Smoking and Comorbidities in Covid-19: A Systematic Review
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Abstract
COVID-19 is highly contagious, causing pneumonia, respiratory failure, death, and becoming a pandemic. Patients with severe infections must be treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a ventilator. Ventilator facilities in the ICU are limited; it must take precautions by knowing the characteristics of patients at high risk of severe disease in COVID-19, one of which was smoking or comorbidity. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of comorbidity and smoking in COVID-19. This study used systematic review by searching for articles from the ScienceDirect and Medline databases with journals published on January 1, 2019 - March 31, 2020. The results of the study showed that there were 12 relevant articles full text in English and were analysed. The conclusion was that patients with COVID-19 who were smoking or had comorbidities were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection, more severe illness, and causing death.
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How to Cite
Nugraha, A., Ernawati, E., Utama, T. A., & Rinjani, S. (2020). Smoking and Comorbidities in Covid-19: A Systematic Review. Unnes Journal of Public Health, 9(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v9i2.38181
References
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Adhikari, S. P., Meng, S., Wu, Y.J., Mao, Y.P., Ye, R.X., Wang, Q.Z., & Zhou, H. 2020. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9: 29. DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
Basile, C., Combe, C., Pizzarelli, F., Covic, A., Davenport, A., Kanbay, M., & Mitra, S. 2020. Recommendations for the prevention, mitigation and containment of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in haemodialysis centres. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(5): 737-741. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa069
Driggin, E., Madhavan, M.V, Bikdeli, B., Chuich, T., Laracy, J., Bondi-Zoccai, G., & Parikh, S.A. 2020. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(18). DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031
Du, M., Cai, G., Chen, F., Christiani, D. C., Zhang, Z., & Wang, M. 2020. Multi-omics Evaluation of Gastrointestinal and Other Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Gastroenterology, 158(8): 2298-2301.e7. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.045
Giwa, A., Desai, A., & Duca, A. 2020. Novel coronavirus COVID-19: an overview for emergency clinicians. Emergency Medicine Practice, 22(2), 1–21. Retrieved from www.ebmedicine.net/COVID-19
Guan, W.J., Ni, Z.Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.H., Ou, C.Q., & He, J.X. 2020. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382:1708-1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Guan, W., Liang, W., Zhao, Y., Liang, H., Chen, Z., Li, Y., & Liu, X. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China : A Nationwide Analysis. Eur Respir J, 56(1). DOI:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19. 2020, March 31. Covid-19 di Indonesia. BNPB. Retrieved from https://www.covid19.go.id/
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Gu, X. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506.
Jordan, R.E., Adab, P., & Cheng, K.K. 2020. Covid-19 : risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ Open, 368:m1198. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m1198
Lai, C.C., Liu, Y. H., Wang, C.Y., Wang, Y.H., Hsueh, S.C., Yen, M.Y., & Hsueh, P.R. 2020. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 53(3): 404-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012
Lauer, S.A., Grantz, K.H., Bi, Q., Jones, F.K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H. R., & Lessler, J. 2020. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(9): 577-582.
Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. 2020a. Clinical feature of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection, 80(6): E14-E18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
Liu, K., Fang, Y.Y., Deng, Y., Liu, W., Wang, M.F., Ma, J.P., & Liu, H.G. 2020b. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9): 1025-1031. DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000744
Liu, W., Tao, Z.W., Lei, W., Ming-Li, Y., Kui, L., Ling, Z., & Yi, H. 2020. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9): 1032-1038. DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000775
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, F., Wang, F., Yuan, J., & Liu, L. (2020). Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Science China Life Sciences, 63: 364–374. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., & Petticrew, M. 2015. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4: 1(2015). DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
Onor, I. O., Stirling, D. L., Williams, S. R., Bediako, D., Borghol, A., Harris, M. B., & Sarpong, D. F. 2017. Clinical effects of cigarette smoking: epidemiologic impact and review of pharmacotherapy options. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1147.
Panahi, L., Amiri, M., & Pouy, S. 2020. Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy; a Narrative Review. Archives of Academic EmergencyMedicine, 8(1): 1–5.
Rio, C. del, & Malani, P. N. 2020. COVID-19—New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(14): 1339-1340. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.3072
Tingbo, L. 2020. Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. China: The First Zhejiang University School of Medicine.
Tonnesen, P., Marott, J.L., Nordestgaard, B., Bojesen, S.E., & Lange, P. 2019. Secular trends in smoking in relation to prevalent and incident smoking-related disease: A prospective populationbased study. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 17(October): 72. DOI: 10.18332/tid/112459
Vardavas, C.I., & Nikitara, K. 2020. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18(March): 20. DOI: 10.18332/tid/119324
Velavan, T.P., & Meyer, C.G. 2020. The COVID-19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 25(3), 278–280. DOI:10.1111/tmi.13383
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Peng, Z. 2020. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li, Q., Wen, L., & Zhang, R. 2020. Clinical Features of 69 Cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases, XX(XX): 1-9. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa272
World Health Organization (WHO). 2020a. Coronavirus disease [COVID-19] Technical Guidance: Infection Prevention and Control. WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance-publications
World Health Organization (WHO). 2020b. Report of the who-china joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J., Liu, H., & Shang, Y. 2020. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2600(20): 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Zhang, J.J, Dong, X., Cao, Y.Y., Yuan, Y.D., Yang, Y.B., Yan, Y.Q., & Gao, Y.D. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 75(7): 1730-1741. DOI: 10.1111/all.14238
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., & Cao, B. 2020. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1054–1062. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Zhou, Z., Chen, P., & Peng, H. 2016. Are healthy smokers really healthy? Tobacco Induced Diseases, 14(1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0101-z
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., & Tan, W. 2020. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8): 727–733. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017