The Digital Media Impact On The Well-Being Of Children: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
Abstract
People may focus on the adverse effect of digital media use among children. It may lead to a lower level of the child’s well-being and kinds of negative psychological implications. In the other hand, the use of digital media also generates some positive impacts on a child’s well-being. Some contextual factors should be discovered in mediating this gap. A systematic literature review was conducted and generated 532 papers. Studies were involved if they used any kinds of digital media among the children. The study methodology was aligned by the PRISMA guidelines for systematic literature review. Screening for those articles remained 21 articles which met the inclusion criteria. This review provides both negative and positive effects of digital media use among the children and its implication for their well-being. The review draws some contextual factors in inflicting the adverse effect of digital media use, and it might some key-points to overcome the negative effects of digital media use on a child’s well-being. Discussion: Some intervention had been conducted to overcome the negative effects of digital media use targeted to the children and parents. This review brings insight for future study to arrange the comprehensive intervention for children, parents, teachers, as well as a peer.
References
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Akram, W & Kumar, R (2017). A study on positive and negative effects of social media on society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 5(10), 347-354. Doi: 10.26438/ijcse/v5i10.351354
Arksey, H. and O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19-32. Doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
Badri, M., Alnuaimi, A., Al Rashedi, A., Yang, G., & Temsah, K. (2017). School children’s use of digital devices, social media and parental knowledge and involvement – the case of Abu Dhabi. Education and Information Technologies, 22(5), 2645-2664.
Chou, H. G., and Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I amâ€: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and
Social Networking, 15, 117-21. Doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0324
Cliff, D. P., McNeill, J., Vella, S., Howard, S. J., Kelly, M. A., Angus, D. J., . . . de Rosnay, M. (2017). The Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH- ABC) cohort study: Rationale and design. BMC Pediatrics, 18(95), 1-9. Doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0846-4
Comscore. (2017). Children’s and parents’ media use and attitudes report. Retrieved from www.comscore.com
Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E., Martin, N. C., Roeder, K. M., Sinclair-McBride, K., & Spinelli, T. (2016). Longitudinal and incremental relation of cybervictimization to negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1321-1332. Doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7
Collin, P. (2015). Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review. West Australian Commission for Children and Young People, Western Sydney University.
Dalope, K. A., & Woods, L. J. (2018). Digital media use in families: Theories and strategies for intervention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 145-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.001
Daly, L. A., & Perez, L. M. (2009). Exposure to media violence and other correlates of aggressive behavior in preschool children. Early Childhood Research & Practice (ECRP), 1-13.
DePaolis, K., & Williford, A. (2015). The nature and prevalence of cyber victimization among elementary school children. Child Youth Care Forum, 44, 377-393. Doi: 10.1007/s10566-014-9292-8
Dohnt, H. K., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of peers and media prior to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 141-151. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7
Dyer, T. (2018). The effects of social media on children. Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management, 14. Doi: 10.5931/djim.v14i0.7855
Ediati. A. (2015). Profil problem emosi/perilaku pada remaja pelajar SMP-SMA di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Psikologi. 14(2), 190-198. Doi: 10.14710/jpu.14.2.190-198
Funk, J. B., Buchman, D. D., Jenks, J., & Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral evaluation in children. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 413-436. Doi: 10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00073-X
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Rutger C. M. E. Engels . (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychological Association: Radboud University Nijmegen
Ho, S. S., Chen, L., & Ng, A. P. (2017). Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students. Computers & Education, 109, 74-84. Doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.004
Kaloeti, D.V.S. (2016). Prison parenting rehabilitation programs as a way to reduce traumatic experience caused by parental incarceration. In E. Witruk. S. Novita. Y. Lee & D. S. Utami (Eds.). Dyslexia and traumatic experiences (pp. 151 – 156). Frankfurt am main: Peter Lang
Khajeheian, D., Colabi, A.M., Shah, N.B.A.K., Radzi, W.B., & Jenatabadi, H.S. (2018). Effect of social media on child obesity: application of structural equation modeling with the taguchi method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7). Doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071343
Kristianto, B. (2017). Factors affecting social network use by students in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 69-103. Retrieved from http://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3675
Krossbakken, E., Torsheim, T., Mentzoni, R. A., King, D. L., Bjorvatn, B., Lorvik, I. M., & Pallesen, S. (2018). The effectiveness of parental guide for prevention of problematic video gaming in children: A public health randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 52-61. Doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.087
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., & Lin, N. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. Plos One, 8(8), 1-6. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Ladeira, W. J., de Santini, F. O., Sampaio, C. H., & Araujo, C. F. (2016). Experiential value and domain-specific innovativeness during freemium game usage: effects on child well-being. Young Consumers, 17(1), 64-77. Doi: 10.1108/YC-07-2015-00538
Liu, R., Shen, C., Xu, L., & Gao, Q. (2013). Children’s Internet information seeking, life satisfaction, and loneliness: The mediating and moderating role of self-esteem. Computers & Education, 68, 21-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.04.019
Livingstone, S., Jennifer, A.B., Ólafsson, P.K. (2018). In the digital home, how do parents support their children and who supports them? parenting for a digital future: survey report 1. Department of Media and Communications at London School of Economics and Political Science, Ofcom, Common Sense Media, and Childwise.
McDade-Montez, E., Wallander, J., Elliot, M., Grunbaum, J. A., Tortolero, S., Cuccaro, P., & Schuster, M. A. (2015). TV viewing, perceived similarity, coviewing, and mental well-being among African American, Latino, and White children. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(3), 329-352. Doi: 10.1177/0272431614531655
McInroy, L. B., & Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying on online gaming platforms for children and youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34, 597-607. Doi: 10.1007/s10560-017-0498-0
Merritt, A., LaQuea, R., Cromwell, R., & Ferguson, C. J. (2016). Media managing mood: A look at the possible effects of violent media on affect. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 241-258. Doi: 10.1007/s10566-015-9328-8
Mustafaoğlu, R., Zirek, E., Yasacı, Z., & Razak Özdinçler, A. (2018). The negative effects of digital technology usage on children’s development and health. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 5(2). Doi: 10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0051
Ostrov, J. M., Gentile, D. A., & Mullins, A. D. (2013). Evaluating the effect of educational media exposure on aggression in early childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 38-44. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.005
Pea, R., Nass, C., Meheula, L., Rance, M., Kaumar, A., Bamford, H., . . . Zhou, M. (2012). Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well-being among 8- to 12-years-old girls. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 327-336. Doi: 10.1037/a0027030
Pinto, G., Tarchi, C., Gamannossi, B. A., & Bigozzi, L. (2016). Mental state talk in children's face-to-face and telephone narratives. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 21-27. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.004
Priewasser, B., Roessler, J., & Perner, J. (2013). Competition as rational action: Why young children cannot appreciate competitive games. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 545-559. Doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.008
Rios, R. (2016). Positive and negative effects of media on children’s health. Master of science in health sommunication Northwestern University. Retrieved from https://healthcomm.northwestern.edu/node/106
Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research. In: Bryman, A. and Burgess, R., Eds., Anal. Qual. Data, Routledge, London, 173-194. Doi: 10.4135/9781412986274.n12
Robinson, T. N., Banda, J. A., Hale, L., Lu, A. S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S. L., & Wartella, E. (2017). Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), 97–101. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758K
Rosen , L. D., Whaling, K, Rab, S., Carrier L. M. & Cheever, N.A. (2013). Is Facebook creating ‘‘iDisorders’’? The link between clinical symptomsof psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. California State University: Jurnal Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243-1254
Rosenkoetter, L. I., Rosenkoetter, S. E., & Acock, A. C. (2009). Television violence: An intervention to reduce its impact on children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 381–397. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.019
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Lewis, R. F. (2015). Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 18(7), 380-385. Doi : https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0055.
Schoneveld, E. A., Malmberg, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Verheijen, G. P., Engels, R. C., & Granic, I. (2016). A neurofeedback video game (MindLight) to prevent anxiety in children: A randomized controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 321-333. Doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.005
Seo, A. H., Chun, H. Y., Jwa, S. H., & Choi, M. H. (2011). Relationship between young children's habitual computer use and influencing variables on socioâ€emotional development. Early Child Development and Care, 181(2), 245-265. Doi: 10.1080/03004430.2011.536644
Siddiqui, S. & Singh, T. (2016). Social media its impact with positive and negative aspects. : International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 5(2), 71-75. Doi : 10.7753/IJCATR0502.1006
Smahel, D., Wright, M. F., & Cernikova, M. (2015). The impact of digital media on health: children’s perspectives. International Journal of Public Health, 60(2), 131–137. Doi: 10.1007/s00038-015-0649-z
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1). Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
Swist, T., Collin, P., McCormack, J., & Third, A. (2015). Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review. Perth, WA: Prepared for the Commissioner for Children and Young People, Western Australia
Tartari, E. (2015). Benefits and risks of children and adolescents using social media. European Scientific Journal , 11(13). Retrieved from: https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/ view/5654/5480
Terras, M. M., & Ramsay, J. (2016). Family digital literacy practices and children's mobile phone use. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-11. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01957
Undiyaundeye, F. (2014). Impact of social media on children, adolescents and families. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciencies, 3(2), 1-4. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054
UNICEF. (2017). How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? An evidence-focused literature review. Office of Research Innocenti. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/925-how-does-the-time-children-spend-using-digital-technology-impact-their-mental-well.html
Warren, R. (2001). In words and deeds: Parental involvement and mediation of children’s television viewing. Journal of Family Communication, 1(4), 211-231. Doi:10.1207/S15327698JFC0104_01
Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2013). Treatment of Internet addiction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 317-329. Doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.005
Wood, M. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Lis, E. (2015). The digital self: how social media serves as a setting that shapes youth’s emotional experiences. Adolescent Research Review, 1(2), 163–173. Doi:10.1007/s40894-015-0014-8
Agina, A.M., & Tennyson, R. D. (2012). Towards understanding the positive effect of playing violent video games on children’s development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 780-789. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.473
Akram, W & Kumar, R (2017). A study on positive and negative effects of social media on society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 5(10), 347-354. Doi: 10.26438/ijcse/v5i10.351354
Arksey, H. and O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19-32. Doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
Badri, M., Alnuaimi, A., Al Rashedi, A., Yang, G., & Temsah, K. (2017). School children’s use of digital devices, social media and parental knowledge and involvement – the case of Abu Dhabi. Education and Information Technologies, 22(5), 2645-2664.
Chou, H. G., and Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I amâ€: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and
Social Networking, 15, 117-21. Doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0324
Cliff, D. P., McNeill, J., Vella, S., Howard, S. J., Kelly, M. A., Angus, D. J., . . . de Rosnay, M. (2017). The Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH- ABC) cohort study: Rationale and design. BMC Pediatrics, 18(95), 1-9. Doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0846-4
Comscore. (2017). Children’s and parents’ media use and attitudes report. Retrieved from www.comscore.com
Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E., Martin, N. C., Roeder, K. M., Sinclair-McBride, K., & Spinelli, T. (2016). Longitudinal and incremental relation of cybervictimization to negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1321-1332. Doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7
Collin, P. (2015). Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review. West Australian Commission for Children and Young People, Western Sydney University.
Dalope, K. A., & Woods, L. J. (2018). Digital media use in families: Theories and strategies for intervention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 145-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.001
Daly, L. A., & Perez, L. M. (2009). Exposure to media violence and other correlates of aggressive behavior in preschool children. Early Childhood Research & Practice (ECRP), 1-13.
DePaolis, K., & Williford, A. (2015). The nature and prevalence of cyber victimization among elementary school children. Child Youth Care Forum, 44, 377-393. Doi: 10.1007/s10566-014-9292-8
Dohnt, H. K., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of peers and media prior to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 141-151. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7
Dyer, T. (2018). The effects of social media on children. Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management, 14. Doi: 10.5931/djim.v14i0.7855
Ediati. A. (2015). Profil problem emosi/perilaku pada remaja pelajar SMP-SMA di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Psikologi. 14(2), 190-198. Doi: 10.14710/jpu.14.2.190-198
Funk, J. B., Buchman, D. D., Jenks, J., & Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral evaluation in children. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 413-436. Doi: 10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00073-X
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Rutger C. M. E. Engels . (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychological Association: Radboud University Nijmegen
Ho, S. S., Chen, L., & Ng, A. P. (2017). Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students. Computers & Education, 109, 74-84. Doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.004
Kaloeti, D.V.S. (2016). Prison parenting rehabilitation programs as a way to reduce traumatic experience caused by parental incarceration. In E. Witruk. S. Novita. Y. Lee & D. S. Utami (Eds.). Dyslexia and traumatic experiences (pp. 151 – 156). Frankfurt am main: Peter Lang
Khajeheian, D., Colabi, A.M., Shah, N.B.A.K., Radzi, W.B., & Jenatabadi, H.S. (2018). Effect of social media on child obesity: application of structural equation modeling with the taguchi method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7). Doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071343
Kristianto, B. (2017). Factors affecting social network use by students in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 69-103. Retrieved from http://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3675
Krossbakken, E., Torsheim, T., Mentzoni, R. A., King, D. L., Bjorvatn, B., Lorvik, I. M., & Pallesen, S. (2018). The effectiveness of parental guide for prevention of problematic video gaming in children: A public health randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 52-61. Doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.087
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., & Lin, N. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. Plos One, 8(8), 1-6. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Ladeira, W. J., de Santini, F. O., Sampaio, C. H., & Araujo, C. F. (2016). Experiential value and domain-specific innovativeness during freemium game usage: effects on child well-being. Young Consumers, 17(1), 64-77. Doi: 10.1108/YC-07-2015-00538
Liu, R., Shen, C., Xu, L., & Gao, Q. (2013). Children’s Internet information seeking, life satisfaction, and loneliness: The mediating and moderating role of self-esteem. Computers & Education, 68, 21-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.04.019
Livingstone, S., Jennifer, A.B., Ólafsson, P.K. (2018). In the digital home, how do parents support their children and who supports them? parenting for a digital future: survey report 1. Department of Media and Communications at London School of Economics and Political Science, Ofcom, Common Sense Media, and Childwise.
McDade-Montez, E., Wallander, J., Elliot, M., Grunbaum, J. A., Tortolero, S., Cuccaro, P., & Schuster, M. A. (2015). TV viewing, perceived similarity, coviewing, and mental well-being among African American, Latino, and White children. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(3), 329-352. Doi: 10.1177/0272431614531655
McInroy, L. B., & Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying on online gaming platforms for children and youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34, 597-607. Doi: 10.1007/s10560-017-0498-0
Merritt, A., LaQuea, R., Cromwell, R., & Ferguson, C. J. (2016). Media managing mood: A look at the possible effects of violent media on affect. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 241-258. Doi: 10.1007/s10566-015-9328-8
Mustafaoğlu, R., Zirek, E., Yasacı, Z., & Razak Özdinçler, A. (2018). The negative effects of digital technology usage on children’s development and health. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 5(2). Doi: 10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0051
Ostrov, J. M., Gentile, D. A., & Mullins, A. D. (2013). Evaluating the effect of educational media exposure on aggression in early childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 38-44. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.005
Pea, R., Nass, C., Meheula, L., Rance, M., Kaumar, A., Bamford, H., . . . Zhou, M. (2012). Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well-being among 8- to 12-years-old girls. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 327-336. Doi: 10.1037/a0027030
Pinto, G., Tarchi, C., Gamannossi, B. A., & Bigozzi, L. (2016). Mental state talk in children's face-to-face and telephone narratives. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 21-27. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.004
Priewasser, B., Roessler, J., & Perner, J. (2013). Competition as rational action: Why young children cannot appreciate competitive games. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 545-559. Doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.008
Rios, R. (2016). Positive and negative effects of media on children’s health. Master of science in health sommunication Northwestern University. Retrieved from https://healthcomm.northwestern.edu/node/106
Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research. In: Bryman, A. and Burgess, R., Eds., Anal. Qual. Data, Routledge, London, 173-194. Doi: 10.4135/9781412986274.n12
Robinson, T. N., Banda, J. A., Hale, L., Lu, A. S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S. L., & Wartella, E. (2017). Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), 97–101. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758K
Rosen , L. D., Whaling, K, Rab, S., Carrier L. M. & Cheever, N.A. (2013). Is Facebook creating ‘‘iDisorders’’? The link between clinical symptomsof psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. California State University: Jurnal Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243-1254
Rosenkoetter, L. I., Rosenkoetter, S. E., & Acock, A. C. (2009). Television violence: An intervention to reduce its impact on children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 381–397. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.019
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Lewis, R. F. (2015). Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 18(7), 380-385. Doi : https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0055.
Schoneveld, E. A., Malmberg, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Verheijen, G. P., Engels, R. C., & Granic, I. (2016). A neurofeedback video game (MindLight) to prevent anxiety in children: A randomized controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 321-333. Doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.005
Seo, A. H., Chun, H. Y., Jwa, S. H., & Choi, M. H. (2011). Relationship between young children's habitual computer use and influencing variables on socioâ€emotional development. Early Child Development and Care, 181(2), 245-265. Doi: 10.1080/03004430.2011.536644
Siddiqui, S. & Singh, T. (2016). Social media its impact with positive and negative aspects. : International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 5(2), 71-75. Doi : 10.7753/IJCATR0502.1006
Smahel, D., Wright, M. F., & Cernikova, M. (2015). The impact of digital media on health: children’s perspectives. International Journal of Public Health, 60(2), 131–137. Doi: 10.1007/s00038-015-0649-z
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1). Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
Swist, T., Collin, P., McCormack, J., & Third, A. (2015). Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review. Perth, WA: Prepared for the Commissioner for Children and Young People, Western Australia
Tartari, E. (2015). Benefits and risks of children and adolescents using social media. European Scientific Journal , 11(13). Retrieved from: https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/ view/5654/5480
Terras, M. M., & Ramsay, J. (2016). Family digital literacy practices and children's mobile phone use. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-11. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01957
Undiyaundeye, F. (2014). Impact of social media on children, adolescents and families. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciencies, 3(2), 1-4. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054
UNICEF. (2017). How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? An evidence-focused literature review. Office of Research Innocenti. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/925-how-does-the-time-children-spend-using-digital-technology-impact-their-mental-well.html
Warren, R. (2001). In words and deeds: Parental involvement and mediation of children’s television viewing. Journal of Family Communication, 1(4), 211-231. Doi:10.1207/S15327698JFC0104_01
Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2013). Treatment of Internet addiction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 317-329. Doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.005
Wood, M. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Lis, E. (2015). The digital self: how social media serves as a setting that shapes youth’s emotional experiences. Adolescent Research Review, 1(2), 163–173. Doi:10.1007/s40894-015-0014-8
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