Physical Exercises By Giving Glutathione for Changes of Leukocytes, Neutrophils, and Lymphocytes Amounts
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Abstract
Physical exercise changes the antibody endurance of each person. This study aims to determine in depth changes in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes using physical exercise after being given glutathione. The method used experimentally using a posttest randomized control group design. The study was conducted in three groups where each group consisting of men and women who are in the age range of 20-30 years. Each group consisted of 10 people (n), K1 was given a placebo, K2 was given glutathione 54 mg / kg BW, K3 given 108 mg / kg BW. All treatments are given intraperitoneally twice a day until the third day. Maximum physical exercise is swimming. On the third day after 3 hours of treatment (placebo or glutathione), then participants take a leukocyte profile measurement. The findings show that the number of leukocytes: K2> K1; P = 0.005; K2 - K3; P = 0.168; - K3; P 0.105, neutrophils: Kl, K2 and K3 are not different, even though K2 is highest, lymphocyte: K2> K1; P = 0.003, K1 - K3 and K2 - K3 is not different even though K2 is highest. The conclusion of this study is the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes treated with glutathione 54 mg / kg BW (K2) is significantly higher than K1 after strenuous physical exercise. Thus, the content of glutathione must be balanced with the body’s needs so that the body is healthy and is able to do the heavy activities.
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References
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Scheffer, D. da L., & Latini, A. (2020, October 1). Exercise-induced immune system response: Anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165823
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Sureda, A., Tauler, P., Aguiló, A., Cases, N., Llompart, I., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2008). Influence of an antioxidant vitamin-enriched drink on pre- and post-exercise lymphocyte antioxidant system. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1159/000140515.
Cases, N., Aguiló, A., Tauler, P., Sureda, A., Llompart, I., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2005). Differential response of plasma and immune cell’s vitamin E levels to physical activity and antioxidant vitamin supplementation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(6), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602143
Castel. (1993). Exercise and Immune System. Sports of Physiology, 324–325.
Desai, A., Grolleau-Julius, A., & Yung, R. (2010). Leukocyte function in the ageing immune system. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 87(6), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0809542
Evans, W. J. (2000). Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 647S-52S.
Gjevestad, G. O., Holven, K. B., & Ulven, S. M. (2015, July 26). Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression of Inflammatory Markers in Human Peripheral Blood Cells: A Systematic Review. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports. Current Medicine Group LLC 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-015-0463-4
Gutman. (2002). Leukocyte and Immune System. Sports Medicine, 671-672.
Halliwell, B. (1999). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Halliwell, B. (2001a). Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treat¬ment. Drags Aging, 18(9), 685-716.
Halliwell, B. (2001b, August 31). Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs and Aging. Adis International Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200118090-00004
James, S. J., Slikker, W., Melnyk, S., New, E., Pogribna, M., & Jernigan, S. (2005). Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. NeuroToxicology, 26(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2004.07.012
Ji, L. L. (1999). Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise. In Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (Vol. 222, pp. 283–292). Blackwell Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-145.x
Jimmy. (2010). Immune System, Exercise and Oxidative Stress. Experimental Blood and Immune System., 131–132.
Kowatari, K., Umeda, T., Shimoyama, T., Nakaji, S., Yamamoto, Y., & Sugawara, K. (2001). Exercise training and energy restriction decrease neutrophil phagocytic activity in judoists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(4), 519–524. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200104000-00003
Leeuwenburgh, & Heinecke. (2001). Sports and Stress Oxidative. Med Sci Sports Med, 32, 158-159.
Margaritelis, N. V., Kyparos, A., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, A. A., Panayiotou, G., Zafeiridis, A., … Vrabas, I. S. (2014). Reductive stress after exercise: The issue of redox individuality. Redox Biology, 2(1), 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.003
Marmett, B., Böek Carvalho, R., Pires Dorneles, G., Barcos Nunes, R., & Ramos Rhoden, C. (2020). Should i stay or should i go: can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise? Medical Hypotheses, 144, 109993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109993
McBride, J. M., Kraemer, W. J., Triplett-McBride, T., & Sebastianelli, W. (1998). Effect of resistance exercise on free radical production. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199801000-00010
Metin, G., Gümüstas, M. K., Uslu, E., Belce, A., & Kayserilioglu, A. (2003). Effect of Regular Training on Plasma Thiols, Malondialdehyde and Carnitine Concentrations in Young Soccer Players - PubMed. Chin J Physiol, 46(1). Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12817703/
Minich, D. M., & Brown, B. I. (2019). A Review of Dietary (Phyto) Nutrienys for Glutathione Support. Nutrients, 11(9).
Morozov, V. I., Tsyplenkov, P. V., Golberg, N. D., & Kalinski, M. I. (2006). The effects of high-intensity exercise on skeletal muscle neutrophil myeloperoxidase in untrained and trained rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(6), 716–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0193-x
Nunes-Silva, A., Bernardes, P. T. T., Rezende, B. M., Lopes, F., Gomes, E. C., Marques, P. E., … Pinho, V. (2014). Treadmill Exercise Induces Neutrophil Recruitment into Muscle Tissue in a Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Manner. An Intravital Microscopy Study. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e96464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096464
Pendersen, B. K., & Toft, A. D. (2000, August 1). Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines. British Journal of Sports Medicine. British Association of Sport and Excercise Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.4.246
Scheffer, D. da L., & Latini, A. (2020, October 1). Exercise-induced immune system response: Anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165823
Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A. M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L. M. (2018, March 30). Oxidative stress: Role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget. Impact Journals LLC. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729
Sureda, A., Tauler, P., Aguiló, A., Cases, N., Llompart, I., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2008). Influence of an antioxidant vitamin-enriched drink on pre- and post-exercise lymphocyte antioxidant system. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1159/000140515.