Indonesia's Legal Policy During COVID-19 Pandemic: Between the Right to Education and Public Health
Main Article Content
Abstract
Basically, every country is obliged to ensure quality education without discrimination against every citizen, including Indonesia. Recognition of the right to education is so important that it becomes one of the goals of the state as stated in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, namely to educate the nation's life. However, since the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, the education sector has also been affected. People have no choice, but to implement the Covid-19 prevention habits and protocols. In the case of Indonesia, the government has closed the schools and universities since mid-March 2020 and switched to the online learning system. In this article, the author will explain the Indonesia’s legal policy in fulfilling the community’s right to education during pandemic, at the same time analyzing how government responds to the public demands. This normative legal research is conducted using a conceptual and statutory approach, which will then be analyzed descriptive-qualitatively. The result shows that educational policies during COVID-19 pandemic can be divided into two phases: early pandemic and new normal transition. In the first phase, the government focused on protecting the health and safety to all communities in the education institution areas by implementing certain protocols, closing the schools and switching to distance/online learning. Although public health and safety are top priorities, the policies resulted in disparities among students. While in the new normal transition phase, The government tends to respond to public demands on education problems by loosening its policies a little through schools disclosure and providing the internet support in online learning
Article Details
How to Cite
Ramadani, R., Hamzah, Y. A., & Mangerengi, A. A. (2021). Indonesia’s Legal Policy During COVID-19 Pandemic: Between the Right to Education and Public Health. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 6(1), 125-156. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v6i1.43555
Section
Research Articles
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References
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Affandi, H. (2019). Implementasi Hak Atas Kesehatan Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 1945: Antara Pengaturan Dan Realisasi Tanggung Jawab Negara. Jurnal Hukum Positum, 4(1), 36-56. https://doi.org/10.35706/positum.v4i1.3006
Al Farizi, S., & Harmawan, B. N. (2020). Data transparency and information sharing: Coronavirus prevention problems in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 35-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i0.2020.35-50
Ameli, A., Hasanah, U., Rahman, H., & Putra, A. M. (2020). Analisis Keefektifan Pembelajaran Online di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Mahaguru: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 2(1), 28-37.
Basilaia, G., & Kvavadze, D. (2020). Transition to online education in schools during a SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Georgia. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7937
Beauchamp, D. E., & Steinbock, B. (Eds.). (1999). New ethics for the public's health. Walton St, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Black, D. W. (2018). The Fundamental Right to Education. Notre Dame Law Review, 94(3), 1059-1114. http://ndlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2-Black.pdf
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Chatterjee, C., Hanushek, E. A., & Mahendiran, S. (2020). Can Greater Access to Education Be Inequitable? New Evidence from India’s Right to Education Act (No. w27377). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. Institute of Medicine. (1988). The Future of Public Health, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Corlatean, T. (2020). Risks, discrimination and opportunities for education during the times of COVID-19 pandemic. In Proceedings of the 17th Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies Conference (pp. 1-2).
COVID-19 Task Force. “Covid-19 Data”. Available at https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran, accessed on 8 November 2020.
Demuyakor, J. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) and online learning in higher institutions of education: A survey of the perceptions of Ghanaian international students in China. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 10(3), e202018.
Global Campaign for Education. Civil Society Organisations Call on States and the International Community to Ensure the Right to Education for All during the #COVID19 Crisis. 2020. Available online: https://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/2020/04/24/civil-society-organisations-call-on-states-and theinternational-community-to-ensure-the-right-to-education-for-all-during-the-covid19-crisis/, accessed on 4 July 2020)
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Huang, R., D. Liu, A. Tlili, S. Knyazeva, T. W. Chang, X. Zhang, D. Burgos et al. (2020). Guidance on open educational practices during school closures: Utilizing OER under COVID-19 Pandemic in line with UNESCO OER recommendation. Beijing: Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University.
Indonesian Ministry of Health. (2020). COVID-19, Infection Emerging. Available at: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/ (Accessed: 9 April 2020).
Indonesian Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19 (2020) Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19, Available at: https://www.covid19.go.id/ (Accessed: 9 April 2020)
Kapasia, N., Paul, P., Roy, A., Saha, J., Zaveri, A., Mallick, R., ... & Chouhan, P. (2020). Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194
LaTourrette, T., Loughran, D. S., & Seabury, S. A. (2008). Occupational safety and health for public safety employees: Assessing the evidence and the implications for public policy (Vol. 792). Rand Corporation.
Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020, April). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how. In World Economic Forum (Vol. 29).
Masonbrink, A. R., & Hurley, E. (2020). Advocating for children during the COVID-19 school closures. Pediatrics, 146(3), e20201440. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1440
McCowan, T. (2010). Reframing The Universal Rights to Education, Comparative Education, 46 (4), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2010.519482
Medical Safety and Global Health, Public Health and Safety, Longdom. https://www.longdom.org/special-issue/public-health-and-safety-399.html, accessed on 9 November 2020.
Menéndez, A. J., & Eriksen, E. O. (Eds.). (2006). Arguing Fundamental Rights (Vol. 77). Springer Science & Business Media.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Nugraheny, D., E. (2020). "Survei KPAI: 43 Persen Siswa Keluhkan Kuota Internet untuk Pembelajaran Daring", https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/08/08/10265321/survei-kpai-43-persen-siswa-keluhkan-kuota-internet-untuk-pembelajaran
Park, M., Won, J., Choi, B. Y., & Lee, C. J. (2020). Optimization of primer sets and detection protocols for SARS-CoV-2 of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using PCR and real-time PCR. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 52(6), 963-977. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0452-7
Pham, H. H., & Ho, T. T. H. (2020). Toward a ‘new normal’with e-learning in Vietnamese higher education during the post COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(7), 1327-1331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1823945
Protocol for Handling COVID-19 in Educational Institution Areas, Available at https://covid19.go.id/p/protokol/protokol-penanganan-covid-19-di-area-institusi-pendidikan, accessed on 12 October 2020.
Psacharopoulos, G., Patrinos, H., Collis, V., & Vegas, E. (2020). The COVID-19 cost of school closures. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plusdevelopment/2020/04/29/the-covid-19-cost-of-school-closures/, accessed on 12 November 2020.
Rothstein, M. A. (2002). Rethinking the meaning of public health. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(2), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00381.x
Sahu, P. (2020). Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12(4), e7541. https://dx.doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.7541
Seftiawan, D. (2020). Ribuan Sekolah Tak Teraliri Internet, DPR Dorong Kemendikbud Buat Cetak Biru Orientasi Daring, available at https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/pr-01386169/ribuan-sekolah-tak-teraliri-internet-dpr-dorong-kemendikbud-buat-cetak-biru-orientasi-daring, accessed on 11 November 2020.
Spring, J. (2000). The Universal Right to Education: Justification, Definition, and Guidelines. Oxfordshire, England UK: Routledge.
UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on Education, available at https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse, Accessed on 12 October 2020.
World Health Organization. (2020). Global Situation: Confirmed Cases and Deaths (live). WHO. Available at https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAiAqJn9BRB0EiwAJ1SztQ3fgTyrNO1rtx76Cc10SSikISrra0O38q1yNUO28jg9x1ZKExA4mBoCOmgQAvD_BwE, Accessed on 9 November 2020.
Worldometer. (2020). Coronavirus Update (Live): Cases and Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic, Worldometers. Available at: https://www.worldometer s.info/coronavirus/?, accessed on 9 April 2020.
Worldometer. “Coronavirus Update Worldwide: Cases and Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic. Available at https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries, Accessed on 8 November 2020.
Yaumi, M. (2018). Media dan Teknologi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Yudhanti, R. (2012). Kebijakan Hukum Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga atas Pendidikan Dasar. Pandecta: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum (Research Law Journal), 7(1), 13-31. https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v7i1.2360