Unmasking Illicit Enrichment: A Comparative Analysis of Wealth Acquisition Under Indonesian, Thailand and Islamic Law
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Nov 8, 2023
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Abstract
Within the context of both countries, influenced significantly by Islamic legal norms, corruption and illicit enrichment are condemned as violations of justice, honesty, and integrity. In Thailand, where the legal framework for handling illicit enrichment is relatively well-structured, these values can be further integrated to enhance transparency and accountability. Shifting the burden of proof, in line with Islamic ethical principles, can imbue the law enforcement process with a robust moral and social dimension. In Indonesia, where the concept of illicit enrichment is not fully articulated in anti-corruption legislation, these values can serve as a foundation to complement the existing legal framework. The KPK, empowered to monitor officials' wealth, can incorporate these principles into its vetting and investigative mechanisms, reinforcing a values-based approach to corruption prevention and prosecution. Applying Islamic teachings in governance and law can provide an ethical underpinning, fortifying existing legal structures. It entails not only introducing new rules but also nurturing a culture of integrity in society and emphasizing the moral responsibility of public officials. By grounding their legal systems in profound Islamic values, both countries can advance their battle against corruption and illicit enrichment, fortify their legal frameworks, and ultimately promote the development of more transparent and accountable governance.
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Akhmad, A., Fernando, Z. J., & Teeraphan, P. (2023). Unmasking Illicit Enrichment: A Comparative Analysis of Wealth Acquisition Under Indonesian, Thailand and Islamic Law. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(2), 899-934. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i2.69332
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Research Articles
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References
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Weisel, Ori, and Shaul Shalvi. “Moral Currencies: Explaining Corrupt Collaboration.” Current Opinion in Psychology 44 (2022): 272–73.
Widiastuti, Tika, Kusuma Chandra Kirana, Ririn Tri Ratnasari, Taqiyah Dinda Insani, and Anidah Robani. “Measuring the Corruption Measurement Model (CMM) Based on Maqasid Shariah Framework.” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews 7, No. 2 (2019): 282–86.
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Zhang, Yahong. "What can we learn from worldwide anti-corruption practices?." Government anti-corruption strategies: A cross-cultural perspective. (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2015), pp. 247-259.
Abyssinia Law. “Criminalizing and Prosecuting Illicit Enrichment in Corruption Cases,” 2015.
Acar, Muhittin. "Anti-corruption Policy in Turkey: Instruments, Issues and Influences 1." Public Policymaking in a Globalized World. (London: Routledge, 2018), pp. 331-362.
Agusalim et al. “Green Victimology: Sebuah Konsep Perlindungan Korban Dan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Bina Hukum Lingkungan 7, No. 1 (October 2022): 60–79.
Ahmad, Ali, Neil McCulloch, Muzna Al-Masri, and Marc Ayoub. “From Dysfunctional to Functional Corruption: The Politics of Decentralized Electricity Provision In Lebanon.” Energy Research and Social Science 86 (2022): 1–11.
Ahmad, Baharuddin, and Illy Yanti. Eksistensi dan Implementasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2015).
Al-hamid, Mohamad Said. “Determinasi Illicit Enrichmentdalam Upaya PemberantasanKorupsi di Indonesia.” Al-Mizan 18, No. 2 (2022): 243–268.
Ali, Asif, Muhammad Jehangir Khan, and Saif Ullah Khalid. "Theory and Practice of Understanding Corruption in Pakistan: Case Study of National Accountability Bureau, KPK." The Pakistan Development Review (2016): 361-377.
Ali Maulida et al. “Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam Perspektif Hukum Indonesia dan Pidana Islam.” Al-Mashlahah: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial Islam 8, No. 1 (2020): 43–61.
Ali, Zulfiqar. "Pakistan’s National Accountability Ordinance and the facilitation of corrupt practices." Contemporary South Asia 28, No. 1 (2020): 86-99.
Arief, Barda Nawawi. Pendekatan Keilmuan dan Pendekatan Religius Dalam Rangka Optimalisasi dan Reformasi Penegakan Hukum (Pidana) di Indonesia. (Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro, 2018).
Bahri, Syamsul. “Korupsi dalam Kajian Hukum Islam Corruption In Islamic Law.” Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 17, no. 3 (2015): 603-614.
Bangkok Post. “Thailand’s Corruption Standing Slides.” https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2253227/thailands-corruption-standing-slides, 2022.
Barlinti, Yeni Salma. “Harmonization of Islamic Law in National Legal System: A Comparative Study Between Indonesia Law and Malaysian Law.” Indonesia Law Review 1, No. 1 (2011): 35–51.
Basel Institute on Governance. “Andrew Dornbierer’s Quick Guide To Illicit Enrichment,” 2021.
Beesley, Celeste, and Darren Hawkins. “Corruption, Institutional Trust and Political Engagement in Peru.” World Development 151 (2022): 1–12.
Bikelis, Skirmantas. “Chasing Criminal Wealth: Broken Expectations for the Criminalization of Illicit Enrichment in Lithuania.” Journal of Money Laundering Control 25, No. 1 (2022): 95–96.
Demir, Firat, Chenghao Hu, Junyi Liu, and Hewei Shen. “Local Corruption, Total Factor Productivity and Firm Heterogeneity: Empirical Evidence From Chinese Manufacturing Firms.” World Development 151 (2022): 1–15.
Effendi, Erdianto, Zico Junius Fernando, Ariesta Wibisono Anditya, and M Jeffri Arlinandes Chandra. “Trading in Influence (Indonesia): A Critical Study.” Cogent Social Sciences 9, No. 1 (December 2023): 1–13.
Fauzia, Ana, and Fathul Hamdani. “Pembaharuan Hukum Penanganan Tindak Pidana Korupsi Oleh Korporasi Melalui Pengaturan Illicit Enrichment Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis 3, No. 7 (2022): 497–519.
Fernando, Zico Junius, et al. “Preventing Bribery in the Private Sector Through Legal Reform Based on Pancasila.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, No. 1 (2022): 1–14.
Hadi, Sadhono, Achmad Nurmandi, Trisno Rahardjo, and Ulung Pribadi. “Corruption of the Local Leaders in Indonesia: An Expository Study.” Jurnal Media Hukum 27, No. 2 (2020): 252–253.
Herlambang et al. “Kejahatan Memperkaya Diri Sendiri Secara Melawan Hukum (Illicit Enrichment) Dan Aparatur Sipil Negara: Sebuah Kajian Kritis.” RechtsVinding 11, No. 2 (2022): 247–64.
Ihsan, Muhammad. “Pencegahan Korupsi dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Jurnal Lex Justitia 1, No. 1 (2019): 101–12.
Jomaa Ahmed, Fethi B. “Corruption According to the Main Sources of Islam.” Intellectual Discourse 26, No. 1 (2018): 91–110.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Bribery and Corruption from a Shariah Perspective.” Islam and Civilisational Renewal 4, No. 2 (2013): 295–97.
Kassem, Rasha, and Andrew Higson. "Combating fraud: is Egypt ready? Insights from the literature." Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences 6, No. 5 (2015): 290-298.
Kristiawanto, Kristiawanto. Memahami Penelitian Hukum Normatif. (Jakarta: Prenada, 2022).
Lexology. “Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption: Thailand.” https://www.lexology.com/indepth/the-anti-bribery-and-anti-corruption-review/thailand#:~:text=In%202011%2C%20Thailand%20ratified%20the,so%20that%20they%20conform, 2022.
Maria Silvya E. Wangga et al. “Revocation of Political Rights of The Perpetrators of Criminal Acts of Corruption.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, No. 2 (2020): 282–283.
McIntyre, Jacqui Lyn, Duane Aslett, and Nico Buitendag. “Implementing Unexplained Wealth Orders in South Africa – What Are the Options?” Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2022, 85–98.
Michael, Bryane. "Anti-Corruption in the Turkey's EU Accession." Turkish Policy Quarterly 3, No. 4 (2004).
Muhammad, Noratikah, Azman Ng, and Zainal Amin Ayub. “The Legal Aspect of Illicit Enrichment In Malaysia: Is It a Crime to Be Rich?” UUM Journal of Legal Studies 1, No. 1 (2022): 267–93.
Mulyadi, Lilik. Tindak Pidana Korupsi Di Indonesia (Normatif, Teoritis, Praktik Dan Masalahnya). Bandung: PT Alumni, 2007.
Muzaki, Hanif. “Illicit Enrichment dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi.” Jurist-Diction 4, No. 4 (2021): 1431.
Muzila, Lindy, Eric and Yang, and Urbanavicius Saulius. “Investigation and Prosecution of Corruption: Bribery, Illicit Enrichment and Liability of Legal Persons.” OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, no. September (2012): 46–50.
Nabi, Hassan Abdulla, and Hashem Ismail Ibrahim. “The Islamic Approach to Preventing Corruption in Financial Transactions.” Journal of University of Raparin 9, No. 4 (2022): 485–512.
Nurdajana, IGM. Sistem Hukum Pidana dan Bahaya Laten Korupsi (Problematik Sistem Hukum Pidana dan Implikasinya Pada Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi). (Yogyakarta: Total Media, 2009).
Parnini, Syeda Naushin. "Governance reforms and anti-corruption commission in Bangladesh." Romanian Journal of Political Sciences 11, No. 1 (2011): 50-70.
Purwanto, Yedi, and Ridwan Fauzy. “Analisis Terhadap Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif dalam Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia.” Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam Ta’lim 15, No. 2 (2017).
Putra, Diky Anandya Kharystya, and Vidya Prahassacitta. “Tinjauan Atas Kriminalisasi Illicit Enrichment dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia: Studi Perbandingan dengan Australia.” Indonesia Criminal Law Review 1, No. 1 (2021): 43–59.
Ramadhan, Hilal Arya, Yusrizal, and Fauzah Nur Aksa. “Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam Persfektif Hukum Pidana dan Hukum Pidana Islam.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 4, No. 2 (2021): 21–29.
Rokhmad, Abu. “Institutions and Contributions to Islamic Law in Indonesia’s Legal System.” Walisongo Law Review (Walrev) 3, No. 1 (2021): 21–44.
Sahal, Sakinah. “Korupsi dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Et-Tijarie Jurnal Hukum dan Bisnis Syariah 1, No. 1 (2014): 61–73.
Sakib, Nurul Huda. "One size does not fit all: an analysis of the corruption preventative approach of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Political Science 27, No. 2 (2019): 211-234.
Statista. “Number of Reported Crime Cases for Bribery, Corruption or Fraud in Indonesia from 2012 to 2021.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/933720/indonesia-number-bribery-corruption-or-fraud-crimes/, 2023.
The Diplomat. “Illicit Enrichment Laws: Asia’s Ignored Anti-Corruption Weapon,” 2021.
The Tahrir Institute for Middle East. “Lebanon’s New Law on Illicit Enrichment: A Step Forward in Fighting Corruption?,” 2020.
Tulu, Diriba Adugna. “Rethinking the Penalty of Illicit Enrichment Crime in Ethiopia: Lessons from Comparative Analysis.” Hasanuddin Law Review 6, No. 3 (December 2020): 213–23.
Wahyudi, Sugeng. “Penal Policy on Assets Recovery on Corruption Cases in Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, No. 1 (2019): 47–72.
Wardhani, Lita Tyesta Addy Listya, Muhammad Dzikirullah H Noho, and Aga Natalis. “The Adoption of Various Legal Systems in Indonesia: An Effort to Initiate the Prismatic Mixed Legal Systems.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, No. 1 (December 2022): 1–21.
Weisel, Ori, and Shaul Shalvi. “Moral Currencies: Explaining Corrupt Collaboration.” Current Opinion in Psychology 44 (2022): 272–73.
Widiastuti, Tika, Kusuma Chandra Kirana, Ririn Tri Ratnasari, Taqiyah Dinda Insani, and Anidah Robani. “Measuring the Corruption Measurement Model (CMM) Based on Maqasid Shariah Framework.” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews 7, No. 2 (2019): 282–86.
World Atlas. “Major Religions In Thailand.” https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-thailand.html, 2018.
Yang, Hao, Qiusheng Zhang, Xiaofang Zhao, and Zhongchao Wang. “Does Political Corruption Affect Mergers And Acquisitions Decisions? Evidence From China.” International Review of Economics and Finance 78, No. December 2021 (2022): 248–66.
Zhang, Yahong. "What can we learn from worldwide anti-corruption practices?." Government anti-corruption strategies: A cross-cultural perspective. (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2015), pp. 247-259.