Freedom and Restriction of Opinion and Expression in Modern Indonesian Poem Seen from Levinson’s Pragmatics
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Nov 27, 2021
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Abstract
We revisited Wiji Thukul’s poetry from normative and constructivist theories to find the scope of freedom and restriction of opinion and expression through various forms of literary works. We applied stylistic perspective of Jeffries and McIntyre (2010) by involving three of Wiji Thukul's poems, namely Aku Menuntut Perubahan, Sajak Suara, and Puisi Sikap. In their stylistic concept, Jeffries and McIntyre (2010) also have a tendency towards the fields of Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics which emphasized more on speech. Levinson’s Pragmatic approach (1983) connected pragmatics with human aspects, namely psychology, biology, and sociology that were inherent in sign. Therefore, as a symbol (sign) in a literary work, every word and speech were identical and closely related to these three aspects. We perceived that the choice of words in WIji Thukul's poetry aimed to create a threat to the power by the New Order, carried out a protest against the policies and actions of the New Order, made an allusion about the power of the New Order, and denigrated and isolated the New Order. Thus, Wiji Thukul's poetry was a combination and communication between psychological and biological aspects of the author as well as the sociology of society.
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References
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Derry, S. (2020). Diction in context: Singing in English, Italian, German, and French, First Edition. Voice and Speech Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268263.2020.1827533.
Figlerowicz, M. (2016). Margin and freedom: The space of world literature seen from the Basque country and Catalonia. Journal of European Studies, 46, 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244116664641.
Fitriana, D.N. (2017). Identitas budaya dalam novel kembar keempat karya Sekar Ayu Asmara: Kajian postmodernisme. Academica: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 81–93. Retrieved from http://ejournal.iainsurakarta.ac.id/index.php/academica/article/view/770.
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Marwandianto, N.H.A. (2020). Hak atas kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi dalam koridor penerapan pasal 310 dan 311 KUHP. Jurnal HAM, 11(1), 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2020.11.1-25.
Muttaqin, F. (2014). Politik lokal versus global seksualitas dan gender perdebatan di era post-Soeharto. LAKON, 3(1), 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v3i1.1925.
Nasution, L. (2020). Hak kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi dalam ruang publik di era digital. ‘Adalah: Buletin Hukum & Keadilan, 4(3), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i3.16200.
Nurgiyantoro, B. (2018). Teori pengkajian fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Oksinata, H. (2010). Kritik Sosial Dalam Kumpulan Puisi Aku Ingin Jadi Peluru Karya Wiji Thukul (Kajian Resepsi Sastra). Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Recanati, F. (2003). Literal Meaning. France: Institut Jean-Nicod.
Redaksi Tempo. (2003). Teka-teki Wiji Thukul. Jakarta: TEMPO.
Ricklefs, M.C. (1981). Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2008 (A History of Modern Indonesian Since c. 1200). Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
Rokhmansyah, A. (2014). Studi dan Pengkajian Sastra. Perkenalan Awal terhadap Ilmu Sastra. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Roqib, M., Putra, H.A.S., Noris, A., Ambarita, H.A. (2020). Hak atas kebebasan berekspresi dan berpendapat di Indonesia dengan di Amerika Serikat. Perspektif Hukum, 20(1), 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/phj.v20i1.238.
Rosyada, D., Azyumardy, A., Rozak, A. (2003). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education): Demokrasi, Hak Asasi Manusia, dan Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: ICCE UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Sriwahyuni, I., Yasnur, A. (2020). Kritik sosial dalam novel nayla karya Djenar Maesa Ayu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 9(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.24036/108268-019883.
Subandiyah, H. (2013). Pengantar Sejarah Sastra Indonesia. Yogyakarta: CV. Pustaka Ilalang Group.
Sudibyo, A. (1998). De-soekarnoisasi dalam wacana resmi orde baru: Kilas-balik praktek-praktek rekayasa kebenaran dan wacana sejarah oleh rejim orde baru. JSP, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11156.
Sukirman. (2015). Aspek-aspek psikologi dalam novel tetralogi laskar pelangi karya Andrea Hirata. BASTRA, 2(1), 93–104. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228862809.pdf.
Suparno, D. (2016). Deiksis dalam nazam tarekat karya K.H. Ahmad Ar-Rifai Kalisalak tinjauan pragmatik. DIALEKTIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 3(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.15408/dialektika.v3i2.5183.
Tahiri, L., Muhaxheri, N. (2021). Linguistic criticism of the interior monologue in fiction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 2), 899-910. Retrieved from https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/2156.
Tjahjono, T. (2012). Melawan kekuasaan dengan puisi. ATAVISME, 15(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v15i1.47.49-58.
Triana, H.W., Kustati, M., Yusuf, Y.Q., Reflinaldi, R. (2021). The representation of women in covid-19 discourses: The analysis of Sara Mills' critical discourse on media coverage. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 1), 553-569. Retrieved from https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/2043.
Turney, P., Neuman, Y., Assaf, D., Cohen, Y. (2011) Literal and metaphorical sense identification through concrete and abstract context. In: Proceedings of The 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 680-690). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Wibowo, A.S. (2004). Gaya Filsafat Nietzsche. Yogyakarta: Galang Press.
Wicaksono, A. (2014). Menulis Kreatif Sastra dan Beberapa Model Pembelajarannya. Yogyakarta: Garudhawaca.
Yanti, C.S. (2015). Religiositas Islam dalam novel ratu yang bersujud karya Amrizal Mochamad Mahdavi. Jurnal Humanika, 3(15), 1–15. Retrieved from http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/HUMANIKA/article/view/585.
Aras, G. (2015). Personality and individual differences: literature in psychology- Psychology in Literature. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science. In: 3rd World Conference on Psychology and Sociology, WCPS- 2014. 185 (pp. 250-257). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.452.
Argenti, G. (2016). Tranformasi gerakan sosial ke partai politik: Kiprah politik partai rakyat demokratik di masa reformasi. Jurnal Wacana Politik, 1(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v1i2.11054.
Azizah, N., & Aquarisma, C. (2020). Diskursus kebebasan berpendapat dalam ranah publik: Studi kasus penerapan UU ITE terhadap kasus Ahmad Dhani. Jurnal Communitarian, 2(2), 270–298. Retrieved from https://www.ejurnal.ubk.ac.id/index.php/communitarian/article/view/128.
Cachola, I., Holgate, E., Preoţiuc-Pietro, D., Li, J.J. (2018). Expressively vulgar: The socio-dynamics of vulgarity and its effects on sentiment analysis in social media. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Lingustics (pp. 2927–2938). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1248.
Daldal, A. (2014). Power and ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A comparative analysis. Review of History and Political Science, 2(2), 149–167. Retrieved from https://michel-foucault.com/2015/08/02/power-and-ideology-in-michel-foucault-and-antonio-gramsci-a-comparative-analysis-2014/.
Derry, S. (2020). Diction in context: Singing in English, Italian, German, and French, First Edition. Voice and Speech Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268263.2020.1827533.
Figlerowicz, M. (2016). Margin and freedom: The space of world literature seen from the Basque country and Catalonia. Journal of European Studies, 46, 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244116664641.
Fitriana, D.N. (2017). Identitas budaya dalam novel kembar keempat karya Sekar Ayu Asmara: Kajian postmodernisme. Academica: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 81–93. Retrieved from http://ejournal.iainsurakarta.ac.id/index.php/academica/article/view/770.
Hadi, D.W., & Kasuma, G. (2012). Propaganda orde baru 1966-1980. Verleden, 1, 40–50. Retrieved from http://www.journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/4_jurnal%20propaganda_dwiwahyonohadi.pdf.
Holis, M., Sulardi, S., Ishomuddin, I., In’am, A. (2019). Fenomena Guru Perspektif Fungsi & Identitas Sosial. Surabaya: CV. Jakad Publishing.
Ibrahim, J. (2002). Militer dan kapitalisme Ersatz: Bisnis ABRI pada masa orde baru. Humaniora, 14(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.765.
Idayatiningsih, R. Perlawanan terhadap dominasi kekuasaan dalam novel pasung jiwa karya Okky Madasari (Analisis wacana kritis). Lingua Franca: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 1(2), 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/lf.v1i2.560.
Jeffries, L., Mclntyre, D. (2010). Stylistics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, P. (2009). Pengantar Teori-Teori Sosial: Dari Fungsionalisme hingga Post-Modernisme. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Juanda. (2018). Nash-nash ideologis dalam novel wajah sebuah vagina karya Naning Pranoto: Perkenalan marxisme sastra. GENTA MULIA, 8(1), 64–74. Retrieved from https://ejournal.stkipbbm.ac.id/index.php/gm/article/view/130.
Kamilah, S., Gunatama, G., Setresna, I.B. (2016). Puisi siswa kelas VIII A MTs Al-Khairiyah Tegallinggah: Sebuah analisis struktur fisik dan batin puisi. e-Journal JPBSI Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 4(2), 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjpbs.v4i2.8084.
Kumral, N. (2013). Semiotic analysis of textual communication in snow by Julia Alvarez. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 9(2), 31-44. Retrieved from https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/158.
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Liere, L.v. (2010). Menghancurkan belenggu kekerasan: Teologi dan etika kristen di tengah tantangan globalisasi dan terorisme. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia.
Marwandianto, N.H.A. (2020). Hak atas kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi dalam koridor penerapan pasal 310 dan 311 KUHP. Jurnal HAM, 11(1), 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2020.11.1-25.
Muttaqin, F. (2014). Politik lokal versus global seksualitas dan gender perdebatan di era post-Soeharto. LAKON, 3(1), 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v3i1.1925.
Nasution, L. (2020). Hak kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi dalam ruang publik di era digital. ‘Adalah: Buletin Hukum & Keadilan, 4(3), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i3.16200.
Nurgiyantoro, B. (2018). Teori pengkajian fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Oksinata, H. (2010). Kritik Sosial Dalam Kumpulan Puisi Aku Ingin Jadi Peluru Karya Wiji Thukul (Kajian Resepsi Sastra). Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Recanati, F. (2003). Literal Meaning. France: Institut Jean-Nicod.
Redaksi Tempo. (2003). Teka-teki Wiji Thukul. Jakarta: TEMPO.
Ricklefs, M.C. (1981). Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2008 (A History of Modern Indonesian Since c. 1200). Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
Rokhmansyah, A. (2014). Studi dan Pengkajian Sastra. Perkenalan Awal terhadap Ilmu Sastra. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Roqib, M., Putra, H.A.S., Noris, A., Ambarita, H.A. (2020). Hak atas kebebasan berekspresi dan berpendapat di Indonesia dengan di Amerika Serikat. Perspektif Hukum, 20(1), 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/phj.v20i1.238.
Rosyada, D., Azyumardy, A., Rozak, A. (2003). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education): Demokrasi, Hak Asasi Manusia, dan Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: ICCE UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Sriwahyuni, I., Yasnur, A. (2020). Kritik sosial dalam novel nayla karya Djenar Maesa Ayu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 9(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.24036/108268-019883.
Subandiyah, H. (2013). Pengantar Sejarah Sastra Indonesia. Yogyakarta: CV. Pustaka Ilalang Group.
Sudibyo, A. (1998). De-soekarnoisasi dalam wacana resmi orde baru: Kilas-balik praktek-praktek rekayasa kebenaran dan wacana sejarah oleh rejim orde baru. JSP, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11156.
Sukirman. (2015). Aspek-aspek psikologi dalam novel tetralogi laskar pelangi karya Andrea Hirata. BASTRA, 2(1), 93–104. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228862809.pdf.
Suparno, D. (2016). Deiksis dalam nazam tarekat karya K.H. Ahmad Ar-Rifai Kalisalak tinjauan pragmatik. DIALEKTIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 3(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.15408/dialektika.v3i2.5183.
Tahiri, L., Muhaxheri, N. (2021). Linguistic criticism of the interior monologue in fiction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 2), 899-910. Retrieved from https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/2156.
Tjahjono, T. (2012). Melawan kekuasaan dengan puisi. ATAVISME, 15(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v15i1.47.49-58.
Triana, H.W., Kustati, M., Yusuf, Y.Q., Reflinaldi, R. (2021). The representation of women in covid-19 discourses: The analysis of Sara Mills' critical discourse on media coverage. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 1), 553-569. Retrieved from https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/2043.
Turney, P., Neuman, Y., Assaf, D., Cohen, Y. (2011) Literal and metaphorical sense identification through concrete and abstract context. In: Proceedings of The 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 680-690). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Wibowo, A.S. (2004). Gaya Filsafat Nietzsche. Yogyakarta: Galang Press.
Wicaksono, A. (2014). Menulis Kreatif Sastra dan Beberapa Model Pembelajarannya. Yogyakarta: Garudhawaca.
Yanti, C.S. (2015). Religiositas Islam dalam novel ratu yang bersujud karya Amrizal Mochamad Mahdavi. Jurnal Humanika, 3(15), 1–15. Retrieved from http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/HUMANIKA/article/view/585.