Tinjauan Teoretik tentang Transferable Skill
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Abstract
Istilah transferable skill sering dimaknai sebagai kecakapan abad ke-21, basic skill, dan generic skill. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan secara teoretis tentang transferable skill, teori yang mendasari, pengukuran, dan tema-tema yang terkait dengannya. Sistematic literature review digunakan sebagai metode kajian. Kajian ini mengikuti Standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) untuk mendapatkan 30 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa teori transfer belajar adalah teori yang mendasari transferable skill, selain dari teori belajar konstruktivisme. Upaya peningkatan transferable skill dapat dilakukan dalam desain kurikulum yang terintegrasi dengan pembelajaran pada umumnya, atau diberikan pada waktu khusus di luar pembelajaran. Hasil kajian berimplikasi bagi rencana riset selanjutnya dimana penelitian di masa depan dapat memanfaatkan konseptualisasi transferable skill untuk (1) menginvestigasi bagaimana dan kapan konsep transferable skills diterapkan dan (2) cara mengembangkan dan menilai transferable skill siswa.
Transferable skills are often interpreted as 21st-century, fundamental, and generic skills. This article describes theoretically transferable skills, the underlying theory, measurement, and related themes. A systematic literature review is used as the study method. This study followed the Standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) to obtain 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The study results show that the theory of transfer of learning is a theory that underlies transferable skills, apart from the theory of constructivism learning. Efforts to increase transferable skills can be carried out in a curriculum design integrated with learning in general or at particular times outside of learning. The study results have implications for future research plans where future research can utilize the conceptualization of transferable skills to (1) investigate how and when the concept of transferable skills is applied and (2) how to develop and assess students' transferable skills.
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How to Cite
Fajriani, F., Supriatna, M., Ahman, A., Saripah, I., & Yulizar, Y. (2023). Tinjauan Teoretik tentang Transferable Skill. Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application, 12(1), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijgc.v12i1.57358
References
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Agyemang, F. G. (2020). From classroom to library: What are the transferable knowledge and skills teachers bring to library work. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(3), 659–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000619856401
Alpay, E., & Walsh, E. (2008). A Skills Perception Inventory for Evaluating Postgraduate Transferable Skills Development. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(6), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930701772804
Andersen, J. (2018). Transferable Skills: A Guide for Schools. Research Management: Europe and Beyond, 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805059-0.00015-8
Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2008). Graduate employability, “soft skills” versus “hard” business knowledge: A european study. Higher Education in Europe, 33(4), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627
Atlay, M., & Harris, R. (2000). An institutional approach to developing students’ “transferable” skills. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 37(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/135580000362115
Bertrand, M. G., & Namukasa, I. K. (2020). STEAM Education: Student Learning and Transferable Skills. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 13(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrit-01-2020-0003
Bridgstock, R. (2009). The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research and Development, 28(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360802444347
Chadha, D. (2006). A curriculum model for transferable skills development. Engineering Education, 1(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.11120/ened.2006.01010019
Chadha, D., Faraday, D., & Nicholls, G. (2001). TRANSFERABLE SKILLS TEACHING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION - THE INVESTIGATION OF A CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY. International Conference on Engineering Education.
Clarkeburn, H., Beaumont, E., Downie, R., & Reid, N. (2000). Teaching biology students transferable skills. Journal of Biological Education, 34(3), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2000.9655703
Clokie, T. L., & Fourie, E. (2016). Graduate employability and communication competence: Are undergraduates taught relevant skills? Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 79(4), 442–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490616657635
Collins-Nelsen, R., Koziarz, F., Levinson, B., Allard, E., Verkoeyen, S., & Raha, S. (2021). Social context and transferable skill development in experiential learning. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2021.1886970
Dawe, R., Pike, A., Kidd, M., Janakiram, P., Nicolle, E., & Allison, J. (2017). Enhanced Skills in Global Health and Health Equity: Guidelines for Curriculum Development. Canadian Medical Education Journal, 8(2). http://www.cmej.ca
Drummond, I., Nixon, I., & Wiltshire, J. (1998). Personal transferable skills in higher education Pressures to develop personal transferable skills Personal transferable skills in higher education: the problems of implementing good practice. Quality Assurance in Education, 6, 19–27.
Fallows, S., & Steven, C. (2000). Building Employability Skills into the Higher Education Curriculum: A University-Wide Initiative. Education + Training, 42(2), 75–82. http://www.mcbup.com/research_registers/tdev.asp
Greisler, D. S. (2008). Positioning Public Administration Curriculum to Add Value: The Case for “Transferrable Skills.” International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 11(4), 518–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-11-04-2008-b005
Hill, M. A., Overton, T., Kitson, R. R. A., Thompson, C. D., Brookes, R. H., Coppo, P., & Bayley, L. (2020). ‘They help us realise what we’re actually gaining’: The impact on undergraduates and teaching staff of displaying transferable skills badges. Active Learning in Higher Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787419898023
Huang, A. Y., Fisher, T., Ding, H., & Guo, Z. (2021). A Network Analysis of Cross-Occupational Skill Transferability for the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-01-2021-0073
Justice, C., Rice, J., & Warry, W. (2009). Developing Useful and Transferable Skills: Course Design to Prepare Students for a Life of Learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 3(2). http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/
Kemp, I. J., & Seagraves, L. (1995). Transferable Skills—Can Higher Education Deliver? Studies in Higher Education, 20(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079512331381585
Kenayathulla, H. B., Ahmad, N. A., & Idris, A. R. (2019). Gaps between competence and importance of employability skills: evidence from Malaysia. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 13(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/heed-08-2019-0039
Kennedy, F. A., & Dull, R. B. (2008). Transferable Team Skills for Accounting Students. Accounting Education, 17(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639280600826166
Khalid, K., & Ahmad, A. M. (2021). The relationship between employability skills and career adaptability: a case of undergraduate students of the United Arab Emirates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 11(5), 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-08-2020-0175
McLean, M., Shaban, S., & Murdoch-Eaton, D. (2011). Transferable skills of incoming medical students and their development over the first academic year: The United Arab Emirates experience. Medical Teacher, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.565826
Muller, C. (2015). Measuring Education and Skill. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 657(1), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214550586
Musisi, B., & Sessanga, J. B. (2019). Assessment of Employablity Skills in Uganda’s School: Challenges and the Way Forward. Journal of Education Research and Rural Community Development, 1(2), 89–106.
Mynatt, B. S., & Gibbons, M. M. (2011). Preparing Students with Disabilites for Their Future Careers. Ideas and Research You Can Use: VISTAS 2011.
Nägele, C., & Stalder, B. E. (2017). Competence and The Need for Transferable Skills. In M. Mulder (Ed.), Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education: Bridging the Wolrds of Work and Education (Vol. 23, pp. 739–753). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41713-4_34
Ng, F., & Harrison, J. (2020). Preserving transferable skills in the accounting curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accounting Research Journal, 34(3), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-09-2020-0297
O’Halloran, D. (2001). Task-based learning: A way of promoting transferable skills in the curriculum. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 53(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820100200150
Okon, E. E. (2019). Vocationalisation of TVET through institution industry collaboration: bridging the skill gap. Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 6(2).
Olesen, K. B., Christensen, M. K., & O’Neill, L. D. (2020). What do we mean by “transferable skills”? A literature review of how the concept is conceptualized in undergraduate health sciences education. In Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning (Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 616–634). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2020-0012
Ornellas, A., Falkner, K., & Edman Stålbrandt, E. (2019). Enhancing graduates’ employability skills through authentic learning approaches. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-04-2018-0049
Pellegrino, J. W., & Hilton, M. L. (2012). Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in The 21st Century. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13398
Poon, J. (2014). Do real estate courses sufficiently develop graduates’ employability skills? Perspectives from multiple stakeholders. Education and Training, 56(6), 562–581. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2013-0074
Pritchard, A., & Woollard, J. (2004). Constructivism and Social Learning. In Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life (Vol. 15, Issue 4).
Rosenberg, S., Heimler, R., & Morote, E. (2012). Basic employability skills: A triangular design approach. Education + Training, 54(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211198869
Russo, A., Warren, L., Neri, L., Herdan, A., & Brickman, K. (2021). Enhancing accounting and finance students’ awareness of transferable skills in an integrated blended learning environment. Accounting Education, 0(0), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2021.1961087
Ruuskanen, T., Vehkamäki, H., Riuttanen, L., & Lauri, A. (2018). An Exploratory Study of the Learning of Transferable Skills in a Research-Oriented Intensive Course in Atmospheric Sciences. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051385
Sapp, S. B., & Thoron, A. C. (2014). Effects of Agricultural Sales CDE Modules on Content Knowledge and Argumentation Skill. Journal of Agricultural Education.
Setiawan, A., Kuntadi, I., & Bukit, M. (2018). Perception towards Transferable Skills in Indonesian Universities.
Unicef. (2019). Global Framework on Transferable Skills. Unicef Education Section. www.unicef.org/education
Valero, M. D. R., Reid, T., Dell, G., Stacey, D., Hatt, J., Moore, Y., & Clift, S. (2020). Embedding employability and transferable skills in the curriculum: a practical, multidisciplinary approach. Higher Education Pedagogies, 5(1), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2020.1816846
Warren, S. E. (2021). Ballerinas as analysts: Former ballet dancers’ transfer of 21st century skills to careers as data analysts. Industry and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211010141
Weber, C. T., Borit, M., Canolle, F., Hnatkova, E., Neill, G. O., Pacitti, D., & Parada, F. (2018). Identifying Transferable Skills and Competences to Enhance Early Career Researchers Employability and Competitiveness. Research Report] EURODOC.
Yeadon-Lee, A., & Hall, R. (2013). Developing Transferable Management Skills through Action Learning. Industry and Higher Education, 27(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0137
Yena, D. J. (2020). Career Directions: New Paths to Your Ideal Career (7th Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1984.10629758
Yudiono, H., Budiman, F. A., Majid, M. N., & Permana, K. N. C. (2021). The Learning Strategy Based on Scientific Approach to Strengthen the Employability Skill of Teacher Candidates. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 551-570.
Agyemang, F. G. (2020). From classroom to library: What are the transferable knowledge and skills teachers bring to library work. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(3), 659–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000619856401
Alpay, E., & Walsh, E. (2008). A Skills Perception Inventory for Evaluating Postgraduate Transferable Skills Development. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(6), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930701772804
Andersen, J. (2018). Transferable Skills: A Guide for Schools. Research Management: Europe and Beyond, 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805059-0.00015-8
Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2008). Graduate employability, “soft skills” versus “hard” business knowledge: A european study. Higher Education in Europe, 33(4), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627
Atlay, M., & Harris, R. (2000). An institutional approach to developing students’ “transferable” skills. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 37(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/135580000362115
Bertrand, M. G., & Namukasa, I. K. (2020). STEAM Education: Student Learning and Transferable Skills. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 13(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrit-01-2020-0003
Bridgstock, R. (2009). The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research and Development, 28(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360802444347
Chadha, D. (2006). A curriculum model for transferable skills development. Engineering Education, 1(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.11120/ened.2006.01010019
Chadha, D., Faraday, D., & Nicholls, G. (2001). TRANSFERABLE SKILLS TEACHING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION - THE INVESTIGATION OF A CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY. International Conference on Engineering Education.
Clarkeburn, H., Beaumont, E., Downie, R., & Reid, N. (2000). Teaching biology students transferable skills. Journal of Biological Education, 34(3), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2000.9655703
Clokie, T. L., & Fourie, E. (2016). Graduate employability and communication competence: Are undergraduates taught relevant skills? Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 79(4), 442–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490616657635
Collins-Nelsen, R., Koziarz, F., Levinson, B., Allard, E., Verkoeyen, S., & Raha, S. (2021). Social context and transferable skill development in experiential learning. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2021.1886970
Dawe, R., Pike, A., Kidd, M., Janakiram, P., Nicolle, E., & Allison, J. (2017). Enhanced Skills in Global Health and Health Equity: Guidelines for Curriculum Development. Canadian Medical Education Journal, 8(2). http://www.cmej.ca
Drummond, I., Nixon, I., & Wiltshire, J. (1998). Personal transferable skills in higher education Pressures to develop personal transferable skills Personal transferable skills in higher education: the problems of implementing good practice. Quality Assurance in Education, 6, 19–27.
Fallows, S., & Steven, C. (2000). Building Employability Skills into the Higher Education Curriculum: A University-Wide Initiative. Education + Training, 42(2), 75–82. http://www.mcbup.com/research_registers/tdev.asp
Greisler, D. S. (2008). Positioning Public Administration Curriculum to Add Value: The Case for “Transferrable Skills.” International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 11(4), 518–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-11-04-2008-b005
Hill, M. A., Overton, T., Kitson, R. R. A., Thompson, C. D., Brookes, R. H., Coppo, P., & Bayley, L. (2020). ‘They help us realise what we’re actually gaining’: The impact on undergraduates and teaching staff of displaying transferable skills badges. Active Learning in Higher Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787419898023
Huang, A. Y., Fisher, T., Ding, H., & Guo, Z. (2021). A Network Analysis of Cross-Occupational Skill Transferability for the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-01-2021-0073
Justice, C., Rice, J., & Warry, W. (2009). Developing Useful and Transferable Skills: Course Design to Prepare Students for a Life of Learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 3(2). http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/
Kemp, I. J., & Seagraves, L. (1995). Transferable Skills—Can Higher Education Deliver? Studies in Higher Education, 20(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079512331381585
Kenayathulla, H. B., Ahmad, N. A., & Idris, A. R. (2019). Gaps between competence and importance of employability skills: evidence from Malaysia. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 13(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/heed-08-2019-0039
Kennedy, F. A., & Dull, R. B. (2008). Transferable Team Skills for Accounting Students. Accounting Education, 17(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639280600826166
Khalid, K., & Ahmad, A. M. (2021). The relationship between employability skills and career adaptability: a case of undergraduate students of the United Arab Emirates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 11(5), 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-08-2020-0175
McLean, M., Shaban, S., & Murdoch-Eaton, D. (2011). Transferable skills of incoming medical students and their development over the first academic year: The United Arab Emirates experience. Medical Teacher, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.565826
Muller, C. (2015). Measuring Education and Skill. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 657(1), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214550586
Musisi, B., & Sessanga, J. B. (2019). Assessment of Employablity Skills in Uganda’s School: Challenges and the Way Forward. Journal of Education Research and Rural Community Development, 1(2), 89–106.
Mynatt, B. S., & Gibbons, M. M. (2011). Preparing Students with Disabilites for Their Future Careers. Ideas and Research You Can Use: VISTAS 2011.
Nägele, C., & Stalder, B. E. (2017). Competence and The Need for Transferable Skills. In M. Mulder (Ed.), Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education: Bridging the Wolrds of Work and Education (Vol. 23, pp. 739–753). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41713-4_34
Ng, F., & Harrison, J. (2020). Preserving transferable skills in the accounting curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accounting Research Journal, 34(3), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-09-2020-0297
O’Halloran, D. (2001). Task-based learning: A way of promoting transferable skills in the curriculum. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 53(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820100200150
Okon, E. E. (2019). Vocationalisation of TVET through institution industry collaboration: bridging the skill gap. Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 6(2).
Olesen, K. B., Christensen, M. K., & O’Neill, L. D. (2020). What do we mean by “transferable skills”? A literature review of how the concept is conceptualized in undergraduate health sciences education. In Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning (Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 616–634). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2020-0012
Ornellas, A., Falkner, K., & Edman Stålbrandt, E. (2019). Enhancing graduates’ employability skills through authentic learning approaches. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-04-2018-0049
Pellegrino, J. W., & Hilton, M. L. (2012). Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in The 21st Century. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13398
Poon, J. (2014). Do real estate courses sufficiently develop graduates’ employability skills? Perspectives from multiple stakeholders. Education and Training, 56(6), 562–581. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2013-0074
Pritchard, A., & Woollard, J. (2004). Constructivism and Social Learning. In Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life (Vol. 15, Issue 4).
Rosenberg, S., Heimler, R., & Morote, E. (2012). Basic employability skills: A triangular design approach. Education + Training, 54(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211198869
Russo, A., Warren, L., Neri, L., Herdan, A., & Brickman, K. (2021). Enhancing accounting and finance students’ awareness of transferable skills in an integrated blended learning environment. Accounting Education, 0(0), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2021.1961087
Ruuskanen, T., Vehkamäki, H., Riuttanen, L., & Lauri, A. (2018). An Exploratory Study of the Learning of Transferable Skills in a Research-Oriented Intensive Course in Atmospheric Sciences. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051385
Sapp, S. B., & Thoron, A. C. (2014). Effects of Agricultural Sales CDE Modules on Content Knowledge and Argumentation Skill. Journal of Agricultural Education.
Setiawan, A., Kuntadi, I., & Bukit, M. (2018). Perception towards Transferable Skills in Indonesian Universities.
Unicef. (2019). Global Framework on Transferable Skills. Unicef Education Section. www.unicef.org/education
Valero, M. D. R., Reid, T., Dell, G., Stacey, D., Hatt, J., Moore, Y., & Clift, S. (2020). Embedding employability and transferable skills in the curriculum: a practical, multidisciplinary approach. Higher Education Pedagogies, 5(1), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2020.1816846
Warren, S. E. (2021). Ballerinas as analysts: Former ballet dancers’ transfer of 21st century skills to careers as data analysts. Industry and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211010141
Weber, C. T., Borit, M., Canolle, F., Hnatkova, E., Neill, G. O., Pacitti, D., & Parada, F. (2018). Identifying Transferable Skills and Competences to Enhance Early Career Researchers Employability and Competitiveness. Research Report] EURODOC.
Yeadon-Lee, A., & Hall, R. (2013). Developing Transferable Management Skills through Action Learning. Industry and Higher Education, 27(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0137
Yena, D. J. (2020). Career Directions: New Paths to Your Ideal Career (7th Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1984.10629758
Yudiono, H., Budiman, F. A., Majid, M. N., & Permana, K. N. C. (2021). The Learning Strategy Based on Scientific Approach to Strengthen the Employability Skill of Teacher Candidates. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 551-570.