Korelasi Neural Inner Speech pada Aktivitas Membaca Artikel Ilmiah Berbahasa Indonesia dan Berbahasa Inggris
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Mar 26, 2022
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Abstract
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena inner speech (suara batin) yang umumnya terjadi ketika seseorang membaca senyap. Dikatakan bahwa fenomena ini berkaitan erat dengan neural pada saat pengumpulan dan pengolahan informasi pada saat aktivitas membaca. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi perbandingan korelasi neural inner speech pada aktivitas membaca senyap artikel bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Metode yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah mixed method. Data yang diperoleh dibagi menjadi data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif dipergunakan untuk mendeskripsikan pola neural yang terekam pada EEG. Neural dapat dilacak dan diinvestigasi menggunakan alat elektroensefalografi atau EEG Sementara itu, data kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara neural inner speech pada aktvitas membaca artikel bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Adapun hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Ho: tidak adanya hubungan antara neural inner speech dengan kemampuan membaca senyap artikel bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris; (2) Ha: Adanya hubungan antara neural inner speech dengan kemampuan membaca senyap artikel bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang sangat kuat antara neural inner speech pada aktivitas membaca artikel bahasa Indonesia dengan nilai koefisien 80> dan bahasa Inggris 65>. Artinya, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima.
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References
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Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965.
Arikunto, S. (2010). Dasar-dasar evaluasi pendidikan (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Balconi, M., & Fronda, G. (2021). Inter-brain EEG connectivity in hyperscanning for Italian and French gestures: the culture-related nonverbal language. Culture and Brain, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40167-021-00103-y
Carruthers, P. (2002). The cognitive functions of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(6), 657–674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000122
Cipollari, S., Veniero, D., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., Koch, G., & Marangolo, P. (2015). Combining TMS-EEG with transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment in aphasia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15(7), 833–845. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1049998
Compton-Lilly, C. F., Mitra, A., Guay, M., & Spence, L. K. (2020). A Confluence of Complexity: Intersections Among Reading Theory, Neuroscience, and Observations of Young Readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(S1), S185–S195. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.348
Dewaele, J. M. (2015). From obscure echo to language of the heart: Multilinguals’ language choices for (emotional) inner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 87, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.014
Ding, N., Melloni, L., Yang, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., & Poeppel, D. (2017). Characterizing neural entrainment to hierarchical linguistic units using electroencephalography (EEG). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00481
Filik, R., & Barber, E. (2011). Inner speech during silent reading reflects the reader’s regional accent. PLoS ONE, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025782
Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Flavell, E. R., & Grossman, J. B. (1997). The development of children’s knowledge about inner speech. Child Development, 68(1), 39-47.
Frey, S., & Petrides, M. (2000). Orbitofrontal cortex: A key prefrontal region for encoding information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 19(15), 8723–8727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140543497
Geva, S., & Warburton, E. A. (2019). A Test Battery for Inner Speech Functions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy018
Hansen‐Schirra, S. (2017). EEG and Universal Language Processing in Translation. The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241485.ch13
Holland, L., & Low, J. (2010). Do children with autism use inner speech and visuospatial resources for the service of executive control? Evidence from suppression in dual tasks. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X424088
Langland-Hassan, P. (2020). Inner speech. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 12(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1544
Lee, Y.-H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Using Inner Speech and Communicative Speech in Reading Literacy Development: A Synthesis of Research. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(8), 720–724. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.546
Lopez-Aranda, M. F. (2009). Role of Layer 6 of V2 Visual Cortex in Object-Recognition M emory. Sciene. Sciene, 325(5936), 87–89.
Morin, A. (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4–5), 115–134.
Nurhadi, J., Rahma, R., & Dewi, L. K. (2021). An Anxiety Phenomenon in Reading Scientific Articles in Indonesian and English: A Neurolinguistics Analysis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020), 546(Conaplin 2020), 280–283. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210427.042
Petrolini, V., Jorba, M., & Vicente, A. (2020). The Role of Inner Speech in Executive Functioning Tasks: Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Autistic Spectrum Conditions as Case Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035
Rahma, R., & Nurhadi, J. (2019). Gelombang alfa dan beta pada aktivitas membaca pemahaman. Seminar Internasional Riksa Bahasa XIII, 1521–1526.
Ramnani, N., & Owen, A. M. (2004). Anterior prefrontal cortex: Insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. In Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1343
Resnik, P. (2021). Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1445195
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., León-Cabrera, P., Gabarros, A., & Sierpowska, J. (2021). Inner Speech Brain Mapping. Is It Possible to Map What We Cannot Observe?. In: Mandonnet E., Herbet G. (eds) Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks. , Cham. In Springer.
Roy, Y., Banville, H., Albuquerque, I., Gramfort, A., Falk, T. H., & Faubert, J. (2019). Deep Learning-Based Electroencephalography Analysis: A Systematic Review. Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(5).
Russell-Smith, S. N., Comerford, B. J. E., Maybery, M. T., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2014). Brief report: Further evidence for a link between inner speech limitations and executive function in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1236–1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1975-8
Spironelli, C., Angrilli, A., Calogero, A., & Stegagno, L. (2011). Delta EEG band as a marker of left hypofrontality for language in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(4), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp145
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Tromp, J., Peeters, D., Meyer, A. S., & Hagoort, P. (2018). The combined use of virtual reality and EEG to study language processing in naturalistic environments. Behavior Research Methods, 50(2), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0911-9
Vissers, C. T. W. M., Tomas, E., & Law, J. (2020). The Emergence of Inner Speech and Its Measurement in Atypically Developing Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00279
Wallace, G. L., Silvers, J. A., Martin, A., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2009). Brief report: Further evidence for inner speech deficits in Autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1735–1739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0802-8
Weiss, S., & Mueller, H. M. (2003). The contribution of EEG coherence to the investigation of language. Brain and Language, 85(2), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00067-1
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Maybery, M. T., & Durkin, K. (2006). Inner speech impairments in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47(8), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01624.x
Williams, D., Happé, F., & Jarrold, C. (2008). Intact inner speech use in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a short-term memory task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01836.x
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965.
Arikunto, S. (2010). Dasar-dasar evaluasi pendidikan (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Balconi, M., & Fronda, G. (2021). Inter-brain EEG connectivity in hyperscanning for Italian and French gestures: the culture-related nonverbal language. Culture and Brain, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40167-021-00103-y
Carruthers, P. (2002). The cognitive functions of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(6), 657–674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000122
Cipollari, S., Veniero, D., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., Koch, G., & Marangolo, P. (2015). Combining TMS-EEG with transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment in aphasia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15(7), 833–845. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1049998
Compton-Lilly, C. F., Mitra, A., Guay, M., & Spence, L. K. (2020). A Confluence of Complexity: Intersections Among Reading Theory, Neuroscience, and Observations of Young Readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(S1), S185–S195. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.348
Dewaele, J. M. (2015). From obscure echo to language of the heart: Multilinguals’ language choices for (emotional) inner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 87, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.014
Ding, N., Melloni, L., Yang, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., & Poeppel, D. (2017). Characterizing neural entrainment to hierarchical linguistic units using electroencephalography (EEG). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00481
Filik, R., & Barber, E. (2011). Inner speech during silent reading reflects the reader’s regional accent. PLoS ONE, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025782
Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Flavell, E. R., & Grossman, J. B. (1997). The development of children’s knowledge about inner speech. Child Development, 68(1), 39-47.
Frey, S., & Petrides, M. (2000). Orbitofrontal cortex: A key prefrontal region for encoding information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 19(15), 8723–8727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140543497
Geva, S., & Warburton, E. A. (2019). A Test Battery for Inner Speech Functions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy018
Hansen‐Schirra, S. (2017). EEG and Universal Language Processing in Translation. The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241485.ch13
Holland, L., & Low, J. (2010). Do children with autism use inner speech and visuospatial resources for the service of executive control? Evidence from suppression in dual tasks. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X424088
Langland-Hassan, P. (2020). Inner speech. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 12(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1544
Lee, Y.-H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Using Inner Speech and Communicative Speech in Reading Literacy Development: A Synthesis of Research. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(8), 720–724. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.546
Lopez-Aranda, M. F. (2009). Role of Layer 6 of V2 Visual Cortex in Object-Recognition M emory. Sciene. Sciene, 325(5936), 87–89.
Morin, A. (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4–5), 115–134.
Nurhadi, J., Rahma, R., & Dewi, L. K. (2021). An Anxiety Phenomenon in Reading Scientific Articles in Indonesian and English: A Neurolinguistics Analysis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020), 546(Conaplin 2020), 280–283. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210427.042
Petrolini, V., Jorba, M., & Vicente, A. (2020). The Role of Inner Speech in Executive Functioning Tasks: Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Autistic Spectrum Conditions as Case Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035
Rahma, R., & Nurhadi, J. (2019). Gelombang alfa dan beta pada aktivitas membaca pemahaman. Seminar Internasional Riksa Bahasa XIII, 1521–1526.
Ramnani, N., & Owen, A. M. (2004). Anterior prefrontal cortex: Insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. In Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1343
Resnik, P. (2021). Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1445195
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., León-Cabrera, P., Gabarros, A., & Sierpowska, J. (2021). Inner Speech Brain Mapping. Is It Possible to Map What We Cannot Observe?. In: Mandonnet E., Herbet G. (eds) Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks. , Cham. In Springer.
Roy, Y., Banville, H., Albuquerque, I., Gramfort, A., Falk, T. H., & Faubert, J. (2019). Deep Learning-Based Electroencephalography Analysis: A Systematic Review. Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(5).
Russell-Smith, S. N., Comerford, B. J. E., Maybery, M. T., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2014). Brief report: Further evidence for a link between inner speech limitations and executive function in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1236–1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1975-8
Spironelli, C., Angrilli, A., Calogero, A., & Stegagno, L. (2011). Delta EEG band as a marker of left hypofrontality for language in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(4), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp145
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Tromp, J., Peeters, D., Meyer, A. S., & Hagoort, P. (2018). The combined use of virtual reality and EEG to study language processing in naturalistic environments. Behavior Research Methods, 50(2), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0911-9
Vissers, C. T. W. M., Tomas, E., & Law, J. (2020). The Emergence of Inner Speech and Its Measurement in Atypically Developing Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00279
Wallace, G. L., Silvers, J. A., Martin, A., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2009). Brief report: Further evidence for inner speech deficits in Autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1735–1739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0802-8
Weiss, S., & Mueller, H. M. (2003). The contribution of EEG coherence to the investigation of language. Brain and Language, 85(2), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00067-1
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Maybery, M. T., & Durkin, K. (2006). Inner speech impairments in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47(8), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01624.x
Williams, D., Happé, F., & Jarrold, C. (2008). Intact inner speech use in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a short-term memory task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01836.x