Post Amendment of Judicial Review in Indonesia: Has Judicial Power Distributed Fairly?
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Published
Dec 21, 2022
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Abstract
Distribution of power in Indonesian constitutional system not only occur amongst state organs but also within Indonesian judicial system. The Supreme Court and Constitutional Court share their power to review several regulations. The 1945 Constitution delivers power to review act against constitution for Constitutional Court and to review regulations below an act for the Supreme Court. However, this distribution of power is vulnerable to contradicting each other, with the possibility of having clash of judgment. There is no guarantee that the Supreme Court will fully obey the Constitutional Court judgment. So, the research question needs to be solved such as judicial Review pre-the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution process, and judicial Review Post the Amendment of the Constitution implement, that will be main points of research purposes. Furthermore, the main problem is the distribution power between Constitutional Court and Supreme Court, whether have distributed fairly or not. Another problem after amendment is about disagreement amongst judges. Before amendment, judges were forbidden to show their disagreement clearly in the verdict, but now allowed. This fact has led to public distrust. They have questioned the legitimacy of the verdict having disagreement, whether should be obeyed or be denied.
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How to Cite
Armia, M. S., Karim, Z. P., Tengku-Armia, H., Fahmi, C., Bin-Armia, M. S., & Musa, A. (2022). Post Amendment of Judicial Review in Indonesia: Has Judicial Power Distributed Fairly?. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7(2), 525-556. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.56335
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Research Articles
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References
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Cammack, M. E., & Feener, R. M. (2012). The Islamic Legal System in Indonesia. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 21(1), 13-43.
Case, W. (2011). Executive Accountability in Southeast Asia: the Role of Legislatures in New Democracies and Under Electoral Authoritarianism. Honolulu: East-West Center.
Chalmers, D., Davies, G., & Monti, G. (2010). European Union law: Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Corwin, E. S. (2017). The Doctrine of Judicial Review: Its Legal and Historical Basis and Other Essays. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Crouch, H. (1979). Patrimonialism and Military Rule in Indonesia. World Politics, 31(4), 571-587.
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Emmerson, D. K. (2015). Indonesia Beyond Suharto. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
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Fauzan, A., Diniyanto, A., & Hamid, A. (2022). Regulation Arrangement through The Judicial Power: The Challenges of Adding the Authority of The Constitutional Court and The Supreme Court. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(3), 403-430. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i3.58317
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Ginsburg, R. B. (2010). The Role of Dissenting Opinions. Minnesota Law Review, 95(1), 1-8.
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Hastie, R., & Dawes, R. . (2010). Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. London: SAGE.
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Himonga, C., & Pope, A. (2013). Mayelane v Ngwenyama and Minister for Home Affairs: A Reflection on Wider Implications. Acta Juridica, 2013(1), 318-338.
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Husein, Z. A. (2009). Judicial Review di Mahkamah Agung RI: Tiga Dekade Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Hussain, I. (1984). Dissenting and Separate Opinions at the World Court. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Huxley, T. (2013). Disintegrating Indonesia?: Implications for Regional Security. London: Routledge.
Indonesia, K. Y. R. (2014). Studi Perbandingan Komisi Yudisial di Beberapa Negara. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia.
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Kiiver, P. (2010). The Lisbon Judgment of the German Constitutional Court: A Court‐Ordered Strengthening of The National Legislature in The EU. European Law Journal, 16(5), 578-588
Kissel, O. R., & Mayer, H. (1994). Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz. Beck.
Klaushofer, R., & Palmstorfer, R. (2013). Austrian Constitutional Court Uses Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as Standard of Review: Effects on Union Law. European Publik Law, 19(1), 1-11.
Konstitusi, S. J. M. (2010). Perkembangan Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Mahkamah Konstitusi-Dari Berpikir Hukum Tekstual ke Hukum Progresif. Jakarta: Sekretaris Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Krafchik, W., & Wehner, J. (1998). The Role of Parliament in the Budgetary Process. South African Journal of Economics, 66(4), 512-541
Kusuma, A. (1992). Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI): Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI): 29 Mei 1945-19 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia.
Kusuma, R. A. (2004). Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Lagi, S. (2012). Hans Kelsen and The Austrian Constitutional Court (1918-1929). Co-Herencia, 9(16), 273-295.
Lev, D. S. (2017). Colonial Law and The Genesis of The Indonesian State. London: Routledge.
M.D., M. (2006). Membangun Politik Hukum, Menegakkan Konstitusi. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Martinez-Bravo, M., Mukherjee, P., & Stegmann. A. (2017). The Non-Democratic Roots of Elite Capture: Evidence From Soeharto Mayors in Indonesia. Econometrica, 85(6), 1991-2010.
Marzuki, L. (2003). Merambah Pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Konsorsium Reformasi Hukum Nasional.
McGlynn, J. H., & Sulistyo, H. (2007). Indonesia in the Soeharto Years: Issues, Incidents and Images. Singapore: NUS Press.
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Perillo, J. M. (1994). UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: The Black Letter Text and a Review. Fordham Law Review, 63, 281.
Posner, R. A. (2010). How Judges Think. Harvard University Press.
Rasmussen, M. (2012). Rewriting the History of European Public Law: The New Contribution of Historians. American University International Law Review, 28.
Robison, R. (1988). Authoritarian States, Capital-Owning Classes, and The Politics of Newly Industrializing Countries: The Case of Indonesia. World Politics, 41.
Rosser, A., & Curnow, J. (2014). Legal Mobilisation and Justice: Insights From the Constitutional Court Case on International Standard Schools in Indonesia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 15(4).
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Sezgin, Y., & Künkler, M. (2014). Regulation of “religion” and the “religious”: The politics of judicialization and bureaucratization in India and Indonesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 56(2).
Siburian, H. M. S. R. (2022). Constitution Formulation and Amendment in Indonesian and American Legal System: A Comparative Study. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(1), 39-66.
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Soedarsono. (2008). Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Tanpa Mufakat Bulat: Catatan Hakim Konstitusi Soedarsono [Constitutional Court Judgment Without Consensus Round; A Note of Judge Soedarsono]. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi.
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Supreme Court, Act Number 14, (1985).
Supreme Court, Act Number 7, (1947).
Sutiyoso, B. (2010). Pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Pelaku Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 7(2).
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Syafa’at, M. A. (2010). Pengujian Ketentuan Penghapusan Norma dalam Undang-Undang. Jurnal Konstitusi, 7(2).
Tjandra, W. R., & Darsono, K. B. (2009). Legislative Drafting Teori dan Teknik Pembuatan Peraturan Daerah. Yogykarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.
Waluchow, W. J. (1994). Inclusive Legal Positivism. Clarendon Press.
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Wijayanta, Tata, & Firmansyah, H. (2011). Perbedaan Pendapat dalam Putusan Pengadilan [Dissenting Opinion in the Court Judgment]. Pustaka Yustisia.
Yuhdi, M. (2016). Analisis Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa Kelembagaan antara Komisi Yudisial dan Mahkamah Agung. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 24(1).
Zilis, M. (2015). The Limits of Legitimacy: Dissenting Opinions, Media Coverage, and Public Responses to Supreme Court Decisions. University of Michigan Press.
Aspinall, E., & Fealy, G. (2003). Local Power & Politics In Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2006). Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara. Jakarta: Sekretaris Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2009a). Creating a Constitutional Court for A New Democracy.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2009b). The Constitutional Law of Indonesia.
Astawa, G.P, & Na’a, S. (2008). Dinamika Hukum dan Ilmu Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.
Bankruptcy, Act Number 4, (1998).
Bedner, A. ., Irianto, S., Otto, J. ., & Wirastri, T. D. ed. (2012). Kajian Sosio-Legal. Denpasar, Bali: Pustaka Larasan.
Booth, A., & McCawley, P. (1981). The Indonesian Economy During the Soeharto Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Butt, S., & Lindsey, T. (1981). The Constitution of Indonesia: A Contextual Analysis. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Hart Publishing.
Butt, S., & Parsons, N. (2012). Reining in Regional Governments? Local Taxes and Investment in Decentralised Indonesia. Sydney Law Review, 34(1), 91-106.
Butt, S., & Parsons, N. (2014). Judicial Review and the Supreme Court in Indonesia: A New Space for Law? Indonesia, Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell, 97, 55–85.
Butt, S. (2015). The Constitutional Court and Democracy in Indonesia. Leiden: Brill.
Cammack, M. E., & Feener, R. M. (2012). The Islamic Legal System in Indonesia. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 21(1), 13-43.
Case, W. (2011). Executive Accountability in Southeast Asia: the Role of Legislatures in New Democracies and Under Electoral Authoritarianism. Honolulu: East-West Center.
Chalmers, D., Davies, G., & Monti, G. (2010). European Union law: Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Church, P. (2017). A Short History of South-East Asia. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Corwin, E. S. (2017). The Doctrine of Judicial Review: Its Legal and Historical Basis and Other Essays. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Crouch, H. (1979). Patrimonialism and Military Rule in Indonesia. World Politics, 31(4), 571-587.
Darbyshire, P. (2011). Sitting in Judgment: The Working Lives of Judges. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Emmerson, D. K. (2015). Indonesia Beyond Suharto. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Fanani, A. F. (2011). Shari’ah Bylaws in Indonesia and Their Implications for Religious Minorities. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 5(1), 17-34.
Fauzan, A., Diniyanto, A., & Hamid, A. (2022). Regulation Arrangement through The Judicial Power: The Challenges of Adding the Authority of The Constitutional Court and The Supreme Court. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(3), 403-430. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i3.58317
Feith, H. (2006). The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing.
Forming of The Legislation, Act Number 12, (2011).
Gaffar, J. M. (2009). Kedudukan, Fungsi Dan Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia.
General Practitioner, MK Judgement Number 4/PUU-V, (2007).
Ginsburg, R. B. (2010). The Role of Dissenting Opinions. Minnesota Law Review, 95(1), 1-8.
Graver, H. P. (2015). Judges Against Justice on Judge When the Rule of Law Is Under Attack. New York: Springer.
Groenewold, C. A. (1989). Herman Willem Daendels, katalysator van de Eenheidsstaat. F. Pereboom en HA Stalknecht ed., Herman Willem Daendels (1762-1818).
Hall, K. L. (2014). Judicial Review and Judicial Power in the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court in American Society. London: Routledge.
Halmai, G. (2015). Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments and New Constitutions in Comparative Perspective. Wake Forest Law Review, 50(1), 101-135.
Harman, B. K. (2013). Mempertimbangkan Mahkamah Konstitusi: Sejarah Pemikiran Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap UUD. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Hastie, R., & Dawes, R. . (2010). Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. London: SAGE.
Heaney, & M. T. (2010). Linking Political Parties and Interest Groups. In The Oxford Handbook of American Political Parties and Interest Groups. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Himonga, C., & Pope, A. (2013). Mayelane v Ngwenyama and Minister for Home Affairs: A Reflection on Wider Implications. Acta Juridica, 2013(1), 318-338.
Hobbes, T. (2013). Elements of Law, Natural and Political. London: Routledge.
Horowitz, D. L. (2013). Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Husein, Z. A. (2009). Judicial Review di Mahkamah Agung RI: Tiga Dekade Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Hussain, I. (1984). Dissenting and Separate Opinions at the World Court. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Huxley, T. (2013). Disintegrating Indonesia?: Implications for Regional Security. London: Routledge.
Indonesia, K. Y. R. (2014). Studi Perbandingan Komisi Yudisial di Beberapa Negara. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia.
Indrayana, D. (2008). Indonesian Constitutional Reform, 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition. Jakarta: Kompas.
Kartasasmita, G., & Stern, J. J. (2016). Reinventing Indonesia. Singapore: World Sicentific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Kemendagri. (2017). Profil Daerah. http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah
Kiiver, P. (2010). The Lisbon Judgment of the German Constitutional Court: A Court‐Ordered Strengthening of The National Legislature in The EU. European Law Journal, 16(5), 578-588
Kissel, O. R., & Mayer, H. (1994). Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz. Beck.
Klaushofer, R., & Palmstorfer, R. (2013). Austrian Constitutional Court Uses Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as Standard of Review: Effects on Union Law. European Publik Law, 19(1), 1-11.
Konstitusi, S. J. M. (2010). Perkembangan Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Mahkamah Konstitusi-Dari Berpikir Hukum Tekstual ke Hukum Progresif. Jakarta: Sekretaris Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Krafchik, W., & Wehner, J. (1998). The Role of Parliament in the Budgetary Process. South African Journal of Economics, 66(4), 512-541
Kusuma, A. (1992). Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI): Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI): 29 Mei 1945-19 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia.
Kusuma, R. A. (2004). Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Lagi, S. (2012). Hans Kelsen and The Austrian Constitutional Court (1918-1929). Co-Herencia, 9(16), 273-295.
Lev, D. S. (2017). Colonial Law and The Genesis of The Indonesian State. London: Routledge.
M.D., M. (2006). Membangun Politik Hukum, Menegakkan Konstitusi. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Martinez-Bravo, M., Mukherjee, P., & Stegmann. A. (2017). The Non-Democratic Roots of Elite Capture: Evidence From Soeharto Mayors in Indonesia. Econometrica, 85(6), 1991-2010.
Marzuki, L. (2003). Merambah Pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Konsorsium Reformasi Hukum Nasional.
McGlynn, J. H., & Sulistyo, H. (2007). Indonesia in the Soeharto Years: Issues, Incidents and Images. Singapore: NUS Press.
Mietzner, M. (2010). Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of The Constitutional Court. Journal of East Asian Studies, 10(3).
Monar, J. (2001). The Dynamics of Justice and Home Affairs: Laboratories, Driving Factors and Costs. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(4), 397-424.
Musielak, H.-J. (2012). Mit Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz. Verlag Franz Vahlen.
Nankyung, C. (2012). Local Politics in Indonesia: Pathways to Power. London: Routledge.
Parrish, M. E. (2015). The Evangelical Origins of the Living Constitution by John W. Compton (Review). Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 45(4), 593–594.
Perillo, J. M. (1994). UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: The Black Letter Text and a Review. Fordham Law Review, 63, 281.
Posner, R. A. (2010). How Judges Think. Harvard University Press.
Rasmussen, M. (2012). Rewriting the History of European Public Law: The New Contribution of Historians. American University International Law Review, 28.
Robison, R. (1988). Authoritarian States, Capital-Owning Classes, and The Politics of Newly Industrializing Countries: The Case of Indonesia. World Politics, 41.
Rosser, A., & Curnow, J. (2014). Legal Mobilisation and Justice: Insights From the Constitutional Court Case on International Standard Schools in Indonesia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 15(4).
Sarwoko, D. (2013). Dissenting Opinion di Mata Hakim Agung [Dissenting Opinion on the Eye of Supreme Court Judge]. Hukum Online. http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt51f1005f68a4c/idissenting-opinion-i-di-mata-mantan-hakim-agung
Schütze, R. (2012). European Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press.
Sezgin, Y., & Künkler, M. (2014). Regulation of “religion” and the “religious”: The politics of judicialization and bureaucratization in India and Indonesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 56(2).
Siburian, H. M. S. R. (2022). Constitution Formulation and Amendment in Indonesian and American Legal System: A Comparative Study. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(1), 39-66.
Soebechi, I. (2012). Judicial Review Perda Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Soedarsono. (2008). Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Tanpa Mufakat Bulat: Catatan Hakim Konstitusi Soedarsono [Constitutional Court Judgment Without Consensus Round; A Note of Judge Soedarsono]. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Soemantri, S. (1986). Hak Menguji Material di Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.
Sunarmi. (2011). Dissenting Opinion Sebagai Wujud Transparansi Dalam Putusan Peradilan (Dissenting Opinion As Being Transparency In Court Ruling). Jurnal Equality, 12(2).
Supreme Court, Act Number 14, (1985).
Supreme Court, Act Number 7, (1947).
Sutiyoso, B. (2010). Pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Pelaku Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 7(2).
Sweet, A. S. (2017). Constitutions, Rights, and Judicial Power. Comparative Politics.
Syafa’at, M. A. (2010). Pengujian Ketentuan Penghapusan Norma dalam Undang-Undang. Jurnal Konstitusi, 7(2).
Tjandra, W. R., & Darsono, K. B. (2009). Legislative Drafting Teori dan Teknik Pembuatan Peraturan Daerah. Yogykarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.
Waluchow, W. J. (1994). Inclusive Legal Positivism. Clarendon Press.
Wendisch, G. (1989). Die Strafprozessordnung Und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz: Grosskommentar. Walter de Gruyter, 2.
Wijayanta, Tata, & Firmansyah, H. (2011). Perbedaan Pendapat dalam Putusan Pengadilan [Dissenting Opinion in the Court Judgment]. Pustaka Yustisia.
Yuhdi, M. (2016). Analisis Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa Kelembagaan antara Komisi Yudisial dan Mahkamah Agung. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 24(1).
Zilis, M. (2015). The Limits of Legitimacy: Dissenting Opinions, Media Coverage, and Public Responses to Supreme Court Decisions. University of Michigan Press.