Correlation of Navicular Drop Height and Force Foot Distribution Characteristic and Pelvic Drop in Asymptomatic Runners
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Abstract
Objective: To explore the difference of performance between lower limbs and correlation of the navicular drop height and force distribution parameters during running.
Material and Method: This study was conducted in the annual running performance test of Physical Therapy Center, Mahidol University. Before running test, navicular drop test was performed. Force distribution parameters were recorded over 7 minutes during running on the Force Distribution Measurement Treadmill (FDM-T) system. Contralateral pelvic drop (CPD) was captured with a video camera. Paired-samples t-test and Pearson or Spearman rank correlation tests were used for statistical analysis.
Result: Twenty-nine participants were enrolled in this study. They were asymptomatic runners (novice and recreational). The finding showed that there was no correlation of navicular drop height and force distribution parameters and foot rotation. There were no significant differences of all parameters except with navicular drop height. There was significant difference of navicular drop height between legs in runners. For the pelvic obliquity, the result showed non-significant difference between non-dominant 95% CI (2.5 – 4.5) and dominant 95% CI (3 – 5) (p = 0.59) with low effect size (d = 0.2).
Conclusion: In asymptomatic male and female runners, no significantly side-to-side difference during dynamic running test is an expectation for clinical observation. Typical range of CPD during running might be 3-5 degrees. Based on our finding, navicular drop may not a good predictor for force distribution characteristics during running test.
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References
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Bramah, C., Preece, S. J., Gill, N., & Herrington, L. (2018). Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries? Am J Sports Med, 46(12), 3023-3031. doi:10.1177/0363546518793657
Bredeweg, S. W., Kluitenberg, B., Bessem, B., Buist, I. J. J. o. S., & Sport, M. i. (2013). Differences in kinetic variables between injured and noninjured novice runners: a prospective cohort study. 16(3), 205-210.
Buist, I., Bredeweg, S. W., Lemmink, K. A., van Mechelen, W., & Diercks, R. L. (2010). Predictors of running-related injuries in novice runners enrolled in a systematic training program: a prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med, 38(2), 273-280. doi:10.1177/0363546509347985
Buldt, A. K., Forghany, S., Landorf, K. B., Murley, G. S., Levinger, P., & Menz, H. B. (2018). Centre of pressure characteristics in normal, planus and cavus feet. J Foot Ankle Res, 11, 3. doi:10.1186/s13047-018-0245-6
Button, K. D. (2015). Biomechanical response of the ankle to excessive external rotation: Michigan State University.
Carpes, F. P., Mota, C. B., & Faria, I. E. (2010). On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling - a review considering leg preference. Phys Ther Sport, 11(4), 136-142. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005
Condry, E., Himmerick, D., & VanHaaften, T. (2017). Barefoot Versus Shod Training: Effects on Navicular Drop and Foot Pressure Analysis. University of North Dakota,
Creaby, M. W., Le Rossignol, S., Conway, Z. J., Ageberg, E., Sweeney, M., & Franettovich Smith, M. M. (2017). Frontal plane kinematics predict three-dimensional hip adduction during running. Phys Ther Sport, 27, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.05.005
De Ridder, R., Willems, T., & Roosen, P. (2012). Plantar pressure distribution during gait and running in subjects with chronic ankle instability. J Foot Ankle Res, 5(1), P32. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P32
Dunphy, C., Casey, S., Lomond, A., & Rutherford, D. (2016). Contralateral pelvic drop during gait increases knee adduction moments of asymptomatic individuals. Hum Mov Sci, 49, 27-35. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.008
Eslami, M., Damavandi, M., & Ferber, R. J. J. o. a. b. (2014). Association of navicular drop and selected lower-limb biomechanical measures during the stance phase of running. 30(2), 250-254.
Ferber, R., Hreljac, A., & Kendall, K. D. (2009). Suspected mechanisms in the cause of overuse running injuries: a clinical review. Sports Health, 1(3), 242-246. doi:10.1177/1941738109334272
Ferrigno, C., Thorp, L. E., Shakoor, N., & Wimmer, W. A. (2014). Center of plantar pressure can predict changes in tibiofemoral contact load. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22, S92-S93. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.179
Fuller, E. A. (1999). Center of pressure and its theoretical relationship to foot pathology. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 89(6), 278-291. doi:10.7547/87507315-89-6-278
Hamill, J., van Emmerik, R. E., Heiderscheit, B. C., & Li, L. (1999). A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 14(5), 297-308. doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(98)90092-4
Hanley, B., & Tucker, C. B. (2018). Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000m treadmill running. J Biomech, 79, 129-134. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.008
Lee, S. Y., & Hertel, J. J. J. o. s. r. (2012). Effect of static foot alignment on plantar-pressure measures during running. 21(2), 137-143.
Loudon, J. K., & Reiman, M. P. (2012). Lower extremity kinematics in running athletes with and without a history of medial shin pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 7(4), 356-364.
Luz, B. C., Dos Santos, A. F., de Souza, M. C., de Oliveira Sato, T., Nawoczenski, D. A., & Serrao, F. V. (2018). Relationship between rearfoot, tibia and femur kinematics in runners with and without patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture, 61, 416-422. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.008
Morrison, K. E., Hudson, D. J., Davis, I. S., Richards, J. G., Royer, T. D., Dierks, T. A., . . . international, a. (2010). Plantar pressure during running in subjects with chronic ankle instability. 31(11), 994-1000.
Nakhaee, Z., Rahimi, A., Abaee, M., Rezasoltani, A., & Kalantari, K. K. J. T. F. (2008). The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners. 18(2), 84-90.
Neal, B. S., Griffiths, I. B., Dowling, G. J., Murley, G. S., Munteanu, S. E., Franettovich Smith, M. M., . . . Barton, C. J. (2014). Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1), 55. doi:10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4
Powell, D. W., Andrews, S., Stickley, C., & Williams, D. S. (2016). High- compared to low-arched athletes exhibit smaller knee abduction moments in walking and running. Hum Mov Sci, 50, 47-53. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.10.006
Razak, A. H., Zayegh, A., Begg, R. K., & Wahab, Y. (2012). Foot plantar pressure measurement system: a review. Sensors (Basel), 12(7), 9884-9912. doi:10.3390/s120709884
Robadey, J., Staudenmann, D., Schween, R., Gehring, D., Gollhofer, A., & Taube, W. (2018). Lower between-limb asymmetry during running on treadmill compared to overground in subjects with laterally pronounced knee osteoarthritis. PLoS One, 13, e0205191. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205191
Schueller-Weidekamm, C. J. D. R. (2010). Long-term success and risk for marathon runners. 50(5), 444-452.
Stefanyshyn, D. J., & Engsberg, J. R. (1994). Right to left differences in the ankle joint complex range of motion. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26(5), 551-555.
Valenzuela, K. A., Lynn, S. K., Noffal, G. J., & Brown, L. E. (2016). Acute Effects of Foot Rotation in Healthy Adults during Running on Knee Moments and Lateral-Medial Shear Force. J Sports Sci Med, 15(1), 50-56.
van der Worp, M. P., ten Haaf, D. S., van Cingel, R., de Wijer, A., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., & Staal, J. B. (2015). Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PLoS One, 10(2), e0114937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114937
van Gent, R. N., Siem, D., van Middelkoop, M., van Os, A. G., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., & Koes, B. W. (2007). Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 41(8), 469-480; discussion 480. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033548
Zifchock, R. A., Davis, I., & Hamill, J. (2006). Kinetic asymmetry in female runners with and without retrospective tibial stress fractures. J Biomech, 39(15), 2792-2797. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.003
Zifchock, R. A., Davis, I., Higginson, J., McCaw, S., & Royer, T. (2008). Side-to-side differences in overuse running injury susceptibility: a retrospective study. Hum Mov Sci, 27(6), 888-902. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2008.03.007
Bramah, C., Preece, S. J., Gill, N., & Herrington, L. (2018). Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries? Am J Sports Med, 46(12), 3023-3031. doi:10.1177/0363546518793657
Bredeweg, S. W., Kluitenberg, B., Bessem, B., Buist, I. J. J. o. S., & Sport, M. i. (2013). Differences in kinetic variables between injured and noninjured novice runners: a prospective cohort study. 16(3), 205-210.
Buist, I., Bredeweg, S. W., Lemmink, K. A., van Mechelen, W., & Diercks, R. L. (2010). Predictors of running-related injuries in novice runners enrolled in a systematic training program: a prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med, 38(2), 273-280. doi:10.1177/0363546509347985
Buldt, A. K., Forghany, S., Landorf, K. B., Murley, G. S., Levinger, P., & Menz, H. B. (2018). Centre of pressure characteristics in normal, planus and cavus feet. J Foot Ankle Res, 11, 3. doi:10.1186/s13047-018-0245-6
Button, K. D. (2015). Biomechanical response of the ankle to excessive external rotation: Michigan State University.
Carpes, F. P., Mota, C. B., & Faria, I. E. (2010). On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling - a review considering leg preference. Phys Ther Sport, 11(4), 136-142. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005
Condry, E., Himmerick, D., & VanHaaften, T. (2017). Barefoot Versus Shod Training: Effects on Navicular Drop and Foot Pressure Analysis. University of North Dakota,
Creaby, M. W., Le Rossignol, S., Conway, Z. J., Ageberg, E., Sweeney, M., & Franettovich Smith, M. M. (2017). Frontal plane kinematics predict three-dimensional hip adduction during running. Phys Ther Sport, 27, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.05.005
De Ridder, R., Willems, T., & Roosen, P. (2012). Plantar pressure distribution during gait and running in subjects with chronic ankle instability. J Foot Ankle Res, 5(1), P32. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P32
Dunphy, C., Casey, S., Lomond, A., & Rutherford, D. (2016). Contralateral pelvic drop during gait increases knee adduction moments of asymptomatic individuals. Hum Mov Sci, 49, 27-35. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.008
Eslami, M., Damavandi, M., & Ferber, R. J. J. o. a. b. (2014). Association of navicular drop and selected lower-limb biomechanical measures during the stance phase of running. 30(2), 250-254.
Ferber, R., Hreljac, A., & Kendall, K. D. (2009). Suspected mechanisms in the cause of overuse running injuries: a clinical review. Sports Health, 1(3), 242-246. doi:10.1177/1941738109334272
Ferrigno, C., Thorp, L. E., Shakoor, N., & Wimmer, W. A. (2014). Center of plantar pressure can predict changes in tibiofemoral contact load. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22, S92-S93. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.179
Fuller, E. A. (1999). Center of pressure and its theoretical relationship to foot pathology. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 89(6), 278-291. doi:10.7547/87507315-89-6-278
Hamill, J., van Emmerik, R. E., Heiderscheit, B. C., & Li, L. (1999). A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 14(5), 297-308. doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(98)90092-4
Hanley, B., & Tucker, C. B. (2018). Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000m treadmill running. J Biomech, 79, 129-134. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.008
Lee, S. Y., & Hertel, J. J. J. o. s. r. (2012). Effect of static foot alignment on plantar-pressure measures during running. 21(2), 137-143.
Loudon, J. K., & Reiman, M. P. (2012). Lower extremity kinematics in running athletes with and without a history of medial shin pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 7(4), 356-364.
Luz, B. C., Dos Santos, A. F., de Souza, M. C., de Oliveira Sato, T., Nawoczenski, D. A., & Serrao, F. V. (2018). Relationship between rearfoot, tibia and femur kinematics in runners with and without patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture, 61, 416-422. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.008
Morrison, K. E., Hudson, D. J., Davis, I. S., Richards, J. G., Royer, T. D., Dierks, T. A., . . . international, a. (2010). Plantar pressure during running in subjects with chronic ankle instability. 31(11), 994-1000.
Nakhaee, Z., Rahimi, A., Abaee, M., Rezasoltani, A., & Kalantari, K. K. J. T. F. (2008). The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners. 18(2), 84-90.
Neal, B. S., Griffiths, I. B., Dowling, G. J., Murley, G. S., Munteanu, S. E., Franettovich Smith, M. M., . . . Barton, C. J. (2014). Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1), 55. doi:10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4
Powell, D. W., Andrews, S., Stickley, C., & Williams, D. S. (2016). High- compared to low-arched athletes exhibit smaller knee abduction moments in walking and running. Hum Mov Sci, 50, 47-53. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.10.006
Razak, A. H., Zayegh, A., Begg, R. K., & Wahab, Y. (2012). Foot plantar pressure measurement system: a review. Sensors (Basel), 12(7), 9884-9912. doi:10.3390/s120709884
Robadey, J., Staudenmann, D., Schween, R., Gehring, D., Gollhofer, A., & Taube, W. (2018). Lower between-limb asymmetry during running on treadmill compared to overground in subjects with laterally pronounced knee osteoarthritis. PLoS One, 13, e0205191. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205191
Schueller-Weidekamm, C. J. D. R. (2010). Long-term success and risk for marathon runners. 50(5), 444-452.
Stefanyshyn, D. J., & Engsberg, J. R. (1994). Right to left differences in the ankle joint complex range of motion. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26(5), 551-555.
Valenzuela, K. A., Lynn, S. K., Noffal, G. J., & Brown, L. E. (2016). Acute Effects of Foot Rotation in Healthy Adults during Running on Knee Moments and Lateral-Medial Shear Force. J Sports Sci Med, 15(1), 50-56.
van der Worp, M. P., ten Haaf, D. S., van Cingel, R., de Wijer, A., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., & Staal, J. B. (2015). Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PLoS One, 10(2), e0114937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114937
van Gent, R. N., Siem, D., van Middelkoop, M., van Os, A. G., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., & Koes, B. W. (2007). Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 41(8), 469-480; discussion 480. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033548
Zifchock, R. A., Davis, I., & Hamill, J. (2006). Kinetic asymmetry in female runners with and without retrospective tibial stress fractures. J Biomech, 39(15), 2792-2797. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.003
Zifchock, R. A., Davis, I., Higginson, J., McCaw, S., & Royer, T. (2008). Side-to-side differences in overuse running injury susceptibility: a retrospective study. Hum Mov Sci, 27(6), 888-902. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2008.03.007