Balancing Civil and Political Rights: Constitutional Court Powers in Indonesia and Austria
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Published
Dec 12, 2023
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Abstract
This study focuses on analyzing the role and challenges faced by the Constitutional Court in upholding political and civil rights in Indonesia and Austria. This research explores various conceptual and comparative aspects of law through normative research methods and delves deeper into how these institutions operate in practice. Analysis shows that the Constitutional Courts in both countries serve as the primary guardians of justice and human rights. However, it must also operate in a complex environment, dealing with social, political, and international challenges. The study found that changes in laws and regulations have significant potential to strengthen the authority and effectiveness of the Constitutional Court. This is reflected in the constitutional evolution in both countries, where legal and regulatory reforms have played an important role in shaping and defining the authority of the Constitutional Court. This study confirms the importance of increasing the capacity and legal knowledge of members of the Constitutional Court, as well as the need for greater understanding and appreciation from the public of this institution's vital role and function. This research contributes to understanding how constitutional institutions can adapt and evolve to meet challenges in enforcing political and civil rights.
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How to Cite
Razak, A., Muhtar, M., Rivera, K. M., & Saragih, G. M. (2023). Balancing Civil and Political Rights: Constitutional Court Powers in Indonesia and Austria. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(2), 1311-1360. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i2.70717
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Research Articles
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References
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Heller, Kurt. Outline of Austrian Constitutional Law (Brill Archive, 1989).
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Isra, Saldi. “Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Penguatan Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia,” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 3 (2014): 409–27.
Kairys, David. “Civil Rights,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, vol. 3 (Elsevier, 2015), 686–90, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2405620.
Kieber, Stefan and Reinhard Klaushofer, "The Austrian Constitutional Court Post Case-Law After the Landmark Decision on Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", European Public Law 23, no. 2 (2017).
Kommers, Donald P. and Russell A. Miller, "The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany", Thesis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395386.
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Lagi, Sara. “Hans Kelsen and the Austrian Constitutional Court (1918-1929),” Co-Herencia 9, no. 16 (2012): 273-295. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.9.16.10.
Lachmayer, Konrad. "The Constitution of Austria in International Constitutional Networks: Pluralism, Dialogues and Diversity", in Anneli Albi and Samo Bardutzky eds., National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports (London: Springer Nature, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-273-6_27.
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Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Kewenangan MK Menyelesaikan Sengketa Pilkada Bersifat Permanen, https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=18566&menu=2 (last visited Jun 25, 2023).
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Mietzner, Marcus. “Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court,” Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 3 (2010): 397-424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800003672.
Mietzner, Marcus. "Fighting illiberalism with illiberalism: Islamist populism and democratic deconsolidation in Indonesia", Pacific Affairs 91, no. 2 (2018): 261-282.
Mexsasai Indra, Geofani Milthree Saragih, and Mohamad hidayat Muhtar, “Kekuatan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Di Indonesia,” Jurnal Konstitusi 20, no. 2 (2023): 279–99.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Diskursus Judicial Activism vs Judicial Restraint (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2021).
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Pompe, Sebastiaan. The Indonesian Supreme Court: a study of institutional collapse. No. 39. SEAP Publications, 2005.
Posner, Michael H. and Peter J. Spiro, "Adding Teeth to United States Ratification of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The International Human Rights Conformity Act of 1993", DePaul Law Review 42, no. 4 (1992): 1209.
Republic of Austria, Constitutional Court Act 1953, (1953).
Republic of Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, (1945).
Rotman, Anna. "Benin’s constitutional court: An institutional model for guaranteeing human rights", Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 (2004)
Saragih, Geofani Milthree. "Kewenangan Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XX/2022", Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia 2, no. 2 (2023): 129-140.
Siahaan, Maruarar. Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Jakarta: Sekretarit Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2010)
Sweet, Alec Stone. Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (London: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Sulaiman, King Faisal. Teori dan Hukum Konstitusi (Jakarta: Nusamedia, 2019).
Surkati, H. Acmad. "Kedudukan Dan Wewenang Mahkamah Konstitusi Ditinjau dari Konsep Demokrasi Konstitusional Studi Perbandingan di Tiga Negara (Indonesia, Jerman, dan Thailand)", Jurnal Equality 11, no. 1 (2006): 42-46
Sukirno, Sukirno and Nur Adhim, "Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016 pada Masyarakat Adat Karuhun Urang di Cigugur", Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 20, no. 1 (2020): 11-24.
Szydlo, Marek. "Principles underlying independence of national data protection authorities: Commission v. Austria." Common Market Law Review 50, no. 6 (2013).
Temperman, Jeroen. “The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the “Right to Be Protected against Incitement",” Journal of Law, Religion and State 7, no. 1 (2019): 89–103.
Tobroni, Faiq. "Menguatkan Hak Masyarakat Adat Atas Hutan Adat (Studi Putusan MK Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012)", Jurnal Konstitusi 10, no. 3 (2013): 461-482.
van Middelaar, Luuk. Alarums and Excursions Improvising Politics on the European Stage (Columbia University Press, 2020).
Vinx, Lars. “Hans Kelsen and the Material Constitution of Democracy,” Jurisprudence 12, no. 4 (2021): 466-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2021.1921493.
Vinx, Lars. Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law: Legality and Legitimacy, Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law: Legality and Legitimacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227952.001.0001.
Wijaya, Ahmad and Nasran Nasran. “Comparison Of Judicial Review: A Critical Approach To The Model In Several Countries,” JURNAL LEGALITAS 14, no. 2 (2021), https://doi.org/10.33756/jelta.v14i2.11809.
Williams, Dorothy Giles, and Earl R. Babbie, “The Practice of Social Research.,” Contemporary Sociology 5, no. 2 (1976). https://doi.org/10.2307/2062956.
Afiff, Suraya and Celia Lowe, "Claiming indigenous community: Political discourse and natural resource rights in Indonesia", Alternatives 32, no. 1 (2007): 73-97.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Model-Model Pengujian Konstitusional di Berbagai Negara (Jakarta: KonPress, 2005).
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia (Jakarta: SInar Grafika, 2021).
Außenministerium der Republik Österreich, European Policy, https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/european-foreign-policy/european-policy/ (last visited Jun 27, 2023).
Austrian Parliamentary Administration. Parliaments and Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Report through the Lens of Parliamentary Practice. (Austrian Parliamentary Administration ed., 2022).
Baldwin, Clive. "The European court’s hidden but hopeful message on same-sex marriage", The Guardian, Jun. 29, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jun/29/europe-rules-same-sex-marriage-austria (last visited Jun 27, 2023).
Bantekas, Ilias, and Oette Lutz, International Human Rights Law and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Besselink, Leonard FM. "National and constitutional identity before and after Lisbon", Utrecht Law Review 6, no. 3 (2010): 36-49.
Bernstein, David. "The Supreme Court and" Civil Rights," 1886-1908", The Yale Law Journal 100, no. 3 (1990): 725-744
Bezemek, Christoph. "A Kelsenian Model of Constitutional Adjudication - The Austrian Constitutional Court", Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 67 (2012): 115-128.
Butt, Simon Andrew. "Judicial Review in Indonesia: Between Civil Law and Accountability?: A Study of Constitutional Court Decisions 2003-2005", Dissertation (Melbourne: University of Melbourne, Department of Law, 2006).
Butt, Simon and Timothy Lindsey, The Constitution of Indonesia: A Contextual Analysis (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
Bussani, Mauro, and Ugo Mattei, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang. Constitutional and Political Theory: Selected Writings, Oxford Constitutional Theory (Oxford: OUP, 2017).
Cammack, Mark, and Timothy Lindsey, “Indonesia: Law and Society,” Indonesia 68 (1999), https://doi.org/10.2307/3351303.
Chirembo, Doreen. “A Critical Analysis of The Relationship Between Civil, Political Rights And Good Governance”, Thesis. (Zambia: Cavendish University, 2020).
Conway, Gerard. The Limits of Legal Reasoning and the European Court of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Claes, Monica. "Luxembourg, Here We Come? Constitutional Courts and the Preliminary Reference Procedure", German Law Journal 16, no. 6 (2015): 1331-1342.
Currie, David P. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Cocoli, Isabela. Austria’s Highest Court Overturns Presidential Election Results, VOA (2016), https://www.voanews.com/a/austria-cancels-presidential-election-results/3400020.html (last visited Jun 27, 2023).
Corkin, Nicola Christine. “Developments in Abstract Judicial Review in Austria, Italy and Germany,” Thesis. (Birmingham: Birmingham University, 2011).
Etra, Agusniwan. "Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Perlindungan Hak Pilih dalam Negara Hukum Demokratis", Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 2 (2022): 479-502.
Faber, Ronald. "The Austrian Constitutional Court–An Overview", ICL Journal 2, no. 1 (2008): 49-53.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. "The protection of civil and political rights by the constitutional court of Indonesia", Indonesia Law Review 6, no. 2 (2016): 159-179. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v6n2.230.
France 24, "Austria becomes first EU country to ban weedkiller glyphosate", France 24 (2019), https://www.france24.com/en/20190702-austria-divided-over-glyphosate-ban-weedkiller-cancer (last visited Jun 20, 2023).
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1975).
Fuchs, Claudia. "Kinderrechte in der Verfassung: Das BVG über die Rechte von Kindern", Jahrbuch Öffentliches Recht (2011): 91-101.Garciandia, Rosana. The Inter-State Application under the European Convention on Human Rights: Between Collective Enforcement of Human Rights and International Dispute Settlement. (Brill Nijhoff, 2020).
Hamidi, Jazim, and Mustafa Lutfi, "Constitutional Question (Antara Realitas Politik dan Implementasi Hukumnya)", Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 1 (2010): 29-48.
Harding, Andrew. “Constitution Brief The Fundamentals of Constitutional Courts,” International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), no. April (2017).
Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. "The Austrian Constitutional Court: Kelsen’s Creation and Federalism’s Contribution?", Fédéralisme Régionalisme 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.25518/1374-3864.1671
Heller, Kurt. Outline of Austrian Constitutional Law (Brill Archive, 1989).
Human Rights Watch, Indonesia: Events of 2020, in WORLD REPORT 2021 (2020), https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/indonesia.
Isra, Saldi. “Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Penguatan Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia,” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 3 (2014): 409–27.
Kairys, David. “Civil Rights,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, vol. 3 (Elsevier, 2015), 686–90, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2405620.
Kieber, Stefan and Reinhard Klaushofer, "The Austrian Constitutional Court Post Case-Law After the Landmark Decision on Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", European Public Law 23, no. 2 (2017).
Kommers, Donald P. and Russell A. Miller, "The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany", Thesis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395386.
Kothari, Chakravanti Rajagopalachari. Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques (New Delhi: New Age International, 2004).
Lagi, Sara. “Hans Kelsen and the Austrian Constitutional Court (1918-1929),” Co-Herencia 9, no. 16 (2012): 273-295. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.9.16.10.
Lachmayer, Konrad. "The Constitution of Austria in International Constitutional Networks: Pluralism, Dialogues and Diversity", in Anneli Albi and Samo Bardutzky eds., National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports (London: Springer Nature, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-273-6_27.
Mahfud MD, Moh. Konstitusi dan Hukum dalam Kontroversi Isu (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2009)
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Rencana Strategis Mahkamah Konstitusi Tahun 2020-2024, (2020).
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Bukan Rezim Pemilu, Kewenangan MK Memutus Sengketa Hasil Pemilukada Inkonstitusional, https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=9905 (last visited Jun 25, 2023).
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Kewenangan MK Menyelesaikan Sengketa Pilkada Bersifat Permanen, https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=18566&menu=2 (last visited Jun 25, 2023).
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Palguna: Pilkada Ciptakan Demokrasi Rakyat di Daerah, https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=10794 (last visited Jun 25, 2023).
Mardatillah, Aida. "Pengujian UU ‘Berbau’ Politik Mendominasi di MK", Hukum Online (2018), https://hukumonline.com/berita/a/2018--pengujian-uu-berbau-politik-mendominasi-di-mk-lt5c41b829c5048/ (last visited Jun 20, 2023).
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum (Jakarta: Kencana Preneda Media Group, 2013).
Mietzner, Marcus. “Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court,” Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 3 (2010): 397-424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800003672.
Mietzner, Marcus. "Fighting illiberalism with illiberalism: Islamist populism and democratic deconsolidation in Indonesia", Pacific Affairs 91, no. 2 (2018): 261-282.
Mexsasai Indra, Geofani Milthree Saragih, and Mohamad hidayat Muhtar, “Kekuatan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Di Indonesia,” Jurnal Konstitusi 20, no. 2 (2023): 279–99.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Diskursus Judicial Activism vs Judicial Restraint (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2021).
Örücü, Esin, The Enigma of Comparative Law: Variations on a Theme for the Twenty-First Century, The Enigma of Comparative Law: Variations on a Theme for the Twenty-First Century (London: BRILL, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047413578.
Palguna, Dewa Gede. Mahkamah Konstitusi: Dasar Pemikiran, Kewenangan, dan Perbandingan dengan Negara Lain (Jakarta: KonPress, 2018).
Pompe, Sebastiaan. The Indonesian Supreme Court: a study of institutional collapse. No. 39. SEAP Publications, 2005.
Posner, Michael H. and Peter J. Spiro, "Adding Teeth to United States Ratification of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The International Human Rights Conformity Act of 1993", DePaul Law Review 42, no. 4 (1992): 1209.
Republic of Austria, Constitutional Court Act 1953, (1953).
Republic of Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, (1945).
Rotman, Anna. "Benin’s constitutional court: An institutional model for guaranteeing human rights", Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 (2004)
Saragih, Geofani Milthree. "Kewenangan Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XX/2022", Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia 2, no. 2 (2023): 129-140.
Siahaan, Maruarar. Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Jakarta: Sekretarit Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2010)
Sweet, Alec Stone. Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (London: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Sulaiman, King Faisal. Teori dan Hukum Konstitusi (Jakarta: Nusamedia, 2019).
Surkati, H. Acmad. "Kedudukan Dan Wewenang Mahkamah Konstitusi Ditinjau dari Konsep Demokrasi Konstitusional Studi Perbandingan di Tiga Negara (Indonesia, Jerman, dan Thailand)", Jurnal Equality 11, no. 1 (2006): 42-46
Sukirno, Sukirno and Nur Adhim, "Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016 pada Masyarakat Adat Karuhun Urang di Cigugur", Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 20, no. 1 (2020): 11-24.
Szydlo, Marek. "Principles underlying independence of national data protection authorities: Commission v. Austria." Common Market Law Review 50, no. 6 (2013).
Temperman, Jeroen. “The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the “Right to Be Protected against Incitement",” Journal of Law, Religion and State 7, no. 1 (2019): 89–103.
Tobroni, Faiq. "Menguatkan Hak Masyarakat Adat Atas Hutan Adat (Studi Putusan MK Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012)", Jurnal Konstitusi 10, no. 3 (2013): 461-482.
van Middelaar, Luuk. Alarums and Excursions Improvising Politics on the European Stage (Columbia University Press, 2020).
Vinx, Lars. “Hans Kelsen and the Material Constitution of Democracy,” Jurisprudence 12, no. 4 (2021): 466-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2021.1921493.
Vinx, Lars. Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law: Legality and Legitimacy, Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law: Legality and Legitimacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227952.001.0001.
Wijaya, Ahmad and Nasran Nasran. “Comparison Of Judicial Review: A Critical Approach To The Model In Several Countries,” JURNAL LEGALITAS 14, no. 2 (2021), https://doi.org/10.33756/jelta.v14i2.11809.
Williams, Dorothy Giles, and Earl R. Babbie, “The Practice of Social Research.,” Contemporary Sociology 5, no. 2 (1976). https://doi.org/10.2307/2062956.