Early Childhood: Motor Comparison of Breastfed and Formula-fed Children Aged 4-6 Years
Abstract
The study aims to see the comparisons and differences in motor skills of breastfed and formula-fed children aged 4-6 years both in fine and gross motor. The approach used is descriptive quantitative by looking at comparisons or differences in children's motoric development. The subjects in this study are 40 children consuming breast milk aged 4-6 years and 40 children consuming formula milk aged 4-6 years, so a total of participants are 80 children with parents as respondents and the results are significant. The findings show that children consuming breast milk are better and faster in fine motor and gross motor development than children consuming formula milk.
References
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Slee, P.T. & Rigby, K. (1993) Australian school children's self appraisal of inter-personal relations: the bullying experience. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23, 4 (in press)
Tortella P, Haga M, Loras H, Sigmundsson H, Fumagalli G .(2016). Motor Skill Development in Italian Pre-School Children Induced by Structured Activities in a Specific Playground. Journal of PLoS ONE, Vol. 11(7)
Walfisch, Asnat. Corey Sermer, Alex Cressman. Gideon Koren. (2013). Breast milk and cognitive development—the role of confounders: a systematic review. Journal of BMJ open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003259
Wright, CJ. Atkinson. Ramalingam.Buyken. Brand-Miller. (2015). Effects of human milk and formula on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 69, 939–943
Andarina D, Sumarmi S.(2006). Hubungan konsumsi protein hewani dan zat besi dengan kadar hemoglobin pada balita usia 13-16 bulan. Indones J public Heal. 3 (1), 19:23
Beneson, J.F. & Dweck, C.S. (1986) The development of trait explanations and self evaluations in the academic and social domains. Child Development, 57, 1179-1187
Blyth, R., Creedy, D. K., Dennis, C. L., Moyle, W., Pratt, J., De Vries, S., M. (2002). Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: An aplication of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. BRITH, 29, 278-284.
Boué Géraldine, Enda Cummins, Sandrine Guillou, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Bruno Le Bizec & Jeanne-Marie Membré .(2016). Public health risks and benefits associated with breast milk and infant formula consumption, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138101
Brown, J.E., et al,. (2005). Nutrition Through the Life Cycle 2 nd edition.United States of America : Thomson Wadsworth
Depkes RI. (2012). Manfaat ASI. Retrived form http://www.depkes.go.id/2012/manfaat Asi.
Depkes RI. (2012). Manfaat ASI. Retrived from http://www.depkes.go.id/2012/manfaat Asi
Guerra, N.G. & Slaby, R.G. (1989) Evaluative factors in social problem solving by aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 277-28
Guillain, Blandine de Lauzon,. Katrien Wijndaele, Matthew Clark, Carlo L. Acerini, Ieuan A. Hughes, David B. Dunger, Jonathan C. Wells, Ken K. Ong, .(2012). Breastfeeding and Infant Temperament at Age Three Months. Journal of Plos ONE, Vol.7, (1)
Hathcock, Amber. Katrina, Krause. Et al. (2013). Satiety Responsiveness and the Relationship Between Breastfeeding and Weight Status of Toddlers of Overweight and Obese Women. Journal of Matern Child Healt 10.1007/s10995-013-1331-9
Hediger M.L., Overpeck M.D., Ruan W.J. & Troendle J.F. (2000). Early infant feeding and growth status of US-born infants and children aged 4–71 months: analyses from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 159–167
Hörnell A, Lagström H, Lande B, Thorsdottir I. (2013). Protein intake from 0 to 18 years of age and its relation to health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Food & Nutrition Research. 2013, 57: 21083 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21083
Kramer, M. S., & Kakuma, R.(2002). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Longobardi Ellen T. and Peter Wolff,. (2013). A Comparison of Motoric and Verbal Responses on a Fiagetian Rate-Time Task. Journal of child development.,Vol, 44, 433-437
Lestari D, Zuraida R, Larasati TA. (2013) Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentanng ASI dan Pekerjaan ibu dengan pemberian ASI ekslusif di kelurahan Fajar Bulan. Majority. 2(4)
Marr, D., Cermak, S., Cohn, E. S., & Henderson, A. (2003). Fine motor activities in Head Start and kindergarten classrooms. American Journal of Occupational Therapy,Vol, 57, 550–557.
Nduati, Ruth;Richardson, Barbara A;Grace, John;Mbori-Ngacha, Dorothy; et al. (2001).Effect of breastfeeding on mortality among HIV-1 infected women: A randomised trial. Journal of Family Health Database, Vol 357, 9269.
Ohl, A. M., Graze, H., Weber, K., Kenny, S., Salvatore, C., & Wagreich, S. (2013). Effectiveness of a 10-week Tier-1 Response to Intervention program in improving fine motor and visual–motor skills in general education kindergarten students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 507–514.
Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., & Wilson, D. (2010). Maternal Child Nursing Care. St. Louis, Missoury: Mosby Elseiver.
Purwaningsih E, Lestari AP. (2015). Perbedaan perkembangan motorik bayi usia 0-6 bulan antara yang diberi ASI dengan yang diberi PASI di desa Glagah Jatinom Klaten. Involusi J Ilmu Kebidanan (Journal Midwifery Sci) 2(4).
Riezzo Giuseppe, Rosa Maria Castellana, Teresa De Bellis, et al,. (2003). Gastric electrical activity in normal neonates during the first year of life: effect of feeding with breast milk and formula. Journal of gastroenterology, Vol 38, 836-843
Slee, P.T. & Rigby, K. (1993) Australian school children's self appraisal of inter-personal relations: the bullying experience. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23, 4 (in press)
Tortella P, Haga M, Loras H, Sigmundsson H, Fumagalli G .(2016). Motor Skill Development in Italian Pre-School Children Induced by Structured Activities in a Specific Playground. Journal of PLoS ONE, Vol. 11(7)
Walfisch, Asnat. Corey Sermer, Alex Cressman. Gideon Koren. (2013). Breast milk and cognitive development—the role of confounders: a systematic review. Journal of BMJ open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003259
Wright, CJ. Atkinson. Ramalingam.Buyken. Brand-Miller. (2015). Effects of human milk and formula on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 69, 939–943
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