang
For example:
- Undang-undang RI No. 1 Tahun 1945 tentang Kedudukan Komite Nasional Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 22 Tahun 1948 tentang Penetapan Aturan-aturan Pokok mengenai Pemerintahan Sendiri di Daerah-daerah yang berhak Mengatur dan Mengurus Rumah Tangganya Sendiri
- Undang-undang RI No. 1 1957 tentang Pokok-pokok Pemerintahan Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 5 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok-pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 25 Tahun 1999 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 23Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
- Undang-undang RI No. 9 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
- Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 78 Tahun 2007 tentang Tata Cara Pemebentukan, Penghapusan dan Penggabungan Daerah.
Refbacks
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.