Surrogate Mother Agreement and the Effect on Children's Status Born
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Published
Jan 26, 2020
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Abstract
That surrogate mother is one of the IVF techniques (fertilization in vitro), the seeds must come from the husband and wife pair and then put in the womb of another woman. After the child is born another woman is obliged to give the child to a married couple who ordered the agreed agreement. In this research, the author aims to find out how the validity of the agreement surrogate mother and what is the legal status of children born from agreements surrogate mother. Agreement is asomething that someone or some people commit themselves to someone or some people who tie themselves to others, and while Legitimate children are children born in or due to a legal marriage. The theory used (statue approach) by examining all regulatory laws. Results of research on the validity of the agreement surrogate mother, the agreement is invalid because it is based on the fourth condition in terms of the validity of an agreement Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata that is, due to "the existence of halal reasons" and as for the status of the child from the status of the child who was born that the child is the child of a surrogate who already conceived and gave birth to her.
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How to Cite
Al Yadainy, F. A. (2020). Surrogate Mother Agreement and the Effect on Children’s Status Born. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(2), 311-324. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i2.35418
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Review Article
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
References
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Amiruddin, & Asikin, Z. (2006). Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Arieh, R., Morey, S., Deborah, S., Dafna, K., Raphael, R.-E., & Shevach, F. (2005). Eight years’ experience with an IVF surrogate gestational pregnancy programme. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 11(2), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60966-2
Banerjee, S., & Basu, S. (2009). Rent a womb: Surrogate selection, investment incentives and contracting. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 69(3), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.10.003
Bibler, T. M., & Miller, S. M. (2019). “What if she was your mother?†Toward better responses. Journal of Critical Care, 49, 155–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.10.031
Blake, L., Carone, N., Slutsky, J., Raffanello, E., Ehrhardt, A. A., & Golombok, S. (2016). Gay father surrogacy families: relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children’s origins. Fertility and Sterility, 106(6), 1503–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.013
Burrell, C., & Edozien, L. C. (2014). Surrogacy in modern obstetric practice. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 19(5), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2014.08.004
Byrne, J. P., & Congdon, E. A. (1999). Mothering in the Casa Datini. Journal of Medieval History, 25(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00018-9
Carone, N., Baiocco, R., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Italian gay fathers’ experiences of transnational surrogacy and their relationship with the surrogate pre- and post-birth. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 34(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.10.010
Cranfield, M. R., Berger, N. G., Kempske, S., Bavister, B. D., Boatman, D. E., & Ialeggio, D. M. (1992). Macaque monkey birth following transfer of in vitro fertilized, frozen-thawed embryos to a surrogate mother. Theriogenology, 37(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90266-t
Dey, S. (2016). The New Surrogacy Bill 2016: Is exclusion the only form of effective regulation? Journal of Reproductive Health and Medicine, 2, S3–S6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.11.005
Giacalone, P. L., Laffargue, F., Bénos, P., Dechaud, H., & Hédon, B. (2001). Successful in vitro fertilization-surrogate pregnancy in a patient with ovarian transposition who had undergone chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation. Fertility and Sterility, 76(2), 388–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01895-7
Hanlon, T. E., Blatchley, R. J., Bennett-Sears, T., O’Grady, K. E., Rose, M., & Callaman, J. M. (2005). Vulnerability of children of incarcerated addict mothers: Implications for preventive intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.07.004
Headd, B., & Bradford, S. A. (2016). Use of aerobic spores as a surrogate for cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies. Water Research, 90, 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.024
Hickman, R. L., Daly, B. J., Clochesy, J. M., O’Brien, J., & Leuchtag, M. (2016). Leveraging the lived experience of surrogate decision makers of the seriously ill to develop a decision support intervention. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.10.012
HS, S. (2007). Perkembangan Hukum Kontrak diluar KUH Perdata. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Imrie, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2012). The long-term psychological health of surrogate mothers and their families. Fertility and Sterility, 98(3), S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1066
Irianto, K. (2014). Biologi Reproduksi (Reproductive Biology). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Judiasih, S. D. (2016). Aspek Hukum Sewa Rahim dalam Perspektif Hukum Indonesia. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Kogan, Е., Rudenko, E., Demura, T., Zharkov, N. V., Trifonova, N. S., Zhukova, E. V., … Bayanova, S. N. (2019). Structural, immunohistochemical and molecular features of placentas and placental sites after in vitro fertilization with donor eggs (surrogate motherhood). European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 238, 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.05.006
Kristinsson, S. (2016). Legalizing altruistic surrogacy in response to evasive travel? An Icelandic proposal. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online, 3(July 2015), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2016.12.003
Marzuki, P. M. (2016). Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Morin, V. I., Tsang, P. W., Pugash, D. S., & Wilson, R. D. (1999). Post-menopausal Surrogate Motherhood: A Case Report. Journal SOGC, 21(13), 1252–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0849-5831(16)30476-1
Pizitz, T. D., McCullaugh, J., & Rabin, A. (2013). Do women who choose to become surrogate mothers have different psychological profiles compared to a normative female sample? Women and Birth, 26(1), e15–e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.06.003
Poursafa, P., Baradaran-Mahdavi, S., Moradi, B., Haghjooy Javanmard, S., Tajadini, M., Mehrabian, F., & Kelishadi, R. (2016). The relationship of exposure to air pollutants in pregnancy with surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in umbilical cord. Environmental Research, 146, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.018
Ratman, D. (2012). Surrogate Mother dalam Perspektif Etika dan Hukum: Bolehkah Sewa Rahim di Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Reame, N. E. (1991). The surrogate mother as a high-risk obstetric patient. Women’s Health Issues, 1(3), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80122-7
Rulsan, F. F. A. (2017). Status Kewarisan Anak Hasil Sewa Rahim (Surrogate Mother) dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin.
Shenoy, S., Desai, G., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2019). Parenting in mothers with schizophrenia and its relation to facial emotion recognition deficits- a case control study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(January), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.022
Soekanto, S. (1986). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Stöbel-Richter, Y., Goldschmidt, S., Brähler, E., Weidner, K., & Beutel, M. (2009). Egg donation, surrogate mothering, and cloning: attitudes of men and women in Germany based on a representative survey. Fertility and Sterility, 92(1), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.05.015
Teman, E. (2008). The social construction of surrogacy research: An anthropological critique of the psychosocial scholarship on surrogate motherhood. Social Science and Medicine, 67(7), 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.026
Yee, S., Goodman, C. V., & Librach, C. L. (2019). Determinants of gestational surrogates’ satisfaction in relation to the characteristics of surrogacy cases. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.001
Yee, S., Hemalal, S., & Librach, C. L. (2019). “Not my child to give awayâ€: A qualitative analysis of gestational surrogates’ experiences. Women and Birth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.02.003
Yilmaz, B., Vellanki, P., Ata, B., & Yildiz, B. O. (2018). Metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 109(2), 356-364.e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.10.018
Zerr, A. A., Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., McCabe, K. M., & Yeh, M. (2019). Household composition and maltreatment allegations in the US: Deconstructing the at-risk single mother family. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97(April), 104123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104123
Ziaei, F., Ziaei, T., & Ghobadi, K. (2009). O1059 Known or unknown surrogate mother - secrecy or openness. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 107, S394–S395. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(09)61432-6
Amiruddin, & Asikin, Z. (2006). Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Arieh, R., Morey, S., Deborah, S., Dafna, K., Raphael, R.-E., & Shevach, F. (2005). Eight years’ experience with an IVF surrogate gestational pregnancy programme. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 11(2), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60966-2
Banerjee, S., & Basu, S. (2009). Rent a womb: Surrogate selection, investment incentives and contracting. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 69(3), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.10.003
Bibler, T. M., & Miller, S. M. (2019). “What if she was your mother?†Toward better responses. Journal of Critical Care, 49, 155–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.10.031
Blake, L., Carone, N., Slutsky, J., Raffanello, E., Ehrhardt, A. A., & Golombok, S. (2016). Gay father surrogacy families: relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children’s origins. Fertility and Sterility, 106(6), 1503–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.013
Burrell, C., & Edozien, L. C. (2014). Surrogacy in modern obstetric practice. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 19(5), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2014.08.004
Byrne, J. P., & Congdon, E. A. (1999). Mothering in the Casa Datini. Journal of Medieval History, 25(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00018-9
Carone, N., Baiocco, R., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Italian gay fathers’ experiences of transnational surrogacy and their relationship with the surrogate pre- and post-birth. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 34(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.10.010
Cranfield, M. R., Berger, N. G., Kempske, S., Bavister, B. D., Boatman, D. E., & Ialeggio, D. M. (1992). Macaque monkey birth following transfer of in vitro fertilized, frozen-thawed embryos to a surrogate mother. Theriogenology, 37(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90266-t
Dey, S. (2016). The New Surrogacy Bill 2016: Is exclusion the only form of effective regulation? Journal of Reproductive Health and Medicine, 2, S3–S6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.11.005
Giacalone, P. L., Laffargue, F., Bénos, P., Dechaud, H., & Hédon, B. (2001). Successful in vitro fertilization-surrogate pregnancy in a patient with ovarian transposition who had undergone chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation. Fertility and Sterility, 76(2), 388–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01895-7
Hanlon, T. E., Blatchley, R. J., Bennett-Sears, T., O’Grady, K. E., Rose, M., & Callaman, J. M. (2005). Vulnerability of children of incarcerated addict mothers: Implications for preventive intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.07.004
Headd, B., & Bradford, S. A. (2016). Use of aerobic spores as a surrogate for cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies. Water Research, 90, 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.024
Hickman, R. L., Daly, B. J., Clochesy, J. M., O’Brien, J., & Leuchtag, M. (2016). Leveraging the lived experience of surrogate decision makers of the seriously ill to develop a decision support intervention. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.10.012
HS, S. (2007). Perkembangan Hukum Kontrak diluar KUH Perdata. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Imrie, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2012). The long-term psychological health of surrogate mothers and their families. Fertility and Sterility, 98(3), S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1066
Irianto, K. (2014). Biologi Reproduksi (Reproductive Biology). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Judiasih, S. D. (2016). Aspek Hukum Sewa Rahim dalam Perspektif Hukum Indonesia. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Kogan, Е., Rudenko, E., Demura, T., Zharkov, N. V., Trifonova, N. S., Zhukova, E. V., … Bayanova, S. N. (2019). Structural, immunohistochemical and molecular features of placentas and placental sites after in vitro fertilization with donor eggs (surrogate motherhood). European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 238, 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.05.006
Kristinsson, S. (2016). Legalizing altruistic surrogacy in response to evasive travel? An Icelandic proposal. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online, 3(July 2015), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2016.12.003
Marzuki, P. M. (2016). Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Morin, V. I., Tsang, P. W., Pugash, D. S., & Wilson, R. D. (1999). Post-menopausal Surrogate Motherhood: A Case Report. Journal SOGC, 21(13), 1252–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0849-5831(16)30476-1
Pizitz, T. D., McCullaugh, J., & Rabin, A. (2013). Do women who choose to become surrogate mothers have different psychological profiles compared to a normative female sample? Women and Birth, 26(1), e15–e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.06.003
Poursafa, P., Baradaran-Mahdavi, S., Moradi, B., Haghjooy Javanmard, S., Tajadini, M., Mehrabian, F., & Kelishadi, R. (2016). The relationship of exposure to air pollutants in pregnancy with surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in umbilical cord. Environmental Research, 146, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.018
Ratman, D. (2012). Surrogate Mother dalam Perspektif Etika dan Hukum: Bolehkah Sewa Rahim di Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Reame, N. E. (1991). The surrogate mother as a high-risk obstetric patient. Women’s Health Issues, 1(3), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80122-7
Rulsan, F. F. A. (2017). Status Kewarisan Anak Hasil Sewa Rahim (Surrogate Mother) dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin.
Shenoy, S., Desai, G., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2019). Parenting in mothers with schizophrenia and its relation to facial emotion recognition deficits- a case control study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(January), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.022
Soekanto, S. (1986). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Stöbel-Richter, Y., Goldschmidt, S., Brähler, E., Weidner, K., & Beutel, M. (2009). Egg donation, surrogate mothering, and cloning: attitudes of men and women in Germany based on a representative survey. Fertility and Sterility, 92(1), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.05.015
Teman, E. (2008). The social construction of surrogacy research: An anthropological critique of the psychosocial scholarship on surrogate motherhood. Social Science and Medicine, 67(7), 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.026
Yee, S., Goodman, C. V., & Librach, C. L. (2019). Determinants of gestational surrogates’ satisfaction in relation to the characteristics of surrogacy cases. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.001
Yee, S., Hemalal, S., & Librach, C. L. (2019). “Not my child to give awayâ€: A qualitative analysis of gestational surrogates’ experiences. Women and Birth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.02.003
Yilmaz, B., Vellanki, P., Ata, B., & Yildiz, B. O. (2018). Metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 109(2), 356-364.e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.10.018
Zerr, A. A., Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., McCabe, K. M., & Yeh, M. (2019). Household composition and maltreatment allegations in the US: Deconstructing the at-risk single mother family. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97(April), 104123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104123
Ziaei, F., Ziaei, T., & Ghobadi, K. (2009). O1059 Known or unknown surrogate mother - secrecy or openness. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 107, S394–S395. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(09)61432-6