A Comparison of Appointment of Supreme Court Justices in Indonesia and Malaysia
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Dec 21, 2022
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Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the model of the appointment of Supreme Court justices in Indonesia and Malaysia and to find out a better model of judicial appointment in producing better quality justices. By using normative and empirical research, it concludes that first, the appointment of Supreme Court justices in Indonesia uses two methods namely career paths and professional paths (non-career paths). This system is built after political reform where one of the agendas is the reform of law enforcement. While the appointment of justices in Malaysia demonstrates the dominance of executive power in the decision to appoint justices who were finally appointed by the Yang Dipertuan Agong. Therefore, there is pressure to make the process of appointing justices more transparent to produce more credible and independent justices. In 2009, the Judicial Appointments Commission was established in Malaysia to ensure an unbiased selection of judicial candidates for the consideration of the Prime Minister. Second, the requirements for selecting Supreme Court justices in Indonesia are more detailed and longer process than in Malaysia because the process of selecting Supreme Court justices is done by the Judicial Commission and there is a confirmation hearings process in the House of Representatives. In fact, the selection process affects the independence, impartiality, and integrity of the Supreme Court justices. Although Malaysia does not have any judicially determining cases on the lack of integrity of Supreme Court Justices, there were allegations of impropriety.
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Satriawan, I., Shuaib, F. S., Lailam, T., Rahman, R. A., & Seviyana, D. (2022). A Comparison of Appointment of Supreme Court Justices in Indonesia and Malaysia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7(2), 633-676. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.60862
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Research Articles
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References
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Arrington, Nancy B. “Judicial Merit Selection: Beliefs about Fairness and the Undermining of Gender Diversity on the Bench.” Political Research Quarterly 74, no. 4 (2021): 1152–1167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920971712.
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Asrun, Andi Muhammad. “Political Effects on Justice in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Suharto Era, 1966–1998.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 6 (2020): 274–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i6.1766.
Assegaf, Rifqi Sjarief. “Hanya Hakim Yang Bersih dan Kompeten yang Layak Adili Koruptor!” Indonesian Journal of Criminology 2, no. 1 (2002). https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/4215-ID-hanya-hakim-yang-bersih-dan-kompeten-yang-layak-adili-koruptor.pdf.
Aulia, Muhammad. “KPK Arrests Supreme Court Justice,” 2022. https://www.beritasatu.com/pages/widget/beritasatu/.
Azhar, Ikhsan. “Inkonsistensi Penerapan Prinsip Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman dalam Pelaksanaan Seleksi Calon Hakim.” Veritas et Justitia 4, no. 2 (2018): 422–241. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v4i2.3070.
Bárd, Petra, and Wouter Van Ballegooij. “Judicial Independence as a Precondition for Mutual Trust? The CJEU in Minister for Justice and Equality v. LM.” New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, no. 3 (2018): 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844188015.
Bari, M. Ershadul, and et al. “The Establishment of Judicial Appointment Commission in Malaysia to Improve the Constitutional Method of Appointing Judges of the Superior Courts: A Critical Study.” Commonwealth Law Bulletin 41, no. 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2015.1049634.
Bartels, Brandon L., and Christopher D. Johnston. Curbing the Court: Why the Public Constrains Judicial Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Boies, David. “Judicial Independence and the Rule of Law.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 22 (2006): 57-70. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol22/iss1/5.
Budisetyowati, Dwi Andayani. “Hakim Agung Indonesia yang Diidealkan oleh Pencari Keadilan.” Al-Qisth Law Review 1, no. 1 (2018). https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/al-qisth-old/article/view/3248/pdf.
Conversation with Dr. Dian Rosita, Lecturer of Jentera, College of Law, September 23, 2020.
Conversation with Prof. Datin Dr. Faridah Jalil, Professor of Law, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, December 4, 2021.
Conversation with The Commissioner of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia, November 7, 2021.
Conversation with the representative of Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia, March 20, 2021.
Dressel, Björn, and Tomoo Inoue. “Politics and the Federal Court of Malaysia, 1960–2018: An Empirical Investigation.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2022): 26–58. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/als.2020.18.
Enggarani, Nuria Siswi. “Independensi Peradilan dan Negara Hukum.” Law and Justice 3, no. 2 (2019).
Fauzan, Ahmad, Ayon Diniyanto, and Abdul Hamid. “Regulation Arrangement through The Judicial Power: The Challenges of Adding the Authority of The Constitutional Court and The Supreme Court”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3, no. 3 (2022): 403-430. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i3.58317.
Ferejohn, John A., and Larry D. Kramer. “Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Institutionalizing Judicial Restraint.” New York University Law Review 77 (2002): 962–1039.
Gee, Graham, and Erika Rackley. Debating Judicial Appointments in an Age of Diversity. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
Goelzhauser, Greg. “Classifying Judicial Selection Institutions.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 18, no. 2 (2018): 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920971712.
Guyer, Paul. “Principles of Justice, Primary Goods and Categories of Right: Rawls and Kant.” Kantian Review 23, no. 4 (2018): 581–613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1369415418000419.
Hanapi, Rizqa Ananda. “Rekonstruksi Mekanisme Rekrutmen Hakim dalam Rangka Penguatan Lembaga Peradilan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Legislatif 2, no. 2 (2019): 68–83. https://doi.org/10.20956/JL.V2I2.10225.
Interview with Dr. Budi Suhariyanto, S.H., M.H, Ahli Peneliti Madya Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hukum dan Peradilan Mahkamah Agung RI (Associate Research Expert of Research and Development Center for Law and Justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic Indonesia), November 4, 2021.
Interview with Dr. H. Andi Akram, S.H., M.H. Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Mahkamah Agung RI (the Head of Research and Development Center for Law and Justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia), November 4, 2021.
Interview with Dr. Hj. Siti Nurdjanah, S.H., M.H, Anggota Komisi Yudisial dan Ketua Bidang Rekrutmen Hakim, Komisi Yudisial RI (Member of the Judicial Commission and Head of Judge Recruitment, Judicial Commission of the Republic Indonesia), November 5, 2021.
Interview with Prof. Aidul Fitriciada, Chairman of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia 2016-2018, September 18, 2020.
Interview with Prof. Aidul Fitriciada, Chairman of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia 2016-2018, December 11, 2021.
Interview with Septiani and Abdul Mukti, the Staff of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia for recruitment of Supreme Court Justices Affairs, May 2, 2021.
Islam, Mohammad Saiful. “Independent Judiciary: Nature and Facets from the International Context.” International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (2018): 15–32. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3411510.
Judicial Appointments Commission Malaysia. “Judicial Appointments Commission.” Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.jac.gov.my/spk/en/component/tags/tag/judicial-appointments-commission.html.
Klerman, Daniel M. “Legal Infrastructure, Judicial Independence, and Economic Development.” Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal 19 (2006): 427-434. t: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol19/iss2/7.
Komisi Yudisial RI. Meluruskan Arah Manajemen Kekuasaan Kehakiman. Jakarta: Komisi Yudisial RI, 2018.
Komisi Yudisial RI Mencari Sosok Ideal Hakim Agung Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Rekrutmen, Advokasi dan Peningkatan Kapasitas Hakim Komisi Yudisial RI, 2017.
Landsberg, Brian K. “The Role of Judicial Independence.” Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal 19, no. 2 (2006). https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol19/iss2/2.
Lasser, Mitchel. Judicial Dis-Appointments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Lee, Hoong Phun. Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Madden, Molly. “A Taxonomy on Constitutional Court Appointment Mechanisms in Federal Countries.” Indiana Journal of Constitutional Design 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–26. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijcd/vol8/iss1/1.
McIntyre, Joe. Principles of Judicial Integrity and Accountability. Singapore: Springer, 2019.
Nuno, Garoupa, and Tom Ginsburg. Judicial Reputation: A Comparative Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Peretti, Terri. “A Normative Appraisal of Social Scientific Knowledge Regarding Judicial Independence.” Ohio State Law Journal 64 (2003).
Petersen, Felix. “Montesquieu and the Concept of the Non-Arbitrary State.” The European Legacy, 2022, 1–36.
Pillay, Anashri. “Protecting Judicial Independence through Appointments Process: A Review of the Indian and South African Experiences.” Indian Law Review 1, no. 3 (2018): 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2018.1443692.
Prime Minister’s Department of Malaysia. Commission of Enquiry on the Video Clip Recording of Images of a Person Purported to be an Advocate and Solicitor Speaking on the Telephone on Matters Regarding the Appointment of Judges. Vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia, 2008.
Saket. “Role of Judiciary for Upholding Constitutionalism.” International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4, no. 2 (2021).
Shuaib, Farid Suffian. “Malaysian Judicial Appointment Process: An Overview of Reform.” Journal of Applied Sciences Research 7, no. 13 (2011): 2273–2278.
Spáč, Samuel. “Recruiting of European Judges in the Age of Judicial Self-Government.” German Law Journal 19, no. 7 (2018): 2077–2104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200023336.
Sulistyo, Tabah. “Eksistensi Jalur Non Karier dalam Seleksi Hakim Agung.” Jurnal Yudisial 14, no. 2 (2022): 139–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v14i2.478.
Swart, Mia. Independence of the Judiciary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/law-mpeccol/e339.013.339.
Syahuri, Taufiqurrohman. “Problematika Tugas Konstitusional Komisi Yudisial.” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 4 (2016): 049–060. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk743.
The Jakarta Post. “Graft Arrests of Supreme Court Justices Mar Judicial Integrity, Say Experts.” The Jakarta Post. Accessed December 15, 2022. https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/12/16/supreme-court-justices-bribery-arrest-mar-judicial-integrity-experts.html.
The Jakarta Post. “KPK Arrests Supreme Court Judge over Bribery Scandal.” The Jakarta Post. Accessed September 25, 2022. https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2022/09/25/kpk-arrests-supreme-court-judge-over-bribery-scandal.html.
Tiede, Lydia Brashear. “Judicial Independence: Often Cited, Rarely Understood.” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 15 (2006).
Usman, Anwar. Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Bentuk-Bentuk dan Relevansinya bagi Penegak Hukum dan Keadilan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Vakilifathi, Mona, and Thad Kousser. “Does Judicial Selection Affect Judicial Performance? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Forum-A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 18, no. 1 (2020): 25–50. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8231p477/qt8231p477.pdf.
Vuković, Danilo, and Marko Mrakovčić. “Legitimacy, Independence and Impartiality: How do Serbian and Croatian Legal Professionals Assess Their Judiciaries?” Europe-Asia Studies, 2022, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.2019195.
Wajdi, Farid, and Muhammad Ilham Hasanuddin. Pengawasan Hakim dan Penegakan Kode Etik di Komisi Yudisial. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2022.
Windrawan, Puguh. “Pergeseran Kekuasaan Tipologi Ketiga; Fenomena Kekuasaan ke Arah Constitusional Heavy.” Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 4 (2016): 613–642. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk942.
Zahro, Nurhalimatuz. “Pola Ideal Rekrutmen Hakim Agung oleh Komisi Yudisial ke Depan.” Jurnal USM Law Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i1.3097.
Ais, Chatamarrasjid. “Korupsi di Kalangan Penegak Hukum dan Seleksi Hakim Sebuah Pendekatan Sejarah.” ADIL: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 3 (2011): 262–276. https://doi.org/10.33476/ajl.v2i3.842.
Amsari, Feri. “Satjipto Rahardjo dalam Jagat Ketertiban Hukum Progresif.” Jurnal Konstitusi 6, no. 2 (2009): 165–185.
Anshori, Imam. Konsep Pengawasan Kehakiman: Upaya Memperkuat Kewenangan Konstitusional Komisi Yudisial dalam Pengawasan Peradilan. Malang: Setara Press, 2014.
Arrington, Nancy B. “Judicial Merit Selection: Beliefs about Fairness and the Undermining of Gender Diversity on the Bench.” Political Research Quarterly 74, no. 4 (2021): 1152–1167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920971712.
Asrun, Andi M. Krisis Peradilan: Mahkamah Agung di Bawah Soeharto. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004. http://library.stik-ptik.ac.id/detail?id=19748&lokasi=lokal.
Asrun, Andi Muhammad. “Political Effects on Justice in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Suharto Era, 1966–1998.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 6 (2020): 274–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i6.1766.
Assegaf, Rifqi Sjarief. “Hanya Hakim Yang Bersih dan Kompeten yang Layak Adili Koruptor!” Indonesian Journal of Criminology 2, no. 1 (2002). https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/4215-ID-hanya-hakim-yang-bersih-dan-kompeten-yang-layak-adili-koruptor.pdf.
Aulia, Muhammad. “KPK Arrests Supreme Court Justice,” 2022. https://www.beritasatu.com/pages/widget/beritasatu/.
Azhar, Ikhsan. “Inkonsistensi Penerapan Prinsip Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman dalam Pelaksanaan Seleksi Calon Hakim.” Veritas et Justitia 4, no. 2 (2018): 422–241. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v4i2.3070.
Bárd, Petra, and Wouter Van Ballegooij. “Judicial Independence as a Precondition for Mutual Trust? The CJEU in Minister for Justice and Equality v. LM.” New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, no. 3 (2018): 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844188015.
Bari, M. Ershadul, and et al. “The Establishment of Judicial Appointment Commission in Malaysia to Improve the Constitutional Method of Appointing Judges of the Superior Courts: A Critical Study.” Commonwealth Law Bulletin 41, no. 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2015.1049634.
Bartels, Brandon L., and Christopher D. Johnston. Curbing the Court: Why the Public Constrains Judicial Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Boies, David. “Judicial Independence and the Rule of Law.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 22 (2006): 57-70. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol22/iss1/5.
Budisetyowati, Dwi Andayani. “Hakim Agung Indonesia yang Diidealkan oleh Pencari Keadilan.” Al-Qisth Law Review 1, no. 1 (2018). https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/al-qisth-old/article/view/3248/pdf.
Conversation with Dr. Dian Rosita, Lecturer of Jentera, College of Law, September 23, 2020.
Conversation with Prof. Datin Dr. Faridah Jalil, Professor of Law, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, December 4, 2021.
Conversation with The Commissioner of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia, November 7, 2021.
Conversation with the representative of Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia, March 20, 2021.
Dressel, Björn, and Tomoo Inoue. “Politics and the Federal Court of Malaysia, 1960–2018: An Empirical Investigation.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2022): 26–58. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/als.2020.18.
Enggarani, Nuria Siswi. “Independensi Peradilan dan Negara Hukum.” Law and Justice 3, no. 2 (2019).
Fauzan, Ahmad, Ayon Diniyanto, and Abdul Hamid. “Regulation Arrangement through The Judicial Power: The Challenges of Adding the Authority of The Constitutional Court and The Supreme Court”. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3, no. 3 (2022): 403-430. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i3.58317.
Ferejohn, John A., and Larry D. Kramer. “Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Institutionalizing Judicial Restraint.” New York University Law Review 77 (2002): 962–1039.
Gee, Graham, and Erika Rackley. Debating Judicial Appointments in an Age of Diversity. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
Goelzhauser, Greg. “Classifying Judicial Selection Institutions.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 18, no. 2 (2018): 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920971712.
Guyer, Paul. “Principles of Justice, Primary Goods and Categories of Right: Rawls and Kant.” Kantian Review 23, no. 4 (2018): 581–613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1369415418000419.
Hanapi, Rizqa Ananda. “Rekonstruksi Mekanisme Rekrutmen Hakim dalam Rangka Penguatan Lembaga Peradilan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Legislatif 2, no. 2 (2019): 68–83. https://doi.org/10.20956/JL.V2I2.10225.
Interview with Dr. Budi Suhariyanto, S.H., M.H, Ahli Peneliti Madya Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hukum dan Peradilan Mahkamah Agung RI (Associate Research Expert of Research and Development Center for Law and Justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic Indonesia), November 4, 2021.
Interview with Dr. H. Andi Akram, S.H., M.H. Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Mahkamah Agung RI (the Head of Research and Development Center for Law and Justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia), November 4, 2021.
Interview with Dr. Hj. Siti Nurdjanah, S.H., M.H, Anggota Komisi Yudisial dan Ketua Bidang Rekrutmen Hakim, Komisi Yudisial RI (Member of the Judicial Commission and Head of Judge Recruitment, Judicial Commission of the Republic Indonesia), November 5, 2021.
Interview with Prof. Aidul Fitriciada, Chairman of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia 2016-2018, September 18, 2020.
Interview with Prof. Aidul Fitriciada, Chairman of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia 2016-2018, December 11, 2021.
Interview with Septiani and Abdul Mukti, the Staff of the Judicial Commission of the Republic of Indonesia for recruitment of Supreme Court Justices Affairs, May 2, 2021.
Islam, Mohammad Saiful. “Independent Judiciary: Nature and Facets from the International Context.” International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (2018): 15–32. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3411510.
Judicial Appointments Commission Malaysia. “Judicial Appointments Commission.” Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.jac.gov.my/spk/en/component/tags/tag/judicial-appointments-commission.html.
Klerman, Daniel M. “Legal Infrastructure, Judicial Independence, and Economic Development.” Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal 19 (2006): 427-434. t: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol19/iss2/7.
Komisi Yudisial RI. Meluruskan Arah Manajemen Kekuasaan Kehakiman. Jakarta: Komisi Yudisial RI, 2018.
Komisi Yudisial RI Mencari Sosok Ideal Hakim Agung Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Rekrutmen, Advokasi dan Peningkatan Kapasitas Hakim Komisi Yudisial RI, 2017.
Landsberg, Brian K. “The Role of Judicial Independence.” Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal 19, no. 2 (2006). https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol19/iss2/2.
Lasser, Mitchel. Judicial Dis-Appointments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Lee, Hoong Phun. Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Madden, Molly. “A Taxonomy on Constitutional Court Appointment Mechanisms in Federal Countries.” Indiana Journal of Constitutional Design 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–26. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijcd/vol8/iss1/1.
McIntyre, Joe. Principles of Judicial Integrity and Accountability. Singapore: Springer, 2019.
Nuno, Garoupa, and Tom Ginsburg. Judicial Reputation: A Comparative Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Peretti, Terri. “A Normative Appraisal of Social Scientific Knowledge Regarding Judicial Independence.” Ohio State Law Journal 64 (2003).
Petersen, Felix. “Montesquieu and the Concept of the Non-Arbitrary State.” The European Legacy, 2022, 1–36.
Pillay, Anashri. “Protecting Judicial Independence through Appointments Process: A Review of the Indian and South African Experiences.” Indian Law Review 1, no. 3 (2018): 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2018.1443692.
Prime Minister’s Department of Malaysia. Commission of Enquiry on the Video Clip Recording of Images of a Person Purported to be an Advocate and Solicitor Speaking on the Telephone on Matters Regarding the Appointment of Judges. Vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia, 2008.
Saket. “Role of Judiciary for Upholding Constitutionalism.” International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 4, no. 2 (2021).
Shuaib, Farid Suffian. “Malaysian Judicial Appointment Process: An Overview of Reform.” Journal of Applied Sciences Research 7, no. 13 (2011): 2273–2278.
Spáč, Samuel. “Recruiting of European Judges in the Age of Judicial Self-Government.” German Law Journal 19, no. 7 (2018): 2077–2104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200023336.
Sulistyo, Tabah. “Eksistensi Jalur Non Karier dalam Seleksi Hakim Agung.” Jurnal Yudisial 14, no. 2 (2022): 139–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v14i2.478.
Swart, Mia. Independence of the Judiciary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/law-mpeccol/e339.013.339.
Syahuri, Taufiqurrohman. “Problematika Tugas Konstitusional Komisi Yudisial.” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 4 (2016): 049–060. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk743.
The Jakarta Post. “Graft Arrests of Supreme Court Justices Mar Judicial Integrity, Say Experts.” The Jakarta Post. Accessed December 15, 2022. https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/12/16/supreme-court-justices-bribery-arrest-mar-judicial-integrity-experts.html.
The Jakarta Post. “KPK Arrests Supreme Court Judge over Bribery Scandal.” The Jakarta Post. Accessed September 25, 2022. https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2022/09/25/kpk-arrests-supreme-court-judge-over-bribery-scandal.html.
Tiede, Lydia Brashear. “Judicial Independence: Often Cited, Rarely Understood.” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 15 (2006).
Usman, Anwar. Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Bentuk-Bentuk dan Relevansinya bagi Penegak Hukum dan Keadilan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Vakilifathi, Mona, and Thad Kousser. “Does Judicial Selection Affect Judicial Performance? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Forum-A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 18, no. 1 (2020): 25–50. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8231p477/qt8231p477.pdf.
Vuković, Danilo, and Marko Mrakovčić. “Legitimacy, Independence and Impartiality: How do Serbian and Croatian Legal Professionals Assess Their Judiciaries?” Europe-Asia Studies, 2022, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.2019195.
Wajdi, Farid, and Muhammad Ilham Hasanuddin. Pengawasan Hakim dan Penegakan Kode Etik di Komisi Yudisial. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2022.
Windrawan, Puguh. “Pergeseran Kekuasaan Tipologi Ketiga; Fenomena Kekuasaan ke Arah Constitusional Heavy.” Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 4 (2016): 613–642. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk942.
Zahro, Nurhalimatuz. “Pola Ideal Rekrutmen Hakim Agung oleh Komisi Yudisial ke Depan.” Jurnal USM Law Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i1.3097.