Comparison of the Impact of Traditional Games and Small Games on Students' Physical Fitness
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is for teachers to know which game method is more feasible to use for the preparation of physical education learning programs on physical fitness. This type of research is quantitative associative with a quasi-experimental approach. The design of this study is a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population in this study was all students of SDN 67/V Tanjung Bojo, Batang Asam District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi, totaling 117 people. Samples were taken using probability sampling, namely proportionate stratified random sampling divided by simple random sampling totaling 24 students, then grouped using matching ordinal pairing. The research instrument uses the TKJI test (Indonesian Physical Fitness Test). Data were analyzed by path analysis through 2-path AVAVA testing at α = 0.05. The results of hypothesis testing show: (1) There are differences in the level of physical fitness based on the provision of game forms where it is found in the table of hypothesis test results on the game row that a significance value of 0.000 is obtained, (2) There are differences in physical fitness levels based on test tests where there is a hypothesis test result table on the test row obtained a significance value of 0.001, (3) There is an interaction between game forms and test tests in determining the level physical fitness where found in the table of hypothesis test results in the test game row obtained a significance value of 0.04, (4) The average value of pre-test results of the physical fitness level of children who were given small games (15,917) was higher than children who were given traditional games (13,833), (5) The average post-test score of the physical fitness level of children given small games (15.33) was higher than children who were given traditional games (17,500). It was concluded that the provision of learning programs with small or traditional game methods both have an influence on students' physical fitness, but small games with modifications focused on students will have more influence on physical fitness
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References
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Health, Institute of Digital Media and Child Development Working Group on Games for, Tom Baranowski, Fran Blumberg, Richard Buday, Ann DeSmet, Lynn E. Fiellin, C. Shawn Green, Pamela M. Kato, Amy Shirong Lu, and Ann E. Maloney. 2016. “Games for Health for Children—Current Status and Needed Research.” Games for Health Journal 5(1):1–12. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2015.0026.
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Kolovelonis, Athanasios, and Marios Goudas. 2023. “Acute Enhancement of Executive Functions through Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Games in Elementary Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 29(2):268–85.
Kusmiati, Ai Melis, and Gano Sumarno. 2018. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Kemampuan Perseptual Motorik Anak Di SDN Margawatu II Garut Kota.” TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School 1(2):17–23.
Kusnandar, Kusnandar, Dyah Umiarni Purnamasari, Panuwun Joko Nurcahyo, and Endo Darjito. 2019. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Banyumas Gol-Golan Terhadap Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Kabupaten Banyumas.” Physical Activity Journal (PAJU) 1(1):18–26. doi: 10.20884/1.paju.2019.1.1.1996.
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Lu, Su-Ju, and Ying-Chieh Liu. 2015. “Integrating Augmented Reality Technology to Enhance Children’s Learning in Marine Education.” Environmental Education Research 21(4):525–41. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2014.911247.
Mashuri, Hendra. 2021. “Traditional Games to Reinforce the Character of Students in Terms of Educational Qualifications: A Meta-Analysis.” Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran 7(4):15–26.
Miller, Andrew, Erin M. Christensen, Narelle Eather, John Sproule, Laura Annis-Brown, and David Revalds Lubans. 2015. “The PLUNGE Randomized Controlled Trial: Evaluation of a Games-Based Physical Activity Professional Learning Program in Primary School Physical Education.” Preventive Medicine 74:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.02.002.
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Partovi, Tahereh, and Majid Reza Razavi. 2019. “The Effect of Game-Based Learning on Academic Achievement Motivation of Elementary School Students.” Learning and Motivation 68:101592. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101592.
Perdima, Feby Elra, and Muhammad Kristiawan. 2021. “Nilai-Nilai Karakter Pada Permainan Tradisional Hadang Di Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Basicedu 5(6):5342–51.
Prayitno, Harun Joko, Faradiyah Nurul Rahmawati, and Fajar Gemilang Pradana. 2022. “Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar Melalui Permainan Tradisional.” Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 1(1):1–9.
Priyatama, Mochammad Okta. 2022. “Pengaruh Permainan Gobak Sodor Terhadap Peningkatan Kesegaran Jasmani Di Sma Al-Islam Krian.”
Rafiei Milajerdi, Homa, Mahmoud Sheikh, Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi, Behnaz Saghaei, Naser Naghdi, and Deborah Dewey. 2021. “The Effects of Physical Activity and Exergaming on Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Games for Health Journal 10(1):33–42.
Siswanto, Siswanto, M. E. Winarno, Sapto Adi, and Edi Setiawan. 2022. “Bagaimana Dampak Permainan Tradisional Pada Perkembangan Motorik Siswa: Systematic Literature Review.” Jurnal Patriot 4(4):364–79. doi: 10.24036/patriot.v4i4.886.
Smith, Lindsey, Stephen Harvey, Louise Savory, Stuart Fairclough, Stephen Kozub, and Catherine Kerr. 2015. “Physical Activity Levels and Motivational Responses of Boys and Girls: A Comparison of Direct Instruction and Tactical Games Models of Games Teaching in Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 21(1):93–113.
Tokac, Umit, Elena Novak, and Christopher G. Thompson. 2019. “Effects of Game‐based Learning on Students’ Mathematics Achievement: A Meta‐analysis.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 35(3):407–20. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12347.
Trajkovik, Vladimir, Toni Malinovski, Tatjana Vasileva-Stojanovska, and Marina Vasileva. 2018. “Traditional Games in Elementary School: Relationships of Student’s Personality Traits, Motivation and Experience with Learning Outcomes.” PloS One 13(8):e0202172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202172.
Undari, Siska Nova. 2019. “Pengembangan Model Permainan Gobag Sodor Untuk Menarik Minat Siswa Sekolah Dasar.”
Vernadakis, Nikolaos, Marina Papastergiou, Eleni Zetou, and Panagiotis Antoniou. 2015. “The Impact of an Exergame-Based Intervention on Children’s Fundamental Motor Skills.” Computers & Education 83:90–102. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.01.001.
Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios, and Agoritsa Makri. 2017. “The Effect of Games and Simulations on Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 14(1):1–33. doi: 10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1.
Adhariah, Ida. 2018. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Peningkatan Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa.” Ibtida’i: Jurnal Kependidikan Dasar 5(2):273–88.
Aguss, Rachmi Marsheilla. 2020. “Pengembangan Model Permainan Sepatu Batok Untuk PembelajaranSepak Bola Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga Dan Kesehatan SiswaSekolah Dasar.” SPORT-Mu: Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga 1(01):43–53. doi: 10.32528/sport-mu.v1i01.3052.
Apriani, Leni, Merlina Sari, and Joni Alpen. 2021. “Studi Eksperimen Pada Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Petanque Universitas Islam Riau: Meningkatkan Kesegaran Jasmani Melalui Permainan Hadang Dan Bentengan.” Jurnal MensSana 6(1):50–55.
Ariyanto, Ariyanto, Andika Triansyah, and Uray Gustian. 2020. “Penggunaan Permainan Tradisional Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Gerak Fundamental Siswa Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 16(1):78–91.
Armansyah, Armansyah, and Supian Hadi. 2022. “Meningkatkan Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar Menggunakan Gaya Mengajar Komando Dengan Permainan Tradisional.”
Asriansyah, Asriansyah. 2019. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sma Negeri 4 Kayu Agung.” in SEMINAR NASIONAL OLAHRAGA. Vol. 1.
Bakker, Marjoke, Marja van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, and Alexander Robitzsch. 2015. “Effects of Playing Mathematics Computer Games on Primary School Students’ Multiplicative Reasoning Ability.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 40:55–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.09.001.
Bariyah, Khoerul, Irvan Anugrah Ashari, and Ely Yuliawan. 2022. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Masyarakat Jambi Terhadap Peningkatan Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tematik Dikdas 7(2):156–65. doi: 10.22437/jptd.v7i2.21544.
Brezovszky, Boglárka, Jake McMullen, Koen Veermans, Minna M. Hannula-Sormunen, Gabriela Rodríguez-Aflecht, Nonmanut Pongsakdi, Eero Laakkonen, and Erno Lehtinen. 2019. “Effects of a Mathematics Game-Based Learning Environment on Primary School Students’ Adaptive Number Knowledge.” Computers & Education 128:63–74. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.011.
Bridgmon, Krista D., and William E. Martin. 2012. Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods: From Hypothesis to Results. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.
Castellar, Elena Nunez, Anissa All, Lieven De Marez, and Jan Van Looy. 2015. “Cognitive Abilities, Digital Games and Arithmetic Performance Enhancement: A Study Comparing the Effects of a Math Game and Paper Exercises.” Computers & Education 85:123–33. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.12.021.
Cocca, Armando, Francisco Espino Verdugo, Luis Tomás Ródenas Cuenca, and Michaela Cocca. 2020. “Effect of a Game-Based Physical Education Program on Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Elementary School Children.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(13):4883.
Dewi, Rahma, and Indah Verawati. 2022. “The Effect of Manipulative Games to Improve Fundamental Motor Skills in Elementary School Students.” International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST) 10(01):24–37.
Fadda, Daniela, Marta Pellegrini, Giuliano Vivanet, and Claudio Zandonella Callegher. 2022. “Effects of Digital Games on Student Motivation in Mathematics: A Meta‐analysis in K‐12.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 38(1):304–25.
Furió, David, M‐C Juan, Ignacio Seguí, and Roberto Vivó. 2015. “Mobile Learning vs. Traditional Classroom Lessons: A Comparative Study.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 31(3):189–201. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12071.
Garneli, Varvara, Michail Giannakos, and Konstantinos Chorianopoulos. 2017. “Serious Games as a Malleable Learning Medium: The Effects of Narrative, Gameplay, and Making on Students’ Performance and Attitudes.” British Journal of Educational Technology 48(3):842–59.
Gil-Arias, Alexander, Stephen Harvey, Francisco García-Herreros, Sixto González-Víllora, Alba Práxedes, and Alberto Moreno. 2021. “Effect of a Hybrid Teaching Games for Understanding/Sport Education Unit on Elementary Students’ Self-Determined Motivation in Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 27(2):366–83.
Health, Institute of Digital Media and Child Development Working Group on Games for, Tom Baranowski, Fran Blumberg, Richard Buday, Ann DeSmet, Lynn E. Fiellin, C. Shawn Green, Pamela M. Kato, Amy Shirong Lu, and Ann E. Maloney. 2016. “Games for Health for Children—Current Status and Needed Research.” Games for Health Journal 5(1):1–12. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2015.0026.
Hwang, Gwo-Jen, Li-Yu Chiu, and Chih-Hung Chen. 2015. “A Contextual Game-Based Learning Approach to Improving Students’ Inquiry-Based Learning Performance in Social Studies Courses.” Computers & Education 81:13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.09.006.
Hwang, Gwo-Jen, Po-Han Wu, Chi-Chang Chen, and Nien-Ting Tu. 2016. “Effects of an Augmented Reality-Based Educational Game on Students’ Learning Achievements and Attitudes in Real-World Observations.” Interactive Learning Environments 24(8):1895–1906. doi: 10.1080/10494820.2015.1057747.
Iasha, Vina, M. Iqbal Al Ghozali, Asep Supena, Endang Wahyudiana, Bramianto Setiawan, and Yetty Auliaty. 2020. “The Traditional Games Effect on Improving Students Working Memory Capacity in Primary Schools.” Pp. 1–5 in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education.
Ilahi, Bogy Restu. 2023. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Hadang Terhadap Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sd Negeri 72 Kota Bengkulu.” Halaman Olahraga Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan 4(1):44–50. doi: 10.56667/dejournal.v4i1.906.
Jahrir, Andi Sahrul, and Muhammad Akbar Syafruddin. 2022. “Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Koperatif Melalui Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Peningkatan Kesegaran Jasmani Upt 6/86 Biru Kabupaten Bone.” Jurnal Ilmiah STOK Bina Guna Medan 10(2):84–89.
Kolovelonis, Athanasios, and Marios Goudas. 2023. “Acute Enhancement of Executive Functions through Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Games in Elementary Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 29(2):268–85.
Kusmiati, Ai Melis, and Gano Sumarno. 2018. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Kemampuan Perseptual Motorik Anak Di SDN Margawatu II Garut Kota.” TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School 1(2):17–23.
Kusnandar, Kusnandar, Dyah Umiarni Purnamasari, Panuwun Joko Nurcahyo, and Endo Darjito. 2019. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Banyumas Gol-Golan Terhadap Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Kabupaten Banyumas.” Physical Activity Journal (PAJU) 1(1):18–26. doi: 10.20884/1.paju.2019.1.1.1996.
Latif, Moch, Faiz Faozi, Rafdlal Saeful Bakhri, Farid Harja, and Arfin Deri Listiandi. 2019. “Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Minat Siswa Dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga, Dan Kesehatan Di SMAN 1 Cikembar.” Physical Activity Journal (PAJU) 1(1):82–90.
Lestari, Dyah Frika. 2020. “Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Aktivitas Jasmani Melalui Permainan Tradisional Bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga Dan Kesehatan Undiksha 8(1):7–12.
Liu, Wenxi, Nan Zeng, Daniel J. McDonough, and Zan Gao. 2020. “Effect of Active Video Games on Healthy Children’s Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Fitness: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21):8264.
Lu, Su-Ju, and Ying-Chieh Liu. 2015. “Integrating Augmented Reality Technology to Enhance Children’s Learning in Marine Education.” Environmental Education Research 21(4):525–41. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2014.911247.
Mashuri, Hendra. 2021. “Traditional Games to Reinforce the Character of Students in Terms of Educational Qualifications: A Meta-Analysis.” Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran 7(4):15–26.
Miller, Andrew, Erin M. Christensen, Narelle Eather, John Sproule, Laura Annis-Brown, and David Revalds Lubans. 2015. “The PLUNGE Randomized Controlled Trial: Evaluation of a Games-Based Physical Activity Professional Learning Program in Primary School Physical Education.” Preventive Medicine 74:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.02.002.
Oliveira, Crystian B., Rafael Z. Pinto, Bruna T. C. Saraiva, William R. Tebar, Leandro D. Delfino, Marcia R. Franco, Claudiele C. M. Silva, and Diego G. D. Christofaro. 2020. “Effects of Active Video Games on Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta‐analysis.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30(1):4–12.
Partovi, Tahereh, and Majid Reza Razavi. 2019. “The Effect of Game-Based Learning on Academic Achievement Motivation of Elementary School Students.” Learning and Motivation 68:101592. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101592.
Perdima, Feby Elra, and Muhammad Kristiawan. 2021. “Nilai-Nilai Karakter Pada Permainan Tradisional Hadang Di Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Basicedu 5(6):5342–51.
Prayitno, Harun Joko, Faradiyah Nurul Rahmawati, and Fajar Gemilang Pradana. 2022. “Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar Melalui Permainan Tradisional.” Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 1(1):1–9.
Priyatama, Mochammad Okta. 2022. “Pengaruh Permainan Gobak Sodor Terhadap Peningkatan Kesegaran Jasmani Di Sma Al-Islam Krian.”
Rafiei Milajerdi, Homa, Mahmoud Sheikh, Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi, Behnaz Saghaei, Naser Naghdi, and Deborah Dewey. 2021. “The Effects of Physical Activity and Exergaming on Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Games for Health Journal 10(1):33–42.
Siswanto, Siswanto, M. E. Winarno, Sapto Adi, and Edi Setiawan. 2022. “Bagaimana Dampak Permainan Tradisional Pada Perkembangan Motorik Siswa: Systematic Literature Review.” Jurnal Patriot 4(4):364–79. doi: 10.24036/patriot.v4i4.886.
Smith, Lindsey, Stephen Harvey, Louise Savory, Stuart Fairclough, Stephen Kozub, and Catherine Kerr. 2015. “Physical Activity Levels and Motivational Responses of Boys and Girls: A Comparison of Direct Instruction and Tactical Games Models of Games Teaching in Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 21(1):93–113.
Tokac, Umit, Elena Novak, and Christopher G. Thompson. 2019. “Effects of Game‐based Learning on Students’ Mathematics Achievement: A Meta‐analysis.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 35(3):407–20. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12347.
Trajkovik, Vladimir, Toni Malinovski, Tatjana Vasileva-Stojanovska, and Marina Vasileva. 2018. “Traditional Games in Elementary School: Relationships of Student’s Personality Traits, Motivation and Experience with Learning Outcomes.” PloS One 13(8):e0202172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202172.
Undari, Siska Nova. 2019. “Pengembangan Model Permainan Gobag Sodor Untuk Menarik Minat Siswa Sekolah Dasar.”
Vernadakis, Nikolaos, Marina Papastergiou, Eleni Zetou, and Panagiotis Antoniou. 2015. “The Impact of an Exergame-Based Intervention on Children’s Fundamental Motor Skills.” Computers & Education 83:90–102. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.01.001.
Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios, and Agoritsa Makri. 2017. “The Effect of Games and Simulations on Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 14(1):1–33. doi: 10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1.