The Mediating Effect of Motivation and Competitive Experience Variables on The Effect of Mental Toughness and Competitive Anxiety on Athletes
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine whether mental toughness can predict competitive anxiety through the motivation and competitive experience possessed by athletes. Respondents involved were 175 athletes who were students (93 female and 82 male). Path analysis reports that there are direct and indirect effects of the measured variable. Our results show the influence of mental toughness on competitive anxiety. However, the influence of exerted is a positive effect that if athletes have good mental toughness, then their competitive anxiety increases as well. Researchers suspect that there are other constructs that accompany mental toughness in influencing competitive anxiety in athletes. The mediation model also shows that athletes who have high motivation and competitive experience significantly mediate the influence between mental toughness and athlete’s competitive anxiety. Concluded that mental toughness, motivation, competitive experience, have a reciprocal relationship from competitive anxiety. In addition, the results of this study also reported that mental toughness, motivation, and competitive experience are able to predict competitive anxiety.
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References
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Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1459-1473.
Bookani, N. A., Sadeghi, O., Alipour, K., Zarga, K., & Aghdam, B. L. (2015). Analyzing effects of anxiety and self-confidence on athletic performance. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. 5, 319-323.
Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 10, 45-61.
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-45). London, UK: Thomson.
Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 44-65.
Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 576-583.
Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10, 43-51.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A.W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (vol. 1, pp. 416-437). London, UK: Sage.
Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 580-599.
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Lafreniere, M. A. K., & Bureau, J. S. (2013). The mediating role of positive and negative affect in the situational motivation-performance relationship. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 465-479.
Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., & Krane, V. (2002). Arousal-anxiety and sport. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 207-241). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Grossbard, J. R., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2009). Competitive anxiety in young athletes: Differentiating somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 22, 153-166.
Gucciardi, D. F., Longbottom, J., Jackson, B., & Dimmock, J. A. (2010). Experienced golfers’ perspectives on choking under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 61-83.
Gucciardi, D. F., & Jones, M. I. (2012). Beyond optimal performance: Mental toughness profiles and developmental success in adolescent cricketers. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 34, 16-36.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83, 26-44.
Hanton, S., O’Brien, M., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2003). Individual differences, perceived control, and competitive trait anxiety. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 39-55.
Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1999). Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Performers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hardiyono, B. (2020). Tingkat kecemasan sebelum bertanding dan percaya diri pada saat bertanding atlet Pelatda Pengprov FPTI Sumatera Selatan. Kinestetik: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 4(1), 47-54.
Hossein, A., Mohd, F. R., Soumendr, S., Anwar, H. H., & Muzaimi, M. (2016). Relationship between mental toughness and trait anxiety in sports. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 7(3), 275-281.
Humara, M. (1999). The relationship between anxiety and performance: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Athletic Insight, 1(2), 1-14.
Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 243-264.
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 281-292.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117–190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Part III.
Meyer, B. B., & Fletcher, T. B. (2007). Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications for research and professional practice in sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 1-15.
Nayek, B., & Chatterjee, K. (2013). Comparative study on pre-competitive anxiety between national and state-level women athletes. Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 1(2), 33-36.
Ntoumanis, N. (2002).Motivational clusters in a sample of British physical education classes. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 3, 177-194.
Nugraha, D. Y. (2020). Emotional intelligence, mental toughness, self-confidence, and competitive anxiety in predicting athlete peak performance. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(8), 12474-12499.
Patel, D. R. (2010). Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23, 325-335.
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 329-341.
Pero, R. D., Minganti, C., Pesce, C., Capranica, L., & Piacentini, M. F. (2013). The relationships between pre-competition anxiety, self-efficacy, and fear of injury in elite team gym athletes. Kinesiology, 45(1), 63-72.
Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Competitive anxiety. In Yuri, L. H., Emotions in Sport (p. 93-111). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Raynadi, F. B., Rachmah, D. N., & Akbar, S. N. (2017). Hubungan ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet pencak silat di Banjarbaru. Jurnal Ecopsy, 3(3), 149-154.
Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition Anxiety, Motivation, and Mental Toughness in Golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(3), 309-320.
Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The sport anxiety scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 479-501.
Vaughan, R., Hanna, D., & Breslin, G. (2017). Psychometric properties of the mental toughness questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) in elite, amateur, and nonathletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 1-13.
Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. (2000). Motivation profiles in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 387-397.
Wang, C. K. J., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Spray, C. M., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs, and physical activity. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(3), 433-445.
Woodman, T. I. M., & Hardy, L. E. W. (2001). A case study of organizational stress in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 207-238.
Woodman, T. I. M., & Hardy, L. E. W. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443-457.
Yli-Piipari, S., Watt, A., Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2009). Relationships between physical education students’ motivational profiles, enjoyment, state anxiety, and self-reported physical activity. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8, 327-336.
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1459-1473.
Bookani, N. A., Sadeghi, O., Alipour, K., Zarga, K., & Aghdam, B. L. (2015). Analyzing effects of anxiety and self-confidence on athletic performance. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. 5, 319-323.
Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 10, 45-61.
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-45). London, UK: Thomson.
Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 44-65.
Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 576-583.
Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10, 43-51.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A.W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (vol. 1, pp. 416-437). London, UK: Sage.
Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 580-599.
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Lafreniere, M. A. K., & Bureau, J. S. (2013). The mediating role of positive and negative affect in the situational motivation-performance relationship. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 465-479.
Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., & Krane, V. (2002). Arousal-anxiety and sport. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 207-241). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Grossbard, J. R., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2009). Competitive anxiety in young athletes: Differentiating somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 22, 153-166.
Gucciardi, D. F., Longbottom, J., Jackson, B., & Dimmock, J. A. (2010). Experienced golfers’ perspectives on choking under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 61-83.
Gucciardi, D. F., & Jones, M. I. (2012). Beyond optimal performance: Mental toughness profiles and developmental success in adolescent cricketers. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 34, 16-36.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83, 26-44.
Hanton, S., O’Brien, M., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2003). Individual differences, perceived control, and competitive trait anxiety. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 39-55.
Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1999). Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Performers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hardiyono, B. (2020). Tingkat kecemasan sebelum bertanding dan percaya diri pada saat bertanding atlet Pelatda Pengprov FPTI Sumatera Selatan. Kinestetik: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 4(1), 47-54.
Hossein, A., Mohd, F. R., Soumendr, S., Anwar, H. H., & Muzaimi, M. (2016). Relationship between mental toughness and trait anxiety in sports. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 7(3), 275-281.
Humara, M. (1999). The relationship between anxiety and performance: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Athletic Insight, 1(2), 1-14.
Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 243-264.
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 281-292.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117–190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Part III.
Meyer, B. B., & Fletcher, T. B. (2007). Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications for research and professional practice in sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 1-15.
Nayek, B., & Chatterjee, K. (2013). Comparative study on pre-competitive anxiety between national and state-level women athletes. Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 1(2), 33-36.
Ntoumanis, N. (2002).Motivational clusters in a sample of British physical education classes. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 3, 177-194.
Nugraha, D. Y. (2020). Emotional intelligence, mental toughness, self-confidence, and competitive anxiety in predicting athlete peak performance. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(8), 12474-12499.
Patel, D. R. (2010). Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23, 325-335.
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 329-341.
Pero, R. D., Minganti, C., Pesce, C., Capranica, L., & Piacentini, M. F. (2013). The relationships between pre-competition anxiety, self-efficacy, and fear of injury in elite team gym athletes. Kinesiology, 45(1), 63-72.
Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Competitive anxiety. In Yuri, L. H., Emotions in Sport (p. 93-111). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Raynadi, F. B., Rachmah, D. N., & Akbar, S. N. (2017). Hubungan ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet pencak silat di Banjarbaru. Jurnal Ecopsy, 3(3), 149-154.
Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition Anxiety, Motivation, and Mental Toughness in Golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(3), 309-320.
Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The sport anxiety scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 479-501.
Vaughan, R., Hanna, D., & Breslin, G. (2017). Psychometric properties of the mental toughness questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) in elite, amateur, and nonathletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 1-13.
Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. (2000). Motivation profiles in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 387-397.
Wang, C. K. J., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Spray, C. M., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs, and physical activity. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(3), 433-445.
Woodman, T. I. M., & Hardy, L. E. W. (2001). A case study of organizational stress in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 207-238.
Woodman, T. I. M., & Hardy, L. E. W. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443-457.
Yli-Piipari, S., Watt, A., Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2009). Relationships between physical education students’ motivational profiles, enjoyment, state anxiety, and self-reported physical activity. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8, 327-336.